Abstract: Techniques for generating full-spatial resolution, full spectral resolution image(s) from a 3D spectral-data cube for any spectral value within a given spectral range are provided without requiring the acquisition of all full-spatial resolution, full spectral resolution data by an instrument. The 3D spectral-data cube is generated from a limited number of full-spatial resolution, sparse spectral resolution data and a sparse-spatial resolution, full-spectral resolution data of the same area of the sample. The use of the 3D spectral-data cube reduces the data acquisition time.

Abstract: Disclosed is a device for extracting a filtrate from a liquid sample that includes one or more filtration membranes and, in physical contact with a portion of the downstream surface(s) of the filtration membrane(s), a soluble matrix possessing a capillary drawing force sufficient to draw filtrate through the at least one filtration membrane and into the soluble matrix, causing the soluble matrix to at least partially dissolve or disintegrate in the filtrate, whereby the filtrate is released. Various configurations, including device configurations having two filtration membranes with a soluble matrix in between or having a tubular filtration membrane at least partially surrounding or surrounded by a soluble matrix are described.

Abstract: An analysis device includes a turntable holding a substrate, an optical pickup driven in a direction perpendicular to a rotation axis of the turntable and configured to emit laser light to reaction regions and to receive reflected light from the respective reaction regions, an optical pickup drive circuit, and a controller. The reaction regions are formed at positions different from the center of the substrate. The center of the substrate is located on the rotation axis of the turntable. The optical pickup detects a reception level of the reflected light to generate a light reception level signal. The controller controls a turntable drive circuit to rotate the substrate, controls the optical pickup drive circuit to drive the optical pickup, and specifies the respective reaction regions in accordance with a positional information signal and the light reception level signal.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for controlling contaminants in biopharmaceutical purification processes by using light scattering and UV absorbance to establish a determinant. The invention makes use of multi-angle light scattering (MALS) and UV as a continuous monitoring system to provide information about the elution peak fractions in real-time instead of conventional pooling methods that rely on a predetermined percent UV peak max value to initiate the pooling process; regardless of product quality.

Abstract: A method for performing an assay on a liquid sample for the detection of one or more analytes of interest in an assay device having a flow path which includes a sample zone and detection zone thereon includes: dispensing the sample onto the sample zone; combining the sample and a reagent, wherein the sample and reagent may be combined prior to addition of the sample to the sample zone or on the assay device, flowing the combined sample/reagent by capillary action into and through the detection zone having capture elements bound thereto, wherein a signal at least partially representative of the presence or concentration of analyte(s) is produced and detected; determining a reaction time or reaction volume; and determining the concentration of the analyte by using both the detected signal and the reaction time or reaction volume.

Abstract: The disclosure provides a nanolaser based on a depth-subwavelength graphene-dielectric hyperbolic dispersive cavity, comprising a pumping light source and the depth-subwavelength graphene-dielectric hyperbolic dispersive cavity; wherein the depth-subwavelength graphene-dielectric hyperbolic dispersive cavity is a spherical or hemispherical hyperbolic dispersive microcavity formed by alternately wrapping a dielectric core with graphene layers and dielectric layers.

Abstract: A colorimetric sensor for detecting an analyte of interest that includes a metal layer disposed upon a substrate, a plurality of nanostructures, and a corresponding plurality of metal deposits spaced apart from the metal layer. The metal layer defines a plurality of holes, each nanostructure includes a first portion disposed within a respective hole, and each metal deposit is disposed upon a second portion of a respective nanostructure. The sensor also includes a molecularly imprinted polymer layer that may cover the metal layer, the nanostructures, and/or the metal deposits. The molecularly imprinted polymer layer defines a cavity shaped to receive the analyte of interest, and the sensor is configured such that, when an analyte contacts the molecularly imprinted polymer layer and becomes disposed within the cavity, an optical property of at least a portion of the sensor changes thereby to cause a detectable color change in and/or from the sensor.

Abstract: Provided is a method that utilises linear dichroism (LD) to identify the presence of a target molecule (L) in a sample. The method comprises providing an alignable scaffold (20), preferably biomolecular fibre M13, comprising a first binding region and having a high aspect ratio of greater than 5:1, providing a substrate (e.g. a substantially spherical non-alignable moiety (12)) comprising a second binding region which binds the first binding region in the absence of the target molecule in such a way that the LD signal of the alignable scaffold is reduced or minimised relative to the unbound and aligned scaffold, wherein one of the first and second binding regions is a receptor capable of binding the target molecule, exposing the substrate-bound scaffold to the sample such that binding of the target molecule, if present, to the receptor releases the scaffold from the substrate, and measuring the LD signal of the scaffold before and after exposure to the sample.

Abstract: Examples of a monolithic phosphor composite for measuring a parameter of an object are disclosed. The ceramic metal oxide phosphor composite is used in an optical device for measuring the parameter of the measuring object. The device comprises a fiber optic probe with a light guide, a light source operatively coupled to the fiber optic probe to provide excitation light into the light guide, a monolithic ceramic metal oxide phosphor composite functionally coupled to a tip of the fiber optic probe, a sensor operatively coupled to the fiber optic probe to detect the emitted light and a processing unit functionally coupled to the sensor to process the emitted light. The monolithic ceramic metal oxide phosphor composite can be embedded in a notch made into the object or can be adhered to a surface of the object with a binder.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a light source assembly including a light source and a bull's eye collimation structure disposed on a light exiting side of the light source and configured to collimate light beam emitted by the light source. The bull's eye collimation structure includes a metal layer including a sub-wavelength aperture and a plurality of annular recesses surrounding the sub-wavelength aperture, the plurality of annular recesses being arranged along a radial direction of the sub-wavelength aperture.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a device that includes a light source, a detector; and a film having a first surface that includes a transition metal dichalcogenide, where the film is configured to interact with a volume of gas containing a concentration of water vapor, the light source is configured to shine a first light onto the first surface, the film is configured, as a result of the first light, to emit from the first surface a second light, the detector is configured to receive at least a portion of the second light, and the detector is configured to generate a signal proportional to an intensity of the second light.

Abstract: 1,7-diaryl-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione derivatives, methods for the production and use thereof.

Abstract: A tactical chemical detector may include a light array comprising a plurality of light sources; a sensor optic comprising a plurality of optic elements, each optic element in optical communication with one of the plurality of light sources; a sensor array comprising a plurality of sensors arranged on a substrate, each sensor in optical communication with one of the plurality of light sources and wherein at least one vent opening extends through the substrate; a power source configured to selectively provide power the light array and the sensor array; and a housing having a first side and a second side and enclosing the light array, the sensor optic, the sensor array, and the power source.

Abstract: A flow-cytometer has an excitation light source generating an excitation light that excites one or more bio-cells in a bio-sample carried by a flow path to luminesce. The flow-cytometer includes a spectrum dispersive element that disperses the luminescent light generated by the bio-sample into a photo-detector array. The flow-cytometer further includes a digital signal processor (DSP) that receives signals from the photo-detector array and generates a self-triggering signal based on the luminescent light generated by the bio-cells in bio-sample. The self-triggering signal triggers data capture in the DSP to improve synchronization with the data generated from signals received from the photo-detector array.

Abstract: A method of analyzing a sample located on a hydrophilic portion of a surface is disclosed. The method includes directing a first incident non-destructive electromagnetic beam through the sample at a non-zero incidence angle relative to the surface. The method also includes analyzing a first reflected non-destructive electromagnetic beam reflected from the hydrophilic portion to obtain a first measurement associated with at least one property of the sample.

Abstract: The invention provides an system (200) comprising (i) a light source (220) configured to provide radiation (221), wherein the radiation (221) at least comprises UV radiation; (ii) a waveguide element (1210) comprising a radiation exit window (230), wherein the waveguide element (1210) is configured to receive at least part of the radiation (221) and to radiate at least part of the radiation (221) to the exterior of the waveguide element (1210) via the radiation exit window (230) and configured to internally reflect part of the radiation (221) at the radiation exit window (230); (iii) an optical sensor (310) configured to sense an internal reflection intensity (I) of the internally reflected radiation (221); and (iv) a control system (300), functionally coupled to the optical sensor, and configured to reduce the intensity of the radiation (221) as function of reaching a predetermined first threshold of a reduction of the internal reflection intensity (I) over a time.

Abstract: Among others, the present invention provides micro-devices for detecting or treating a disease, each comprising a first micro sensor for detecting a property of the biological sample at the microscopic level, and an interior wall defining a channel, wherein the micro sensor is located in the interior wall of the micro-device and detects the property of the biological sample in the microscopic level, and the biological sample is transported within the channel.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are high-throughput sample processing systems and waste management systems, and methods of using the same.

Abstract: An automated analyzer has a reaction disk on which a plurality of reaction vessels capable of holding sample and reagent mixtures can be placed, a first cover for covering at least a portion of the area above the reaction disk, a second cover that can be opened and closed independently from the first cover, at least one sensor for monitoring the opening and closing of the first cover, and a control unit for monitoring a signal from the sensor and carrying out control such that if the first cover has not been opened and closed during the period until a new analysis operation is started, a pre-analysis cleaning operation, blank measurement operation, or both, are skipped.

Abstract: Provided herein are enhanced imaging techniques which allow for the use of multiple optical sensors, each of which corresponds to only a portion of an array, including utilizing individual sensors for each individual well of a multi-well plate. The provided systems and methods may reduce the amount of time to perform optical analysis of an array, reduce the amount of moving parts or mechanical devices required to perform optical analysis and/or reduce the amount of space between the sensors and the array being analyzed resulting in more compact, efficient optical analyzers.

Abstract: An apparatus is described that selectively absorbs electromagnetic radiation. The apparatus includes a conducting surface, a dielectric layer formed on the conducting surface, and a plurality of conducting particles distributed on the dielectric layer. The dielectric layer can be formed from a material and a thickness selected to yield a specific absorption spectrum. Alternatively, the thickness or dielectric value of the material can change in response to an external stimulus, thereby changing the absorption spectrum.

Abstract: A sample plate comprising a sample well is disclosed. The sample well can comprise one or more bead retaining chambers. Also provided herein is a method of using the sample plate and kits comprising the sample plate.

Abstract: A device and method yielding a blood analysis employable in combination with an introducer for a catheter for a concurrent testing of blood from the introducer flash chamber during placement of a venous catheter. The device employs a colorimetric blood analysis to provide the user a visually discernable alert to the results of tested blood concurrent with the placement of the catheter with the introducer.

Abstract: Apparatus is disclosed for identifying at least a first target condition in a human or animal body. The apparatus comprises one or more test portions for identifying a first analyte in a biological sample from the body, the first analyte providing a marker of the first target condition, and a second analyte in the biological sample, the second analyte being different from the first analyte. The apparatus is configured to identify the first target condition in the body based on the identification of both the first and second analytes. In one embodiment, the first target condition is pregnancy, the first analyte is human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and the second analyte is luteinizing hormone (LH).

Abstract: Devices and methods for using changes in the configuration of micrometer sized dispersed liquid crystal domains to detect or quantify analytes in a test sample, including endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS), are disclosed. The test sample includes one or more potential masking agents, such as a non-ionic surfactant, a chelating agent, a divalent cation, a protein, or a nucleic acid, and may also include a buffer. The dispersed liquid crystal microdomains are exposed to the test sample, and any changes in the configuration in the liquid crystal microdomains, such as from the bipolar to radial configuration, are detected. Such changes in configuration signal the presence of analyte in the test sample, and the proportion of liquid crystal microdomains exhibiting the change in configuration is correlated with the quantity of analyte in the test sample.

Abstract: An inspection apparatus is provided that comprises an optical target including a solid host material and a fluorescing material embedded in the solid host material. The solid host material has a predetermined phonon energy HOSTPE. The fluorescing material exhibits a select ground energy level and a target excitation (TE) energy level separated from the ground energy level by a first energy gap corresponding to a fluorescence emission wavelength of interest. The fluorescing material has a next lower lying (NLL) energy level relative to the TE energy level. The NLL energy level is spaced a second energy gap FMEG2 below the TE energy level, wherein a ratio of the FMEG2/HOSTPE is three or more.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to devices and methods for identifying conditions in a human or animal body, such as pregnancy or ovulation. For example, the present disclosure relates to devices and methods for identifying pregnancy or ovulation, which devices and methods are adapted to mitigate the “hook effect”, thereby improving accuracy of the devices and methods.

Abstract: Among other things, a diluted sample is generated based on mixing a small sample of blood with a one or more diluents. A thin film of the diluted sample is formed on the surface of a contact optical microscopy sensor. Red blood cells within a portion of the thin film of the diluted sample are illuminated using light of a predetermined wavelength. One or more images of the diluted sample are acquired based on illuminating the red blood cells within the portion of the thin film of the diluted sample. The acquired one or more images of the diluted sample are then processed. The mean corpuscular hemoglobin in the red blood cells within the portion of the thin film of the diluted sample is determined based on processing the acquired images of the diluted sample.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for efficiently assessing the results of reflectance spectroscopy on a soil sample to determine the presence of contaminants in the soil, by constructing a model based on analysis of known samples. The model may be constructed using an all possibilities approach and data mining techniques, on a range of samples, for example of different kinds of soil without pollutants and with different levels of pollutants. The Disclosure relates both to the construction of the model and to its use in the field in analyzing soil contaminants.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for imaging a microarray of a microarray assembly. The microarray assembly may be configured as a protein microarray and may be used to visualize protein expression levels in sample for disease detection and/or diagnosis. In one example, the microarray assembly may comprise a laser pointed in a first direction, a camera positioned parallel to and vertically below the laser, a first dichroic mirror vertically aligned with the laser for reflecting light emitted from the laser, a second mirror vertically aligned with the camera and horizontally aligned with the first dichroic mirror, and a chip coated in a nitrocellulose film and including an array of wells containing one or more biomolecules.

Abstract: A method of determining a macromolecular analyte in a sample suspected of containing the macromolecular analyte is disclosed. The sample and a conjugate reagent comprising a small molecule and a binding partner for the macromolecular analyte are combined in a medium. The conjugate reagent and a labeled binding partner for the small molecule are combined. The conjugate reagent or the medium is examined for an amount of labeled binding partner for the small molecule that is bound to the small molecule, which is related to the amount of the macromolecular analyte in the sample.

Abstract: The invention concerns a method for determining the reaction of at least one bacterium of interest to its exposure to an antibiotic implementing a Raman spectroscopy analysis comprising the following steps: Having a biological sample that could contain said bacteria of interest, Preparing at least two fractions of said sample each comprising one or more living bacteria of interest, Capturing, in each fraction, at least one living bacterium of interest by using a binding partner, Exposing at least one of the fractions to at least one concentration of at least one given antibiotic, the other of the fractions being the control fraction, Submitting the bacterium/bacteria of interest contained in the fractions to an incident light and analyzing the resultant light obtained by Raman diffusion by the bacterium/bacteria of interest by Raman spectroscopy in order to obtain as many Raman spectra as bacteria, Treating said spectra in order to obtain a signature of the reaction of the or each bacterium/bacteria of int

Abstract: The disclosure describes a method of forming highly ordered membrane protein crystals. The forming process is done in the presence of a magnetic field to exploit the diamagnetic anisotropy of the membrane protein. Further described is a method of magnetic alignment and crystallization of membrane proteins in two-dimensional (2D) sheets for protein structural characterization and applications in functional devices. Block co-copolymers are used in alternative embodiments to assist with the crystallization process.

Abstract: Provided herein are devices, systems, and methods for characterizing a biological sample in vivo or ex vivo in real-time using time-resolved spectroscopy. A light source generates a light pulse or continuous light wave and excites the biological sample, inducing a responsive fluorescent signal. A demultiplexer splits the signal into spectral bands and a time delay is applied to the spectral bands so as to capture data with a detector from multiple spectral bands from a single excitation pulse. The biological sample is characterized by analyzing the fluorescence intensity magnitude and/or decay of the spectral bands. The sample may comprise one or more exogenous or endogenous fluorophore. The device may be a two-piece probe with a detachable, disposable distal end. The systems may combine fluorescence spectroscopy with other optical spectroscopy or imaging modalities. The light pulse may be focused at a single focal point or scanned or patterned across an area.

Abstract: A non-invasive, optical-based physiological monitoring system is disclosed. One embodiment includes an emitter configured to emit light. A diffuser is configured to receive and spread the emitted light, and to emit the spread light at a tissue measurement site. The system further includes a concentrator configured to receive the spread light after it has been attenuated by or reflected from the tissue measurement site. The concentrator is also configured to collect and concentrate the received light and to emit the concentrated light to a detector. The detector is configured to detect the concentrated light and to transmit a signal representative of the detected light. A processor is configured to receive the transmitted signal and to determine a physiological parameter, such as, for example, arterial oxygen saturation, in the tissue measurement site.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are compositions and methods for exosome detection with high sensitivity by using a nano-plasmonic sensor. The nano-plasmonic sensor comprises a plurality of nanoapertures suitable for transmission measurements. The detection sensitivity is on the order of 104-fold higher than western blotting and 102-fold higher than enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A portable imaging system is also disclosed, enabling rapid and high-throughput detection of exosomes. The nano-plasmonic sensor and imaging system can be useful in diagnostics.

Abstract: A SERS unit comprises an integrally formed handling board and a SERS element secured within a container space provided in the handling board so as to open to one side in a thickness direction of the handling board. The SERS element has a substrate arranged on an inner surface of the container space and an optical function part formed on the substrate, for generating surface-enhanced Raman scattering.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a system, method, and meter for determining the concentration of an analyte in a fluid sample provided on a test strip. The meter (10) may include a body (12), an optical reader (28), and a test strip holder (90). The body (12) has first (14) and second ends (16) and defines a longitudinal axis y extending between the first and second ends (14,16). The optical reader (28) may be coupled to the body (12) and adapted to analyze the analyte on the test strip. The test strip holder (90) may be coupled to the body (12) and include first and second arms (92,94). One of the optical reader (28) or the test strip holder (90) may be movable along the longitudinal axis of the body between a first position, in which the first and second arms (92,94) of the test strip holder (90) overlie the optical reader (28), and a second position, in which the optical reader (28) extends beyond the first and second arms (92,94) of the test strip holder (90).

Abstract: To clean a nozzle that is part of an automated analyzer and is provided with both a tubular discharge unit that discharges a cleaning liquid and a tubular suction unit that suctions in cleaning liquid that was discharged from the discharge unit and is running down an outer surface, first the discharge unit is made to start discharging, and then in parallel with said discharging, the suction unit is made to start suctioning. After the suction unit has suctioned in the cleaning liquid running down the aforementioned outer surface for a prescribed length of time, the suctioning is temporarily stopped. Next, after a prescribed amount of the cleaning liquid has accumulated in a cleaning tank, the discharging is stopped, and with the suction unit immersed in the cleaning liquid accumulated in the cleaning tank, the suctioning is restarted.

Abstract: Products, compositions, systems, and methods for modifying a target structure which mediates or is associated with a biological activity, including treatment of conditions, disorders, or diseases mediated by or associated with a target structure, such as a virus, cell, subcellular structure or extracellular structure. The methods may be performed in situ in a non-invasive manner by placing a nanoparticle having a metallic shell on at least a fraction of a surface in a vicinity of a target structure in a subject and applying an initiation energy to a subject thus producing an effect on or change to the target structure directly or via a modulation agent. The nanoparticle is configured, upon exposure to a first wavelength ?1, to generate a second wavelength ?2 of radiation having a higher energy than the first wavelength ?1.

Abstract: Acquiring sets of test data on amounts of foreign matter passed through a recirculation sump screen when different amounts of foreign matter are input; forming a passed foreign matter amount approximate line that approximates the amounts of passed foreign matter with respect to the amounts of input foreign matter on the basis of the sets of test data on the amounts of passed foreign matter; forming a passed foreign matter amount envelope tangent to the passed foreign matter amount approximate line; and estimating a total passed foreign matter amount with respect to the amounts of input foreign matter on the basis of the passed foreign matter amount envelope to evaluate the recirculation sump screen are provided.

Abstract: The devices, systems, and methods disclosed herein provide sample verification capabilities in a single device or system. Devices are disclosed herein. Systems including these devices are also provided. These devices and systems may be configured for verifying sample integrity prior to a subject leaving a sample collection site so that any further samples or other corrective action can occur without having to make a separate visit.

Abstract: The invention provides a passive fluidics circuit for directing different fluids to a common volume, such as a reaction chamber or flow cell, without intermixing or cross contamination. The direction and rate of flow through junctions, nodes and passages of the fluidics circuit are controlled by the states of upstream valves (e.g. opened or closed), differential fluid pressures at circuit inlets or upstream reservoirs, flow path resistances, and the like. Free diffusion or leakage of fluids from unselected inlets into the common outlet or other inlets at junctions or nodes is prevented by the flow of the selected inlet fluid, a portion of which sweeps by the inlets of unselected fluids and exits the fluidics circuit by waste ports, thereby creating a barrier against undesired intermixing with the outlet flow through leakage or diffusion. The invention is particularly advantageous in apparatus for performing sensitive multistep reactions, such as pH-based DNA sequencing reactions.

Abstract: A microfluidic circuit element comprising a microfluidic main channel and nano interstices is disclosed. The nano interstices are formed at both sides of the main channel and are in fluid communication with the main channel. The nano interstices have a height less than that of the main channel, gives more driving force of the microfluidic channel and provides stable flow of a fluid. The microfluidic circuit element may be made from a plastic material having a contact angle of 90 degrees or less. The microfluidic circuit element is particularly useful when filling a liquid sample to the channel which is empty or filled with air and shows greatly improved a storage stability.

Abstract: An analytic device comprising a device housing, a dock to receive a camera enabled mobile electronic device, such as a smartphone and other smart devices, and a processing device to communicate with the mobile electronic device and to control a condition of the assay tube, such as temperature. In another example, the analytic device comprises a device housing and a circuit board. A processing device, a heating block defining a recess to support assay tube, and a resistive heater are surface mounted to the circuit board. A light source and a fan are also provided. A dock may be provided to support a mobile electronic device. The mobile electronic device communicates with the processing device to cause the application of reaction conditions to the assay tube, to perform a PCR procedure, for example. Methods are also disclosed.

Abstract: A spaser device comprises a graphene resonator and a carbon nanotube (CNT) gain element coupled via exciton-plasmon interaction. The graphene resonator may be a rectangular or square graphene nanoflake (GNF), and the CNT gain element may be characterized by chirality vector (n,m) selected such that the CNT has semiconducting properties. The CNT gain element may be illuminated using a light source having a photon energy corresponding with a first exciton energy (E22) of the CNT, whereby excitons having a second exciton energy (E11) less than the first exciton energy are generated in the CNT, and coupled to a surface plasmon (SP) mode of the graphene resonator. When the rate of generation of excitons having the second exciton energy exceeds a gain threshold, continuous spasing is established within the spaser device.

Abstract: A supercapacitor electrode comprising a mixture of graphene sheets and humic acid, wherein humic acid occupies 0.1% to 99% by weight of the mixture and the graphene sheets are selected from a pristine graphene material having essentially zero % of non-carbon elements, or a non-pristine graphene material having 0.001% to 5% by weight of non-carbon elements wherein said non-pristine graphene is selected from graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene fluoride, graphene chloride, graphene bromide, graphene iodide, hydrogenated graphene, nitrogenated graphene, chemically functionalized graphene, or a combination thereof; and wherein said mixture has a specific surface area greater than 500 m2/g.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods that can be used to automatically calibrate a fluorescence-measuring instrument capable of continuously measuring the concentration of hardness in process water. The calibration method is used to compensate for drift of instrument and equipment, changes of operational conditions, and contamination of reagents and calibration standards. Calibration of the fluorescence-measuring instrument using the present calibration method improves both accuracy and repeatability for subsequent hardness concentration measurements.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for detecting one or more particles such as individual unlabeled molecules or single nanoparticles. In examples described herein, optical energy is introduced into a microtoroid or other microcavity to generate an evanescent field. The microcavity has a functionalized outer surface that has been functionalized with a chemically or biologically active substance such as an antibody, antigen or protein. An indication of a particle bound to the functionalized outer surface of the microcavity is then detected based on a reactive interaction between the particle and the evanescent field while using frequency locking, balanced detection and various filtering techniques. The frequency locking, balanced detection and filtering techniques reduce the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the detection system so that single nanoparticles (e.g. 2.5 nanometers (nm) in radius) and individual molecules (e.g. 15.5 kilo-Dalton (kDa) in size) can be detected in aqueous solution in some examples.

Abstract: A method for determining the amount of a specific analyte by photometric assays, wherein the specific analyte in a sample reacts with an analyte specific reaction partner in a reaction mixture. At least two calibration curves are generated, the first calibration curve recorded at a first wavelength is optimized for low concentrations of the specific analyte thereby maximizing the lower detection limit and, the second calibration curve recorded at a second wavelength is optimized for high concentrations of the specific analyte thereby maximizing the upper detection limit. The optimized lower detection limit and the optimized upper detection limit results in an extended dynamic range.