Abstract: A fixing member for electrophotographic fixing includes a base body; an elastic layer; and an outermost surface releasing layer. The elastic layer and the outermost surface releasing layer are laminated on the base body. The elastic layer is a continuous layer including fibrous filler distributed in a portion of the elastic layer towards the outermost surface releasing layer.

Abstract: A transfer apparatus, for molding a resin on a substrate using a mold on which a pattern is formed and releasing the mold from the resin to transfer the pattern onto the substrate, includes a charge removing device configured to remove a charge of the mold, and a detector configured to detect an electric potential of the mold. The charge removing device is configured to remove the charge of the mold if the electric potential of the mold detected by the detector is not less than a predetermined value.

Abstract: A substrate is provided, which comprises a structured surface including a regular pattern of a plurality of elevated structures that are elevated with respect to a nominal surface of the substrate, wherein at least two dimensions are between 1 nm and 100 ?m, the structured surface being configured to stimulate smooth crystallization of microcrystals or to boost hydrophobic properties. A target plate comprising a plurality of substrates is disclosed as well.

Abstract: A metal-resin composite having high gas sealing properties is provided. An aluminum alloy structure having a shape surrounding the copper 63 is firstly formed, and the attached aluminum alloy is made closely contact with the copper electrode 63 and further made engaged into the copper electrode 63 by pressing or forging. It is then machined into a predetermined shape so as to prepare the copper alloy 63 attached with an aluminum alloy part 61a. Subsequently, the surface treatment of the NMT or NMT 2 is given to three members of an aluminum electrode 62, the copper electrode 63 attached with the aluminum alloy part 61a and an aluminum alloy lid 61. These three members are inserted into an injection mold, and a thermoplastic resin composition 64 of PPS resin is injected. The lithium-ion battery lid 60 having a structure as shown in FIG. 11 is thus obtained.

Abstract: To provide an anti-reflection article which can be manufactured by using an anti-reflection article manufacturing mold plate having improved abrasion resistance compared to the related art and has a sufficient anti-reflection property. An anti-reflection article is formed as an anti-reflection article in which minute concave portions are densely arranged and the gap between the adjacent minute concave portions is the shortest wavelength of a wavelength band or less of an electromagnetic wave for anti-reflection. In the anti-reflection article, at least some of the minute concave portions are a minute concave portion with multiple lowermost points in the minute concave portion.

Abstract: There is provided a silica crucible for pulling a silicon single crystal, comprising silica glass and having a two-layer structure of an outer layer and an inner layer, wherein the inner layer, in a sectional side view of the crucible, has a wavy inner surface shape having mountain parts and valley parts at least between a start position and an end position for the pulling of a silicon single crystal in a silicon melt surface, and when a distance from an upper opening end of the crucible to the start position for the pulling of the silicon single crystal is 100, only a crucible portion from the upper opening end to a position within a range of 40 to 100 is crystalline.

Abstract: A cast block for use in a wall is provided. The block includes: a body including a top surface and an opposed bottom surface; and a face portion extending frontwardly from the body portion, the face portion including a front surface, an upper tapered surface, and a lower tapered surface, the upper tapered surface disposed between the top surface and the front surface and the lower tapered surface disposed between the bottom surface and the front surface; wherein the front surface, the upper tapered surface, and the lower tapered surface are each patterned. Also provided is a wall formed of rows of cast blocks. Also provided is a method of forming masonry blocks for use in structural retaining walls.

Abstract: There is provided an optical member that can retain a high antireflection effect on a substrate for a long time. The optical member includes a laminated body that can reduce the reflection of light formed on a substrate surface, wherein at least one layer of the laminated body is a polyimide layer containing a polyimide film, and the polyimide contains a repeating unit represented by the following general formula (1), and a 1,4-cyclohexylene group in the main chain of R2 in the general formula (1) contains 90% by mole or more of a trans-1,4-cyclohexylene group: wherein R1 denotes a tetravalent organic group, and R2 denotes a divalent organic group having one or two or more 1,4-cyclohexylene groups in the main chain.

Abstract: The invention relates to asphalt emulsions comprising an asphalt component selected from the group consisting of a solvent extracted asphalt, an oxidized asphalt, and combinations thereof. The invention also relates to products made therefrom, including fibrous mats comprising a fiber component, such as glass fibers, and a binder component comprising an asphalt emulsion. The invention further relates to wet-laid processes for manufacturing fibrous mats and that employ the use of an amphoteric surfactant, which is applied to a wet fiber web prepared from a dispersion of fiber components, such as glass fibers.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes a strategy to create self-healing, slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPS). Roughened (e.g., porous) surfaces can be utilized to lock in place a lubricating fluid, referred to herein as Liquid B to repel a wide range of materials, referred to herein as Object A (Solid A or Liquid A). SLIPS outperforms other conventional surfaces in its capability to repel various simple and complex liquids (water, hydrocarbons, crude oil and blood), maintain low-contact-angle hysteresis (<2.5°), quickly restore liquid-repellency after physical damage (within 0.1-1 s), resist ice, microorganisms and insects adhesion, and function at high pressures (up to at least 690 atm). Some exemplary application where SLIPS will be useful include energy-efficient fluid handling and transportation, optical sensing, medicine, and as self-cleaning, and anti-fouling materials operating in extreme environments.

Abstract: A polishing liquid composition that makes it possible to provide a polished substrate surface on which scratches and/or waviness are reduced, without impairing productivity, is provided, and further, a method for manufacturing and polishing a substrate using this polishing liquid composition is provided. The polishing liquid composition contains an abrasive, a water-soluble polymer, and water, wherein the water-soluble polymer has a sulfonic acid group, and has an aromatic ring in each of a main chain and a side chain. The method for manufacturing a substrate, and the method for polishing a substrate, include performing polishing by supplying the above-described polishing liquid composition to a surface to be polished of a substrate to be polished, bringing a polishing pad into contact with the surface to be polished, and moving the polishing pad and/or the substrate to be polished.

Abstract: [Means for Solution] A solid oxide fuel cell apparatus including a fuel cell having a plate-shaped first solid electrolyte, an anode provided on one side of the first solid electrolyte and coming in contact with fuel gas, and a cathode provided on the other side of the first solid electrolyte and coming in contact with oxidizer gas. The solid oxide fuel cell apparatus further includes a cell-follow-up deformation member located on at least one of opposite sides of the fuel cell with respect to a first stacking direction along which the anode, the first solid electrolyte, and the cathode are stacked together. The cell-follow-up deformation member deforms according to a deformation of the fuel cell on the basis of at least one of physical quantities including differential thermal expansion coefficient and differential pressure.

Abstract: The present disclosure describes a strategy to create self-healing, slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPS). Roughened (e.g., porous) surfaces can be utilized to lock in place a lubricating fluid, referred to herein as Liquid B to repel a wide range of materials, referred to herein as Object A (Solid A or Liquid A). SLIPS outperforms other conventional surfaces in its capability to repel various simple and complex liquids (water, hydrocarbons, crude oil and blood), maintain low-contact-angle hysteresis (<2.5°), quickly restore liquid-repellency after physical damage (within 0.1-1 s), resist ice, microorganisms and insects adhesion, and function at high pressures (up to at least 690 atm). Some exemplary application where SLIPS will be useful include energy-efficient fluid handling and transportation, optical sensing, medicine, and as self-cleaning, and anti-fouling materials operating in extreme environments.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a flame retardant polymer composition comprising (A) an ethylene copolymer comprising alkyl acrylate comonomer units, (B) uncoated aluminum hydroxide as inorganic filler, and (C) an ethylene copolymer comprising maleic anhydride units in an amount of 0.6 to 5 wt. %, an article comprising such a composition, the use of such a composition for producing a layer in a wire or cable and the use of an ethylene copolymer comprising maleic anhydride units for producing a wire or cable fulfilling the requirements of class D of the FIPEC test according to prEN 50399:2007./.

Abstract: Photonic crystal scintillators and their methods of manufacture are provided. Exemplary methods of manufacture include using a highly-ordered porous anodic alumina membrane as a pattern transfer mask for either the etching of underlying material or for the deposition of additional material onto the surface of a scintillator. Exemplary detectors utilizing such photonic crystal scintillators are also provided.

Abstract: There is provided a polyol-crosslinkable fluorine-containing elastomer composition which is excellent in chemical resistance, solvent resistance (especially resistance to an acidic solvent) and fuel resistance (especially biofuel resistance) and is crosslinkable at the same crosslinking speed as in the case of using calcium hydroxide in a usual amount even without blending calcium hydroxide (or decreasing a blending amount of calcium hydroxide). The fluorine-containing elastomer composition comprises a polyol-crosslinkable fluorine-containing elastomer, a polyol crosslinking agent and a silicate of an alkali metal.

Abstract: A composite is provided that has a structured sol-gel layer on a substrate. The sol-gel layer is extremely resistant against mechanical stress and other influences from outside due to its production method. The composite is suitable for use in a lot of technical fields, since the sol-gel layer can be provided with nearly any arbitrary structure. For example, the structure may result in optical effects and may be used in optical systems.

Abstract: A glass article including: at least one anti-glare surface having haze, distinctness-of-image, surface roughness, and uniformity properties, as defined herein. A method of making the glass article includes, for example, depositing sacrificial particles on a surface of the article; and contacting the resulting particulated surface with an etchant. A display system that incorporates the glass article, as defined herein, is also disclosed.

Abstract: A touch screen manufacturing method includes the following steps: providing a glass substrate; bombarding a surface of the glass substrate by plasma to expose Si—O-groups on the surface; coating and curing a jell on the surface of the glass substrate which is bombarded by plasma, forming a base material layer, the jell is bonded to the Si—O-groups on the glass substrate during curing; embossing the base material layer by embossing mold, forming a trench on the surface of the base material layer against the glass substrate; and filling metal into the trench, and forming metal mesh as a conductive layer. A touch screen is also disclosed. Compared to the traditional process using ITO as a conductive layer, mesh shape can be one-step formed, the process is simple, and the yield rate is high. And the cost is greatly reduced using metal instead of ITO, since not etching process is used, conductive material will not be wasted, and it reduces heavy metal emission in the waste.

Abstract: A quick-drying print and environmental-friendly biaxially orientated polypropylene synthetic paper is produced from a polypropylene resin composition comprising a high crystalline polypropylene resin, calcium carbonate composite particles, titanium dioxide composite particles, antistatic agents, UV absorbers and anti-blocking agent, which are fed into one twin-screw primary extruder and two twin-screw secondary extruders respectively, convergently flowed through the same T-die, co-extruded into a three-layer structure substrate film, after cooling and setting, this film is first longitudinally orientated, then laterally orientated; thereafter the three-layer film is high-frequency corona treated and winded up to gain the film having thickness less than 250 ?m.

Abstract: A process comprising removing an adhesive-protecting film layer from a peel and stick multilayer article comprising an embossed, anti-slip thermoplastic layer selected from polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polycarbonates or high density polyethylene; a water-resistant adhesive layer; and the adhesive-protecting film layer, thereby exposing one side of the water-resistant adhesive layer; and then applying the exposed side of the water-resistant adhesive layer to a surface that is at least partially covered with water.

Abstract: An aspect of the present invention relates to a magnetic recording medium comprising a nonmagnetic layer comprising a nonmagnetic powder and a binder and a magnetic layer comprising a ferromagnetic powder and a binder in this order on a nonmagnetic support, wherein the magnetic layer and/or nonmagnetic layer comprises organic acid A and organic acid B below, with an acid strength pKa(A) of organic acid A and an acid strength pKa(B) of organic acid B satisfying a relation of pKa(A)<pKa(B); organic acid A: an unsaturated bond-containing organic acid comprising one substituent selected from the group consisting of a carboxyl group, a phosphoric acid group, and a phosphonic acid group per molecule; organic acid B: an aliphatic or alicyclic organic acid in which two or more substituents substituted onto adjacent carbon atoms within the molecule are present per molecule, and at least one of the substituents is a carboxyl group.

Abstract: A novel coating system is provided that allows for a single coating structure to exhibit properties previously considered mutually exclusive. A unique approach for tailoring specific properties of a coating structure as a function of location within the coating is provided with a specially designed undercoat having a columnar macrostructure and a second coating layer that is selected to be compatible with and complement the undercoat. The resultant composite coating system can maintain thermocomechanical compliance while improving various bulk and/or free surface properties of the composite coating system.

Abstract: Methods for enabling or enhancing growth of carbon nanotubes on unconventional substrates. The method includes selecting an inactive substrate, which has surface properties that are not favorable to carbon nanotube growth. A surface of the inactive substrate is treated so as to increase a porosity of the same. CNTs are then grown on the surface having the increased porosity.

Abstract: Provided among other things is method of forming texture on an outer surface of an polymer layer of an article, comprising: applying a latex of polymer particles to (a) a support element of the article or (b) a former, to form an polymer layer; applying to the polymer layer discrete particles of carbonic salt so that they embed into the outer surface and gel elastomer adjacent to the carbonic salt; removing the carbonic salt with an aqueous wash; and curing the polymer layer.

Abstract: A hydrophobic surface comprises a surface texture and a coating disposed on the surface texture, wherein the coating comprises an amorphous diamond like carbon material doped with 10 to 35 atomic percent of Si, O, F, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing, or a low surface energy material selected from fluoropolymer, silicone, ceramic, fluoropolymer composite, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing; and wherein the surface texture comprises a micro texture, a micro-nano texture, or a combination of a micro texture and a micro-nano texture.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an article comprising at least one glass-ceramic substrate, in particular a plate, intended, for example, to cover or receive at least one heating element, said substrate exhibiting, in at least one zone, a surface roughness such that the characteristic dimensions of the patterns forming said roughness are between 2 and 100 ?m. The present invention also relates to an advantageous process for producing said substrate.

Abstract: A film which is provided with a concave-convex microstructure body that has a concave-convex microstructure formed of a cured product of an active energy ray curable resin composition on a surface and an ultraviolet ray blocking layer that is adjacent to a surface of the concave-convex microstructure body, the surface being on the reverse side of the concave-convex microstructure-side surface, a method for producing the film, and a plate-like product, an image display device and a solar cell that are provided with the film.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a superhydrophobic surface. Methods of fabrication are disclosed including laminating a polymer sheet having a surface to a template having a textured surface or a layer of a nanomaterial (e.g., nanoparticles or nanofibers) to convert the surface of the polymer sheet to a hydrophobic surface having a water contact angle of at least about 150°.

Abstract: This method for texturing a DLC coating comprises depositing a single layer of balls or spheres on the free surface of the DLC coating; dry-etching the DLC coating using oxygen plasma; and lastly, cleaning the surface of said coating by eliminating the balls or spheres.

Abstract: A material having a first surface and a second surface is disclosed. The first or second surface comprises a texture. The texture is defined by peaks and valleys such that the textured surface may have an Average Peak to Peak Distance in the range of about 3 mm to about 16 mm, an Average Height Differential of at least 1 mm, and a Surface Topography Index from about 0.1 to about 5. The material may comprise a surfactant.

Abstract: The present application relates to a substrate for an organic electronic device, an organic electronic device, and a lighting device. In an embodiment of the present application, a substrate or an organic electronic device which may form an organic electronic device capable of ensuring performance including light extraction efficiency or the like and reliability by applying a scattering layer capable of exhibiting different scattering properties according to an angle of incident light may be provided.

Abstract: A calendering roller used to manufacture textured nonwoven fabric including papermaking fibers is disclosed. The calendering roller includes a positive pattern that includes a basic element having a ring shape and a repetition of said basic element along multiple rows and columns substantially overall a peripheral surface of the calendaring roller. The ring defines an apex relatively to a center portion of the ring defining a cavity and a grinded surrounding zone. The ring includes at least one radial channel putting in communication the cavity and the grinded surrounding zone so as to define a discontinuous calendering surface. The repetition is regular except for multiple substantially longitudinally and transversally oriented regions. The regions are of limited size with respect to a calendering roller size and randomly distributed so as to define multiple random longitudinal and transverse lines in the textured nonwoven fabric including papermaking fibers, generating a cloth-like visual texture.

Abstract: A decorative fabricated covering includes a first piece of vinyl. A first ink layer is printed on the first piece of vinyl and a textured layer is printed on top of the first ink layer. A second ink layer is printed on a second separate piece of vinyl. The first and second pieces of vinyl are then laminated together. An overprint layer may be printed on top of the textured layer and a second textured layer may be printed on top of the overprint resin layer. A domed layer may be formed on top of the second ink layer and a reflective material, such as glitter, may be mixed in the second textured layer.

Abstract: A biaxially stretched polypropylene film for a capacitor containing an isotactic polypropylene. The weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the isotactic polypropylene as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) is 250,000 to 450,000, the molecular weight distribution Mw/Mn is 7 to 12 and Mz/Mn is 20 to 40, and the value of a difference obtained by subtracting a differential distribution value when the logarithmic molecular weight Log(M)=6 from a differential distribution value when Log(M)=4.5 on a molecular weight distribution curve thereof is 8% to 20%. The ultrathin biaxially stretched polypropylene film for a capacitor has superior heat resistance performance and withstands voltage performance.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation, by spatial distribution of light intensity, of a surface in relief promoting order and spatial coherence serving as a guide for the organization, on nano- and micrometre scales, of an overlayer on the surface in particular of block copolymers.

Abstract: A metal or metal alloy including a region with hierarchical micro-scale and nano-scale structure shapes, the surface region is super-hydrophobic and has a spectral reflectance of less than 30% for at least some wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation in the range of 0.1 ?m to 10 ?m. Methods for forming the hierarchical micro-scale and nano-scale structure shapes on the metal or metal alloy are also described.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a mold includes (a) anodizing an aluminum substrate at a voltage of 60 V to 120 V in an electrolytic solution in which two or more species of acid are mixed, and forming an oxide film having a plurality of minute holes on a surface of the aluminum substrate; and (b) removing at least a portion of the oxide film. The electrolytic solution used in (a) satisfies the relation (D1)/2<D2, where D1 is the current density when the aluminum substrate is anodized under the same conditions as in (a) in an electrolytic solution of only the acid (A) having the highest acid dissociation constant (Ka) of the two or more species of acid, and D2 is the current density when the aluminum substrate is anodized under the same conditions (a) in the same electrolytic solution as that of (a).

Abstract: An insulation panel includes a foam core with a reinforced and vapor-impervious facing disposed on one or both sides of the core. A portion of the facing extends beyond the core and has an adhesive so that the overhanging portion can be secured to an abutting panel to cover a seam between the abutting panels. A fixture for forming the panel includes two heated platens, preferably provided with a textured surface, held apart by a spacer and between which the facing is mechanically suspended. An installation of the insulation panel includes panel-securing elements attached to frame elements of the building and including first and second flanges spaced apart by the thickness of the panel. A portion of the insulation panel is disposed between the first and second flanges, the first flange is secured to the frame element, and a cover panel disposed over the insulation panel is secured to the second flange.

Abstract: Substrates, surfaces, assemblies, kits, compositions, and methods are provided for forming touch screens and other appliance surfaces exhibiting good hydrophobicity, oleophobicity, and abrasion resistance. Methods are provided for increasing a population density of hydroxyl groups on a touch surface of a touch screen substrate without affecting the compressive strength of the back surface. The treated touch surface of the substrate can then be coated with a coating that includes an organo-metallic and/or silane, for example, a fluorosilane such as a perfluoropolyether alkoxysilane. A substrate can retain its compressive resistance to breakage by impact applied to the touch surface while minimizing any decrease in compressive strength against impact against the touch surface. Examples of such substrates include touch screens for mobile and desktop electronic devices, components of 3D display devices, and components for electrowetting display devices.

Abstract: A glass laminate includes at least one chemically-strengthened glass sheets with a thickness not exceeding 2.0 mm and a polymer interlayer between the glass sheets. Flaws are created in the surface of one of the glass sheets in order to weaken the glass laminate upon an impact event on a first side of the laminate, while retaining the strength of the laminate upon impact on the opposing second side of the laminate. The opposing side of the glass sheet with the flaws or a surface of the other glass sheet may be strengthened with an acid etch treatment in order to further strengthen the laminate upon impact on the opposing second side of the laminate.

Abstract: A composite substrate for a semiconductor includes a handle substrate 11 and a donor substrate bonded to a surface of the handle substrate 11 directly or through a bonding layer. The handle substrate 11 is composed of an insulating polycrystalline material, a surface 15 of the handle substrate 11 has a microscopic central line average surface roughness Ra of 5 nm or smaller, and recesses 6 are formed on the surface of the handle substrate.

Abstract: The high color rendering index (CRI) and high thermal properties of the red nitride phosphor are proposed in the invention. The phosphor would keep the original crystal phase and reduce the change of crystal volume by replacing different atoms. In addition, the red nitride phosphor can be excited by an incident light with wavelength ranging from 370 nm to 470 nm, and that shows the red phosphor of the present invention can be applied in white light emitting diodes. Moreover, the red nitride phosphor proposed by the present invention includes the potential application in main peak modulation and FWHM adjustment, and would be helpful to improve the thermal stability problem of white light emitting diodes.

Abstract: A coated device comprising a body, a coating on at least a portion of a surface of the body, wherein the coating comprises, a terminal layer, and at least one underlayer positioned between the terminal layer and the body, the underlayer comprising a hardness of greater than 61 HRc, wherein prior to the addition of the terminal layer, at least one of the body and the underlayer is polished to a surface roughness of less than or equal to 1.0 micrometer Ra.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a conductor having a substrate and a conductive coating film laminated on the substrate, wherein, the surface resistance value of the conductive coating film is 5×1010?/? or less, the Ra1 of the conductive coating film is 0.7 nm or less, the Ra2 value of the conductive coating film scanning probe microscopies 0.35 nm or less, and the conductive coating film is formed with a conductive composition containing a conductive polymer (A). In addition, the present invention relates to a conductive composition which contains a conductive polymer (A) and a surfactant (B), wherein the surfactant (B) contains a specific water-soluble polymer (C), and the content of a compound (D1) with an octanol-water partition coefficient (Log Pow) of 4 or more in the conductive composition is 0.001 mass % or less, relative to the total mass of the conductive composition.

Abstract: Disclosed are heat storage microcapsules encapsulating a water-soluble heat storage material stably and certainly, heat storage microcapsules with high durability which prevent phase separation of an inorganic salt hydrate latent heat storage material, heat storage microcapsules which prevent supercooling of a latent heat storage material to exhibit stable heat history and a manufacturing method thereof. The heat storage microcapsules comprise a core covered with a shell, wherein the core contains (a) at least one water-soluble latent heat storage material selected from a salt hydrate and a sugar alcohol and (b) a polymer derived from a water-soluble monomer mixture of a water-soluble monofunctional monomer and a water-soluble multifunctional monomer, and the shell is composed of a hydrophobic resin.

Abstract: An electrostatic chuck comprises: a dielectric substrate having a protrusion and a planar surface part. The protrusion is formed on a major surface of the dielectric substrate. An adsorption target material is mounted on the major surface. The planar surface part is formed in a periphery of the protrusion. The dielectric substrate is formed from a polycrystalline ceramics sintered body. A top face of the protrusion is a curved surface, and a first recess is formed in the top face to correspond to crystal grains that appear on the surface. The planar surface part has a flat part, and a second recess is formed in the flat part. A depth dimension of the first recess is greater than a depth dimension of the second recess. The electrostatic chuck can suppress the generation of particles and can easily recover a clean state of the electrostatic chuck surface.

Abstract: Release base papers with improved surface properties and more efficient manufacturing potential are made using cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) along with high freeness, less refined pulp. Release papers serve as the backing for common adhesive labels, for industrial film coatings, and also for certain food processing uses. The CNF may be added to the furnish and processed to paper, or the CNF may be added as a coating onto a partially dried web of paper. The CNF may optionally be combined with a starch and a starch crosslinker.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for manufacturing road surface covering elements that can be mounted on rollers of chassis dynamometers, including detection of a surface contour of a road surface covering within an essentially strip-shaped section. The method also includes production of a digital image of the detected section and manufacturing of the road surface covering element according to the digital image by means of a three-dimensional manufacturing technique.

Abstract: An anti-counterfeit paper including a first paper layer, a second paper layer, an intermediate layer formed between the first paper layer and the second paper layer, and a reflection layer formed on the intermediate layer. The intermediate layer includes a transparent base material and has a thickness in a range of from 6 ?m to 200 ?m. The intermediate layer includes irregularities formed on one or more surfaces. The irregularities have varying shapes depending on positions such that a difference in height is in a range of from 10 nm to 700 nm and that a difference in an aspect ratio is in a range of from 0.5 to 10. The reflection layer is formed on at least a portion of surfaces of the irregularities.