Abstract: A plasma reactor has high durability with performance to generate stable and uniform plasma. The reactor has a variety of advantages such as increasing the range of commercial applications since the reactor has a structure that allows simple and efficient installation and operation in a system at a position required by the system. The reactor includes a stack constructed by sequentially stacking plus and minus electrodes and spacers and a reactor body provided at one side of the stack to hold the stack. The plus and minus electrodes are arranged alternately with spacers to define passages through which gas is allowed to pass. Each of the plus and minus electrodes has deformation preventing means to disperse stress of the electrodes and to prevent a local thermal stress caused by thermal expansion and contraction, thereby increasing thermal shock-resistant performance. External terminals for connection to the plus and minus electrodes are provided on the reactor body.

Abstract: Efficiently produce micro-dispersion water of super-fine noble metal particles having a desired concentration by using a very safe, compact production apparatus comprising a power supply for high-voltage/current discharge, a high-voltage discharge generator equipped with a noble metal electrode and its counter electrode, a water tank, a water inlet to the water tank, and an outlet for micro-dispersion water of super-fine noble metal particles, by causing plasma discharge in water between the noble metal electrode and its counter electrode and then causing the generated noble metal ion vapor to contact, and micro-disperse in, water. The obtained water can be effectively used as drinking water.

Abstract: A coaxial VHF power coupler includes conductive element inside a hollow cylindrical outer conductor of the power coupler and surrounding an axial section of a hollow cylindrical inner conductor of the power coupler. Respective plural motor drives contacting the hollow cylindrical outer conductor are connected to respective locations of the movable conductive element.

Abstract: A vortex reactor is provided. The vortex reactor includes a reaction chamber formed by a frustum-shaped portion, the narrower part of which is downwardly oriented. Proximate to the narrower part of the frustum-shaped portion, the vortex reactor includes apparatus for creating an axial gas flow and apparatus for creating a circumferential gas flow. The vortex reactor also includes a particulate solid inlet for feeding particulate solids to the reaction chamber. The vortex reactor may optionally include apparatus for generating plasma in the reaction chamber by providing a gliding arc electrical discharge in the reaction chamber. Also provided is a method of processing particulate solids using the vortex reactor of the invention. A reverse vortex plasma reactor (TSAPG) is also provided.

Abstract: The apparatus is proposed for termination of radioactive and other wastes particularly for physical processing of radioactive waste with simultaneous production of hydrogen, oxygen, and electric energy. It includes an ion divider, a plasma chamber communicated with the ion divider, a controllable hydrogen-oxygen dispenser introducing hydrogen and oxygen into the plasma chamber, transformer pipe coils, a transformer chamber surrounded by the transformer coils, the transformer chamber communicated with the plasma chamber, equipment for supplying water and steam into the transformer coils, cooling equipment for receiving ionized steam from the transformer coils and cooling the steam, a sprayer receiving the ionized steam from the cooling equipment and introducing the steam into the ion divider; and dispenser equipment for introducing radio-active wastes and/or worked-out rocket fuels into the transformer chamber, wherein the radio-active wastes and/or worked-out rocket fuels are terminated.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to system and method for processing material to generate syngas. A reactor chamber is implemented with a plurality of electrodes that can generate an arc within the chamber when electricity is applied to them. The arc can be used to create free radicals which along with the heat and light of the arc breakdown material comprising carbonaceous material, such as Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), into gas components that form syngas. The syngas can be extracted from the reactor chamber and be used for various commercial purposes. The reactor chamber may comprise a material feed system operable to move material from a material input opening in the reactor chamber towards the electrodes at a controlled rate. Further, the reactor chamber may comprise a water injection system within the reactor chamber operable to inject water into the reactor chamber while electricity is applied to the electrodes.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of manufacturing a perchlorate including an electrolysis process (S1) in which, using an electrolysis tank (2) in which an anode section (4A) provided with an anode (4) and a cathode section (5A) provided a cathode (5) are divided by a cation exchange membrane (6), an aqueous solution of sodium chlorate is electrolytically oxidized in the anode section, a neutralization reaction process (S2) in which a substance that becomes alkaline when dissolved in water is added to the aqueous solution of perchloric acid in the anode section, which has been generated by the electrolytic oxidation, so as to synthesize a perchlorate by a neutralization reaction, and a crystallization method in which the perchlorate synthesized by the neutralization reaction process is formed into crystals, in which the crystallization method includes a crystallization method composed of three processes of an evaporation and crystallization process (S3) or an evaporation and concentration process (S21), a co

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods of production of chemical bonds and subsequent molecules by electrospray ionization and the design of an electrospray chemical synthesizer, for use in chemical synthesis and expedited organic chemical reactions.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an atmospheric pressure plasma generating apparatus using an induction electrode. In particular, one or more upper metal electrodes are disposed on the upper side and an induction electrode and an induction electrode antenna are disposed opposite to the upper electrodes, so that a high-density plasma is generated at low applied voltage. Further, base electrodes are used to preclude interference between the upper electrodes. Thus, lots of the upper electrodes can be constructed at a narrow space, the uniformity of intensity of a generated plasma can be secured, the source of a plasma can be provided by the upper electrodes, and the intensity of a plasma can be increased. In addition, a lower electrode is disposed on the lower side in order to extend the length of a generated plasma.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods for reducing pollutants in a gas stream are disclosed. The gas stream is introduced into a condensation chamber to condense the gas stream. It then proceeds into a first reaction chamber adapted to electrochemically alter the gas stream. From there, the gas stream is directed into a reduction chamber adapted to reduce pollutants and a resonance chamber adapted to ionize the gas stream. The gas stream is then directed into a second reaction chamber adapted to further reduce pollutants in the stream. After treatment, the gas stream may be discharged into the atmosphere or recirculated through the apparatus to further reduce pollutants in the gas stream, the latter providing for a closed-looped system.

Abstract: The invention relates to methods and facility systems (100) for providing storable and transportable carbon-based energy carriers (108) by application of carbon dioxide (101) as a carbon supplier and by application of electric energy (E1, E2). The facility system (100) comprises a plant (300, 301; 400) for providing a first portion of energy in the form of direct current energy (E1) from renewable energy sources. In addition, a power supplies facility (501) is provided for tying the facility system (100) to a mixed network (500), wherein the power supplies facility (501) produces a second portion of energy in the form of direct current energy (E2) from an alternating current voltage of the mixed network (500). A device (102, 105) is adapted to provide hydrogen (103), wherein a part of the energy requirement of this device (102, 105) is covered by said first portion of energy and another part is covered by said second portion of energy.

Abstract: A plasma system for generating a plasma is generated. The plasma system includes a tube, a positive electrode and a negative electrode. The tube has a plasma jet opening, a first end surface and a second end surface. The plasma jet opening penetrates the wall of the tube. The plasma passes through the plasma jet opening and is emitted to the outside of the tube. The positive electrode has a side surface facing and adjacent to the tube. The negative electrode is separated from the positive electrode by a first predetermined distance. The negative electrode has a negative electrode side surface facing and adjacent to the tube. The first positive electrode and the first negative electrode are disposed between the first end surface and the second end surface, and a portion of the plasma jet opening is disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for cleaning objects using plasma are disclosed. The apparatus provides a plurality of elongated dielectric barrier members arranged adjacent each other, a plurality of electrodes each contained within, and extending substantially along the length of, the plurality of elongated dielectric barrier members, and at least one buss bar for electrically coupling the plurality of electrodes to a voltage source.

Abstract: An effective component generator (56) that releases effective components in a storing compartment (3) includes an effective component generator, which generates the effective components when discharging occurs, and an effective component generation passage (54) in which the effective component generator is arranged. The effective component generator includes an electrode unit (58) and an insulative spacer (57) arranged in contact with or near the electrode unit. High voltage is applied to the electrode unit so that discharging occurs in a fine discharge area (S) formed along the insulative spacer. The effective component generation passage is formed so that air current sent into the effective component generator flows by the discharge area and a peripheral surface of the electrode unit.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for application of electrostatic charges to compounds to change the physical characteristics of the compounds. The compound is located within a container, that can be sealed or open, in proximity to an electrode so that there is capacitive coupling between the electrode and the compound. A high frequency, high voltage signal is applied to the electrode for a time sufficient to increase negative ions in the compound, thus changing its physical characteristics. The method can increase the pH and decreases oxidation-reduction potential. A grounded platform is provided for use with a non-conductive container, and the entire apparatus can be provided in a housing enclosure to permit safe application of electrical potential to the compound being treated.

Abstract: An electrode cap having a horseshoe-shaped conductor clip that has an opening at a closed end for receiving an electrode, the conductor clip fitted over a tube crimp; a cylindrical base cap having an elongated bump at one end of the base cap parallel to the axis of the base cap; and a cylindrical top cap closed on one end, having an inside diameter larger than the outside diameter of the base cap; and a spring for pressing a plate against the base cap.

Abstract: A plasma-assisted waste gasification system including a sensing mechanism and process for converting waste stream reaction residues into a clean synthesis gas (syngas) is disclosed. The gasification system includes a first sensor located between a gas quench unit and a heat recovery unit to measure a first temperature and first flow rate of the synthesis gas exiting the gas quench unit; a second sensor to measure a second temperature and a second flow rate of a low temperature synthesis gas entering the gas quench unit; wherein the first sensor and the second sensor are connected to an inferential sensing mechanism. The inferential sensing mechanism is capable of estimating the temperature of the synthesis gas in the reactor, based on the measured first temperature and first flow rate, and the measured second temperature and second flow rate, using a mass-energy balance relationship that is based on the measurements of the two sensors.

Abstract: Apparatus for the production of a product gas (eg hydrogen and ozone) comprises: a supply of reactant gas (eg oxygen and steam) (14); a pair of electrodes (24) with a space between them of less than 1 mm (28); a conduit to lead the reactant gas from the source through the space between the electrodes; a power source (26) to apply a voltage across the electrodes to dis sociate the reactant gas and ultimately permit formation of product gas; and a conduit (40) to supply the product gas to an outlet. sterilisation unit for water treatment employs such apparatus and includes a fluidic oscillator to oscillate the flow of oxygen and/or ozone, and wherein said outlet comprises a plurality of orifices (42) to be submerged in said water and for the purpose of forming micro bubbles of ozone. An analyser for detecting large organic molecules in eg air can employ the ozone generator to breakdown the large molecule into simpler and easier-to-detect-and-identify molecules.

Abstract: An electro-kinetic air mover for creating an airflow using no moving parts. The electro-kinetic air mover includes an ion generator that has an electrode assembly including a first array of emitter electrodes, a second array of collector electrodes, and a high voltage generator. Preferably, a third or leading or focus electrode is located upstream of the first array of emitter electrodes, and/or a trailing electrode is located downstream of the second array of collector electrodes. The device can also include an interstitial electrode located between collector electrodes, an enhanced collector electrode with an integrally formed trailing end, and an enhanced emitter electrode with an enhanced length in order to increase emissivity.

Abstract: An ammonia supply device includes an ammonia absorber, a conductive element, a mixture, a tank and an electrode. The ammonia absorber is in powder or granular form. Ammonia is stored in the ammonia absorber and released from the ammonia absorber. The conductive element in paste or liquid form has a conductive property and a nonreactive property with ammonia. The mixture is made by mixing the ammonia absorber and the conductive element. The tank holds the mixture. The electrode includes a pair of first and second electrode elements for applying voltage to the mixture.

Abstract: A platinum microparticles generator comprises a linear first electrode, a board-shaped second electrode, and an applying means. The first electrode contains at least platinum. The second electrode comprises an outlet opening, which is a circular through-hole, located so as to face one end of the first electrode. The applying means applies a voltage between the first and second electrodes. Then, the first electrode has an outside diameter in a range of 0.03 [mm] to 0.10 [mm]. Further, the outlet opening has an inside diameter in a range of 1.0 [mm] to 4.5 [mm]. Thus, the platinum microparticles generator can emit a sufficient amount of platinum microparticles while restraining generation of ozone.

Abstract: A wire catalyst for hydrogenation reaction and/or dehydrogenation reaction comprises a metallic core and an oxide surface layer covering at least part of the surface thereof. The metallic core is electrically conductive so that the metallic core itself can generate heat by directly passing an electric current therethrough or electromagnetic induction. The oxide surface layer is made of an oxide of a metallic element constituting the metallic core. The oxide surface layer is provided with a porous structure having pores opening at the surface of the oxide surface layer. The catalytic material is supported in the pores of the oxide surface layer. When a shaped wire catalyst is manufactured, the shaping into a specific shape is made before the oxide surface layer having the porous structure is formed and the catalytic material is supported thereon.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for depositing materials, and more particularly a vapor deposition chamber configured to deposit a material during a plasma-enhanced process are provided. In one embodiment a chamber comprises a chamber body defining a process volume, a substrate support disposed in the process volume and configured to support one or more substrates, a process lid assembly disposed over the substrate support, wherein the process lid assembly has a plasma cavity configured to generate a plasma and provide one or more radical species to the process volume, a RF (radio frequency) power source coupled to the gas distribution assembly, a plasma forming gas source coupled with the process lid assembly, and a reactant gas source coupled with the process lid assembly.

Abstract: A process for devulcanizing crosslinked elastomer particles comprising applying an alternating electric field to a composition comprising crosslinked elastomer particles under compression. The alternating electric field preferably has a frequency between 1 and 100 MHz and a voltage between 1000 and 10,000 V, and may be applied between an apparatus that continuously conveys the particles through the field.

Abstract: A substrate support useful for a plasma processing apparatus includes a metallic heat transfer member and an overlying electrostatic chuck having a substrate support surface. The heat transfer member includes one or more passage through which a liquid is circulated to heat and/or cool the heat transfer member. The heat transfer member has a low thermal mass and can be rapidly heated and/or cooled to a desired temperature by the liquid, so as to rapidly change the substrate temperature during plasma processing.

Abstract: Water is dissociated into hydrogen and oxygen preferably using an adjacent plasma at or near atmosphere pressure and ambient temperature and generated preferably by a caduceus coil driving a frequency that creates a plasma shear and/or induces resonance in the water molecules.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for desorption and a dehumidifier are provided in the present invention, in which an electrical potential is applied to electrodes disposed on both ends of an absorbing material so as to desorb the substances absorbed within the absorbing material whereby the absorbing material is capable of being maintained for cycling the absorbing operation. By means of the method and the apparatus of the present invention, the desorbing efficiency can be enhanced and the energy consumption can be reduced during desorption.

Abstract: A cooking device includes a cooking chamber; a first deodorization region along which air from the cooking chamber flows and in which a plasma discharge is generated for removing odor-producing materials generated in the cooking chamber from the air; and a bypass region along which air from the cooking chamber flows to bypass the first deodorization region.

Abstract: A system for converting carbon dioxide into a fuel to be re-burned in an industrial process. The preferred feed stocks are taken from large volume carbon dioxide producers, and municipal waste. The reaction and processes reclaim lost energy in municipal waste, and industrial exhaust gas. The system is provided with a plasma melter having a feedstock input for receiving a feed fuel, and a syngas output for producing a syngas having an H2 component. Additionally, a Sabatier reactor is provided having a hydrogen input for receiving at least a portion of the H2 component produced by the plasma melter, and a methane output for producing CH4. The process has a large negative carbon footprint.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device generating a plasma flow comprising an electrically conductive housing, tubular in shape, forming a central channel traversed by a vortex gas, a central electrode arranged coaxially in said channel and an electric power source intended to apply an electric voltage V between the electrode and the housing, characterised in that the mean diameter of the channel formed by the housing decreases progressively from an area situated substantially at the level of the free end of the electrode as far as an end area of said housing, said end area being configured in such a way that the minimum electric voltage Vcmin(0) to be applied in order to develop an electric arc between said electrode and said end area is strictly greater than said voltage V.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a flexible modular system for the production of hydrogen from organic material, which system comprises at least one loading device or loading module, at least one gasification module comprising at least one plasma generator, which is powered with an alternating current, a gas cooling module comprising a cooling device, at least one gas cleaning module comprising at least one gas cleaning device, and at least one water-gas-shift and hydrogen separation module. Each of the modules is constructed as a standard container having a standard size and which modules are connected to each other by means of an interface which comprises a coupler and connections for a gas, electric power, and communication.

Abstract: An ultraviolet (UV) reactor for carrying out chemical reactions in a pumpable medium by means of UV. The pumpable medium may also be, where appropriate, a multi-phase medium. The UV reactor has a reactor chamber through which the medium can flow In a direction of flow from an inlet to an outlet. The reactor chamber is penetrated by a number of UV transparent jacket tubes, which are arranged one behind the other in the direction of flow. UV emitters are arranged within the jacket tubes for emitting UV radiation into the reactor chamber. The jacket tubes are arranged one behind the other and are interlocked against one another at an angle ?in the circumferential direction of the reactor chamber.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and apparatus for the dry fluxing of at least one component and/or solder surface via electron attachment. In one embodiment, there is provided a method for removing oxides from the surface of a component comprising: providing a component on a substrate wherein the substrate is grounded or has a positive electrical potential to form a target assembly; passing a gas mixture comprising a reducing gas through an ion generator comprising a first and a second electrode; supplying an amount of voltage to at least one of the first and second electrodes sufficient to generate electrons wherein the electrons attach to at least a portion of the reducing gas and form a negatively charged reducing gas; and contacting the target assembly with the negatively charged reducing gas to reduce the oxides on the component.

Abstract: Process and apparatus for producing ethylenically unsaturated halogenated hydrocarbons The invention relates to a process and an apparatus for preparing ethylenically unsaturated halogenated hydrocarbons, preferably vinyl chloride by thermal dissociation of 1,2-dichloroethane, using physical or chemical measures which initiate the dissociation reaction. The process/apparatus described makes it possible to increase the amount produced using dissociation reactors of a given size considerably. Use is made here of initiating measures to increase the heat flux through the wall of the reaction tube and at the same time the feed stream and the heating power of the reaction furnace are increased so that the conversion of the reaction is not significantly increased compared to processes without use of initiating measures.

Abstract: Apparatus, system, and method are provided for cutting a linear charged polymer inside a nanopore. A first voltage is applied to create an electric field in a first direction. A second voltage is applied to create an electric field in a second direction, and the first direction is opposite to the second direction. When the electric field in the first direction and the electric field in the second direction are applied to a linear charged polymer inside a nanopore, the linear charged polymer is cut at a location with predetermined accuracy.

Abstract: An oxygenation device consists of a first vertically oriented tube having electrically conductive plates for forming oxygen by electrolysis. Above the plates is a pump formed by a second length of tube fitted within the first tube with a spacing between the walls of the first and second lengths of tubing thereby forming a cavity. Compressed air is admitted into the cavity. The second length of tubing has an open lower end for receiving air from the cavity. Air enters the second tube in belches that form large bubbles.

Abstract: Technologies are generally described for a levitation microreactor adapted to facilitate a chemical reaction. The levitation microreactor may comprise one or more levitation zones arranged in spatial communication with one another, each levitation zone including a levitator that is effective to levitate a reactant droplet. In some examples, a first levitation zone may include a first levitator effective to levitate a first reactant droplet, while a second levitation zone may include a second levitator effective to levitate a second reactant droplet. The second reactant droplet may be distinct from the first reactant droplet. Some example microreactors may further include a third levitation zone that is arranged in spatial communication with the first and second levitation zones. The third levitation zone may be effective to facilitate a chemical reaction on the first and second reactant droplets while the first and second reactant droplets are levitated to produce a product.

Abstract: Described is an air and surface purifying device having a purifying cell structured for maximizing the realized photocatalytic reaction at a photocatalytic surface without using an additional ultraviolet bulb. The purifying cell positions at least three photocatalytic surfaces about a single ultraviolet bulb such that the photocatalytic surfaces substantially encompass the ultraviolet bulb and are saturated by ultraviolet light radiating from the ultraviolet bulb. Because the photocatalytic surfaces are saturated, the potential photocatalytic reaction at the photocatalytic surfaces is fully realized. Stated differently, the realized photocatalytic reaction is maximized. Because the purifying cell maximizes the realized photocatalytic reaction, the purifying cell maximizes the purifying capacity of the photocatalytic surface and, thus, the purifying cell itself.

Abstract: Syngas components hydrogen and carbon monoxide may be formed by the decomposition of carbon dioxide and water or steam by a solid-oxide electrolysis cell to form carbon monoxide and hydrogen, a portion of which may be reacted with carbon dioxide to form carbon monoxide. One or more of the components for the process, such as steam, energy, or electricity, may be provided using a nuclear power source.

Abstract: Provided are an apparatus for gas scrubbing and a method for gas scrubbing. The apparatus for gas scrubbing includes: a reaction tube through which a reaction gas is flown in; a reactor which is connected to the reaction tube and activates the reaction gas with plasma; and a water injection port which injects water to the plasma in the reactor. It allows a very economical gas scrubbing because water is vaporized using the plasma as heat source, without using an additional heater. In addition, the efficiency of gas scrubbing is also improved because water is directly vaporized at an optimized region where the reaction gas in plasma state is discharged.

Abstract: An air purification reactor is described that has a variety of improvements. In one aspect, the air purification reactor includes an ionizer (or plasma chamber), an electrostatic filter, a photocatalyst, and a UV light source that is distinct from the ionizer. The ionizer is arranged to introduce ions into a gaseous fluid stream passing through the air purification device. The electrostatic filter is located downstream of the ionizer and is arranged to electrostatically filter particles from the fluid stream. The UV light source is positioned to subject the photocatalyst to ultraviolet light and may be arranged upstream, downstream, or intermediate the electrostatic filter. With this arrangement, the ultraviolet light that impinges on the photocatalyst causes a photocatalytic oxidative reaction to occur at the photocatalyst that is capable of reducing volatile organic compounds carried in the fluid stream. In other (separate) aspects, the reactor includes an absorber or an oxidation catalyst.

Abstract: A pumping system comprising at least one pump unit (2) with a vacuum pump casing in which there are multiple pumping stages that includes at least one pumped gas treatment system is provided. The pumped gas treatment system compromises at least one plasma source located inside the vacuum pump casing of the pump unit, to generate a plasma that at least partially decomposes certain gases passing through the pump unit. This reduces the size of the pumped gas treatment system and improves its efficiency so that a gas pumping and treatment system can be created that is sufficiently small as to allow it to be placed in close proximity to the process chambers.

Abstract: It is suggested to apply mechanical vibratory motions to the interface area between catalyst and the reacting substances in a catalytic reactor in order to intensify flow intensity as well as reaction intensity between the reacting substances.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an apparatus for synthesizing nano particles. The apparatus for synthesizing nano particles is configured to include: a plasma generator that generates plasma; a recovery device that recovers the synthesized nano particles; and a cooler that is disposed between the plasma generator and the recovery device and includes a cooling path where the nano particles are synthesized, while material supplied from the plasma generator is cooled, wherein the cooling path is set to have lower cooling temperatures for each section as going to the moving direction of the nano particles.

Abstract: A device for extracting fuels from biomass while adding electrical energy, comprising a gasifier for gasifying the biomass while adding electrical energy to a gas mixture, a reformer for reforming the gas mixture obtained from the gasification, a gas scrubber for scrubbing the reformed gas mixture, a catalyst for carrying out a catalytic reaction for obtaining a reaction mixture from the scrubbed gas mixture, and a separator for separating the fuel from the reaction mixture, the device further comprising devices for supplying hydrogen for hydrogenating the biomass or the gas mixture obtained from gasification and representing a closed system having a uniform internal pressure in an operating state.

Abstract: A Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Generation Cell (DBDPGC) includes a plurality of hot electrodes interspersed with a plurality of ground electrodes whereby a power supply connected between the hot and ground electrodes creates a non-thermal plasma between the electrodes. The hot electrodes are hermetically sealed. A cleaning solution is applied to the electrodes to wash gas stream contaminants and/or reaction by products off the electrodes at times during operation of the cell when desired to clean the electrodes to maintain cell efficiency. A catalyst solution can be applied to the electrodes after cleaning. Where a plurality of cells are electrically connected in parallel, shorts in a cell can be detected by sensing the difference in currents feed to each of the plurality of cells.

Abstract: The present invention relates to plasmonic structures of metal dielectrics and their use in corresponding processes that elicit surface plasmons which may then be employed to influence a chemical transformation. The frequency of a plasmon may be tuned to couple with a selected vibrational mode of a selected molecule to undergo a selected transition, such as transitions to a metastable state, bond rearrangement and/or chemical transformation via the breaking and reforming of bonds.

Abstract: A plasma treated gas permeable material is produced by applying an alternating voltage between spaced electrodes, at least one of which is covered with a dielectric barrier and at least one of which comprises a plurality of discrete electrode segments, to generate plasma microdischarges between the spaced electrodes. A gas permeable material is passed between or adjacent to the spaced electrodes. A gas is moved between the electrode segments into and through the space between the electrodes and through the gas permeable material. The gas flows over plasma generation surfaces of the respective electrode segments and is moved at a rate whereby the gas flow between the spaced electrodes is turbulent and so randomises the plasma microdischarges and disperses plasma products that would otherwise give rise to burning instabilities in the gas permeable material, whereby the randomized plasma microdischarges provide a generally uniform plasma treatment of the gas permeable material.

Abstract: A mineral processing facility is provided that includes a cogen plant to provide electrical energy and waste heat to the facility and an electrochemical acid generation plant to generate, from a salt, a mineral acid for use in recovering valuable metals.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a method for controlling a chemical process comprises receiving a catalytic materials composition. The catalytic materials composition comprise at least one catalyst material and at least one reactant material. Nanostructure material is added to the catalytic materials composition. The nanostructure material comprises at least one nanoscale-sized space therein. The nanostructure material is irradiated with electromagnetic radiation such that the nanostructure material facilitates energy transfer between the nanostructure material and the catalytic materials composition.