Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an electrophotographic photoreceptor that includes a conductive substrate, an undercoat layer provided on the conductive substrate, containing a binder resin and an electron transport material, and satisfying Expression 1-1, and a photosensitive layer provided on the undercoat layer, a charging device that charges a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, an electrostatic latent image forming device that forms an electrostatic latent image on the charged surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, a developing device that develops the electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor with a developer containing a toner to form a toner image, and a transfer device that transfers the toner image to a surface of a recording medium, in which a moving time of an outer peripheral surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor, required from charging performed by the charging device to development performed by the developin

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member having: a support with a cylindrical shape; and a photosensitive layer, in which the support has a surface formed of Al and/or an Al alloy, and the surface of the support includes Al crystal grains having (?) plane having {001} orientation of ?15° or more and less than +15°, (?) plane having {101} orientation of ?15° or more and less than +15°, and (?) plane having {111} orientation of ?15° or more and less than +15°, a ratio of an area occupied by Al crystal grains having (?) to the total area of the surface of the support is 10% or less, and a ratio of an area occupied by any one of Al crystal grains having (?) and Al crystal grains having (?) is 60% or more.

Abstract: Powdering on a front surface of a printed matter or the like is appropriately performed. A printing apparatus configured to perform printing on a medium includes: an ink ejection portion configured to eject an ink to the medium; and a powdering portion configured to perform powdering that applies powder to the medium. The powdering portion includes: a liquid applying device configured to apply, to the medium, a powder containing liquid that is a liquid including the powder and a solvent and an energy ray emitting portion configured to irradiate the powder containing liquid applied to the medium with energy rays. The powder containing liquid is a liquid that generates heat when irradiated with energy rays. The energy ray emitting portion irradiates the powder containing liquid applied to the medium with energy rays to evaporate the solvent of the powder containing liquid, so that the powder adheres to the medium.

Abstract: The invention relates to a device designed for the cultivation and radiation-induced killing of living biological cells. The device comprises a flat substrate and a functional layer for creating a wound in biological cells, said functional layer being applied to the flat substrate. The functional layer contains at least one photosensitizer which is designed to convert triplet oxygen into singlet oxygen by the application of electromagnetic radiation. As a result, biological cells on the functional layer can be killed by irradiation of low-intensity electromagnetic radiation. A wound can be introduced into a cell layer at a locally defined point easily, quickly, carefully, and in a flexible and cost-effective manner and thus the healing of the wound can be studied. The invention further relates to uses of the devices and a method for analyzing a migration and/or wound healing behavior of biological cells.

Abstract: An organic electronic component and a method for making an organic electronic component with a p-dopant are disclosed. In an embodiment, the component includes a matrix containing a zinc complex as a p-dopant, the zinc complex containing at least one ligand L of the following structure: formula (I) wherein R1 and R2 can be oxygen, sulphur, selenium, NH or NR4 independently selected from one another, wherein R3 may comprise alkyl, long-chain alkyl, cycloalkyl, halogen-alkyl, aryl, arylene, halogen-aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylene, heterocyclic-alkylene, heterocycloalkyl, halogen-heteroaryl, alkenyl, halogen-alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen-alkynyl, ketoaryl, halogen-ketoaryl, ketoheteroaryl, ketoalkyl, halogen-ketoalkyl, ketoalkenyl, halogen-ketoalkenyl, halogen-alkyl-aryl or halogen-alkyl-heteroaryl, and wherein R4 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl and aryl which can be bonded to R3.

Abstract: A brilliant toner includes a toner particle that includes a binder resin, a flake-shaped brilliant pigment, and a layered inorganic substance, wherein a content of the layered inorganic substance is from 0.005% by weight to 2.0% by weight with respect to the toner particles, and 80% by weight or more of the layered inorganic substance is present in a portion being in a range of 5 nm to 20 nm from a surface of the toner particle.

Abstract: Synthesis of four coordinated gold complexes and their applications in light emitting devices thereof.

Abstract: Rutile TiO2 microspheres and microparticles in a botryoidal morphology which form from ordered acicular aggregates of elongated TiO2 crystallites that resemble nano-sized flower bouquets and/or triangular funnels, and process for their preparation by thermally hydrolyzing a soluble TiO2 precursor compound in aqueous solution in the presence of a morphology controlling agent selected from carboxylic acids and amino acids.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member is configured such that the average value Hx_ave of the content of hydrogen atoms in a central portion area of a photoconductive layer in a cylindrically axial direction thereof, the content Hx of the hydrogen atoms at an arbitrary point in the central portion area, the average value Hy_ave of the content of the hydrogen atoms in an end area of the photoconductive layer in the cylindrically axial direction thereof, and the content Hy of the hydrogen atoms at an arbitrary point in the end area satisfy 10?Hx_ave?30, Hx<Hy, |Hx_ave?Hx|?5, and 2?Hy_ave?Hx_ave?12.

Abstract: A radiation-sensitive material comprising a support and a radiation sensitive composition on the support is disclosed, wherein the radiation sensitive composition includes a dispersion containing nanoparticles of a sensitizer.

Abstract: Described herein is an intermediate transfer member that includes a layer of phenoxy resin having dispersed therein graphene particles.

Abstract: There is disclosed an intermediate transfer member that includes a layer of a polymer blend of polyimide and amino silicone having conductive particles dispersed therein.

Abstract: The present teachings provide an intermediate transfer member which includes a substrate layer and a surface layer disposed on the substrate layer. The surface layer includes a plurality of core-shell particles wherein the core is a conductive particle and the shell is a fluoroplastic dispersed in a fluoroelastomer.

Abstract: A developing device is provided to suppress image density unevenness by adjusting conditions of toner adhesion to an amorphous silicon photoconductor to a suitable range even when using both an amorphous silicon photoconductor and a nonmagnetic monocomponent toner and practicing development in a non-contact system. The developing device satisfies the relational expression: (f×1.5/?)2>?1.576×10?2×q/m×(Vpp/Ds2)+31.9×106 where Ds (m) is a distance between the photoconductor and the toner carrier, f (Hz) is a frequency of an AC bias applied to the toner carrier, Vpp (V) is an amplitude of the AC bias, ? (?) is a ratio of a peripheral speed of the toner carrier to a peripheral speed of the amorphous silicon photoconductor, and q/m (C/kg) is a charge quantity per unit mass of the toner.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments provide material compositions useful for electrophotographic devices and processes. The material composition can include a plurality of graphene-containing particles dispersed or distributed in a polymer matrix. Such material composition can be used for electrophotographic members and devices including, but not limited to, a fuser member, a fixing member, a pressure roller, and/or a release donor member. In one embodiment, a material composition dispersion can be applied on a substrate in electrophotography to form a functional member layer to control, e.g., to improve, at least one of thermal, mechanical and/or electrical properties.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a thermoplastic material comprising polymer, at least one charge transfer agent, wherein the charge transfer agent is substantially colourless when neutral, but which develops colour when a charge is acquired, and at least one photo acid generating agent. The present invention further relates to a method of processing thermoplastic material to form a plastic article, wherein the method comprises the step of processing the thermoplastic material at a temperature greater than the melt temperature, Tm, of the thermoplastic, wherein the thermoplastic material comprises polymer and at least one charge transfer agent, wherein the charge transfer agent is substantially colourless when neutral, but which develops colour when a charge is acquired, and at least one photo acid generating agent, and wherein the method further comprising the step of irradiating the plastic article to colour at least a region of the plastic article.

Abstract: A photoconductor that includes a supporting substrate, and an active layer in contact with the substrate, and which layer contains at least one photogenerating pigment, at least one charge transport component, and a mixture of a metal oxide and a chelating agent of a tetrafluorodihydroxyanthraquinone.

Abstract: A photoconductor that includes a supporting substrate, and an active layer in contact with the substrate, and which active layer contains a photogenerating pigment of a hydroxygallium phthalocyanine, at least one charge transport component, and a mixture of a metal oxide and a chelating agent, where the phthalocyanine is, for example, prepared by hydrolyzing a gallium halide phthalocyanine.

Abstract: A photoconductor that includes a supporting substrate, and an active layer in contact with the substrate, and which active layer contains a photogenerating pigment of a titanyl phthalocyanine, at least one charge transport component, and a mixture of a metal oxide and a chelating agent, where the titanyl phthalocyanine is prepared by dissolving a Type I titanyl phthalocyanine in a solution comprising a trihaloacetic acid and an alkylene halide; adding the resulting mixture of the dissolved Type I titanyl phthalocyanine to a solution comprising an alcohol and an alkylene halide thereby precipitating a Type Y titanyl phthalocyanine; and treating the Type Y titanyl phthalocyanine with a monohalobenzene to form Type V titanyl phthalocyanine.

Abstract: An electrophotographic apparatus comprising an electrophotographic photoreceptor having the foremost layer containing organic fine particles and inorganic fine particles, which uses a dry-type magnetic toner having a charge amount of 10.0 ?c/g or more and 30.0 ?c/g or less.

Abstract: A photo-conductive layer for constituting a radiation imaging panel, which photo-conductive layer is capable of recording radiation image information as an electrostatic latent image, contains Bi4M3O12, in which M represents at least one kind of element selected from the group consisting of Ge, Si, and Ti. The photo-conductive layer may be formed with a coating technique or as a sintered film. The photo-conductive layer has a large effect of collecting formed electric charges and enhanced sensitivity, and is capable of yielding an image with good graininess characteristics.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor, comprising: an undercoat layer and a photosensitive layer formed in this order on a conductive support, wherein the undercoat layer contains a titanium oxide [P] consisting of a needle-like titanium oxide [A] and a spherical titanium oxide [B] and a binder resin [R], and the compounding ratio (by weight) [A]/[B] of the needle-like titanium oxide [A] to the spherical titanium oxide [B] is 60/40 to 90/10.

Abstract: A salt-like hydrophobic structured silicate, wherein the cation of the salt-like structured silicate is a low molecular weight organic cation or a combination thereof with NH4+, H3O+, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, earth metal and/or a transition metal ion. The anion of the salt-like structured silicate is an island, ring, group, chain, band, layer or tectosilicate or a combination thereof. The structured silicate is produced by (a) reacting a structured silicate, whose cation is NH4+, H3O+, an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, earth metal, and/or transition metal ion or a combination thereof, and whose anion of which is an island, ring, group, chain, band, layer or tectosilicate, or a combination thereof, in an aqueous dispersion with a low molecular weight organic cation; (b) adding to and intensively blending with the aqueous structured silicate dispersion a hydrophobic compound from the group of waxes and metal soaps in a quantity ranging from 0.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic photoreceptor which has high light resistance, has high durability in exposure to oxidizing gases such as ozone and NOx, is excellent in mechanical properties such as printing durability, wearing resistance, marring resistance, and slip properties in repetitions of use, and further has excellent electrical properties. Specifically, the present invention provides an electrophotographic photoreceptor having an electroconductive substrate and provided thereon at least a photosensitive layer having a charge generation material, a charge transport material, and a binder resin.

Abstract: A green ceramic body, in particular a green ceramic film having a function layer which contains platinum and is applied in at least some areas is described; this function layer is photostructurable in daylight and in the presence of oxygen. In addition, a method of producing such a green ceramic body is described, including the process steps: a) making available a green ceramic starting body, b) applying a photostructurable paste containing platinum to the starting body in at least some areas, in particular by printing, in daylight and in the presence of oxygen, and c) photostructuring the applied paste to form the function layer. The green ceramic body described here is suitable in particular for further processing to form a temperature sensor.

Abstract: A single layered electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a photosensitive layer having at least a charge generating material, a hole transporting material, an electron transporting material, and a binder on a conductive support. The photosensitive layer includes a peculiar charge transfer complex (CT-complex) formed by the hole transporting material and the electron transporting material.

Abstract: An image forming material having a support and a component layer is disclosed. In the image forming material the component layer contains a particle which comprises an organic particle core covered, with a material containing a light-heat conversion material. The image forming material is advantageously used for a printing plate or a laser thermal transfer recording material.

Abstract: In order to maintain excellent electrical, optical and photoconductive characteristics and to significantly improve the durability under adverse environments, a light receiving member for electrophotography according to the present invention comprises in sequence: a supporting member and a light receiving layer; said light receiving layer comprising in sequence at least a photoconductive layer and a surface layer thereon, said photoconductive layer comprising a non-single-crystal material containing silicon atoms as a matrix, and said surface layer comprising an amorphous material containing silicon atoms and carbon atoms as a matrix, wherein the carbon atoms are at least diamond-bonded and graphite-bonded, and wherein from 2% to 30% by number of the carbon atoms are graphite-bonded.

Abstract: A polarization reversion pattern is formed in ferroelectrics in accordance with image information. An image is obtained by surface charges corresponding to the polarization reversion pattern. The ferroelectrics are composed of an inorganic ferroelectric oxide such as LiNbxTa1-xO3 (0≦x≦1).

Abstract: For achieving satisfactory electrical characteristics and high image quality without peeling, damage or abrasion in a long use term the present invention provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member which comprises, on a conductive substrate, a photoconductive layer composed of a non-single-crystalline material containing silicon atoms as a matrix, and a surface layer composed of non-single-crystalline carbon containing at least hydrogen, wherein the surface layer has a surface roughness Rz within a range from 500 Å to 2000 Å for a reference length of 5 &mgr;m and contains at least oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine and boron atoms.

Abstract: A cylindrical, photosensitive member is disclosed which has a photosensitive layer comprising amorphous silicon provided on an electroconductive substrate, and in which the thickness of the electroconductive substrate is not less than 0.1 mm but less than 2.5 mm, thereby accomplishing cost reduction of the photosensitive member and also accomplishing prevention of variations of image density and image smearing by high-accuracy temperature control.

Abstract: A photosensitive member to be used for an image-forming apparatus can effectively suppress its wettability of the surface relative to foreign objects adhering to it and reduce the load and the mechanism necessary for cleaning the surface so as to prolong the service life of the photosensitive member and make the apparatus adapted to down-sizing. For this purpose, the wettability (W: work of adhesion) of the surface of the photosensitive member relative to toner is confined to be between 60 and 110 mN/m.

Abstract: An electrophotographic light-receiving member comprising a conductive support and a light-receiving layer having a photoconductive layer showing a photoconductivity, formed on the conductive support and formed of a non-monocrystalline material mainly composed of a silicon atom and containing at least one of a hydrogen atom and a halogen atom, wherein said photoconductive layer contains from 10 atomic % to 30 atomic % of hydrogen, the characteristic energy of exponential tail obtained from light absorption spectra at light-incident portions at least of the photoconductive layer is from 50 meV to 60 meV, and the density of states of localization in the photoconductive layer is from 1.times.10.sup.14 cm.sup.-3 to 1.times.10.sup.16 cm.sup.-3. Since the in-gap levels of the photoconductive layer has been controlled, the light-receiving member can be improved in environmental stability and exposure memory at the same time and have superior potential characteristics and image characteristics.

Abstract: Electric discharge between a photosensitive member and a charge retaining medium is ON/OFF controlled by changing the gas pressure between these two members, so that it is possible to effect image recording in a state where a DC voltage is applied. An electric charge which is opposite in polarity to an image forming charge is uniformly formed on the charge retaining medium in advance of the image exposure, and thereafter image exposure is carried out, thereby reducing the background potential at the unexposed region and increasing the contrast potential of the electrostatic latent image formed on the charge retaining medium. In addition, it is possible to increase the voltage distribution to the photosensitive member. As a result, it is possible to improve the photosensitivity of image exposure.

Abstract: A light-receiving member, and an electrophotographic apparatus comprising it, which the member comprises a conductive support, a first layer capable of exhibiting a photoconductivity which comprises at least a material of a non-single-crystal silicon type, a second layer comprising silicon atoms and one kind selected from the group consisting of carbon atoms, nitrogen atoms and oxygen atoms, and a third layer comprising silicon atoms and one kind selected from the group consisting of carbon atoms, nitrogen atoms and oxygen atoms, the conductivity type of which has been adjusted to be of the same polarity as charging polarity by incorporating at least one element belonging to the Group III elements of the periodic table, the first, second and third layers being superposingly provided in this order, wherein the light-receiving member is used for positive charging and requires no drum heater, thereby achieving a very good image quality in any environment.

Abstract: An electrophotographic light receiving member comprising a substrate in a cylindrical form and a light receiving layer formed on said substrate, wherein said substrate has (i) a portion with an enlarged bore at least on the side of an end portion of said substrate and (ii) a portion in a tapered form situated next to and outside said portion (i). An electrophotographic apparatus provided with said electrophotographic light receiving member.

Abstract: A photosensitive material for electrophotography, wherein the charge-generating agent comprises a P-type charge-generating pigment and an N-type charge-generating pigment in combination, at least part of these pigments being present in the form of aggregates in the photosensitive layer. The photosensitive material will assume the form of either a single dispersion type or a laminated layer type, and exhibits very high carrier generation efficiency, strikingly improved sensitivity on the side of long wavelengths, excellent balance in the spectral sensitivity and property after repetitively used, and can hence be effectively used for forming image by the electrophotography.

Abstract: A method for stably manufacturing, with improved reproducibility, a good amorphous silicon electrophotographic photosensitive member improved in potential characteristics such as chargeability and photo-response as well as in the effect of reducing photo-memory and defects which cause spot image defects. A film is formed by plasma CVD on a base of the photosensitive member by using electromagnetic waves having a frequency of 13.56 MHz or higher as power for forming plasma under conditions that the spatial potential of plasma generated by the electromagnetic waves with respect to a base of the photosensitive member is not higher than 120 V and the current density of ions incident upon the base is not lower than 0.4 mA/cm.sup.2.

Abstract: An electrophotographic apparatus employs a charger for charging a cylindrical photosensitive member having a photoconductive layer of amorphous silicon containing 10 to 40 atomic % hydrogen; an exposing station for imagewise exposing the member to form an electrostatic latent image; a developer station for developing the latent image to form a toner image; a transfer station for transferring the toner image to an image receiving sheet and a blade for cleaning the surface of the cylindrical member.

Abstract: An electrophotographic apparatus using an a-Si photosensitive drum. The a-Si photosensitive drum has a thickness between 2 and 25 .mu.m. The initial charging potential on the photosensitive drum is set to 450V or below. The center exposure wavelength of an exposure means is set to 700 nm or above. The photosensitive drum includes a photoconductive layer formed as a thin film a-Si layer having a temperature characteristic of 1.0 V/.degree.C. or below. For realizing low charging potential and low electric field development, the thickness d of the photoconductive layer in the photosensitive drum is set to 2 to 24 .mu.m, the relative dielectric constant .epsilon.r is set to 2 or above, and the ratio d/.epsilon.r is set to 9 or below.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising a substrate and a light receiving layer composed of a silicon-containing non-single crystal material disposed on said substrate, characterized in that said light receiving layer contains a plurality of columnar structure regions each grown from a nucleus situated in said light receiving layer wherein said plurality of columnar structure regions are arranged substantially in parallel to the thicknesswise direction of said light receiving layer and at a density in the range of 5/cm.sup.2 to 500/cm.sup.2.

Abstract: In order to improve characteristics of a light-receiving member for electrophotography having a photoconductive layer comprising an amorphous silicon material and implement a method for facilitating designing of a layer structure, the present invention provides a light-receiving member which is formed by depositing in sequence a photoconductive layer which comprises a non-monocrystalline material comprising silicon atoms as a main element and a surface layer on a conductive substrate, wherein the photoconductive layer comprises at least hydrogenated amorphous silicon which contains at least carbon atoms and boron atoms and the boron atom content in the photoconductive layer in a direction of film thickness is varied in a correlation of exponential functions with respect to the carbon atom content in the photoconductive layer in the direction of film thickness, and a method for producing the light-receiving member by forming a layer while controlling a charge of a starting gas for the boron atoms in the correl

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising a photosensitive layer containing granular trigonal selenium which has a mean particle diameter of not more than 5 .mu.m and which has absorption peaks in the X-ray diffraction spectrum using CuK.alpha. characteristic X-rays at Bragg angles (2.degree..theta..+-.0.2.degree.) of 23.5.degree., 29.7.degree., 41.4.degree., and 45.4.degree., is disclosed, which has high photosensitivity and low residual potential, maintains its potential characteristics in a stable manner on repeated use, and exhibits sufficient photosensitivity even when applied to high-speed copying.

Abstract: A process for producing an electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising the steps of forming a photoconductive layer on a conductive substrate in a reaction chamber, and after the photoconductive layer is formed, forming a surface protection layer on the photoconductive layer by introducing into the reaction chamber a gaseous mixture comprising (i) a first component, fluorohydrocarbon gas, and (ii) a second component silicon, hydride gas, or a hydrocarbon gas and/or hydrogen gas and decomposing the gaseous mixture by glow discharge, wherein the surface protection layer thus formed comprises amorphous silicon carbide when the second component is a silicon hydride gas or amorphous carbon when the second component is a hydrocarbon gas and/or hydrogen gas. The surface protection layer exhibits sufficient hardness to protect the photoconductive layer from frictional scratches and other related damage.

Abstract: An x-ray photoreceptor for use in a xerographic system having a high arsenic layer 5 to 40 microns in thickness between the substrate and the selenium layer for trapping positive charge injected from the interface. Since this positive charge otherwise tends to discharge a negatively charged plate, the provision of this trapping layer will allow the plate to be used for either positive or negative charging.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor is disclosed, comprising an electrically conductive substrate having provided thereon at least a photoconductive layer and a surface layer, wherein the photoconductive layer comprises (a) a charge transporting layer mainly composed of amorphous silicon containing at least one of hydrogen and a halogen and at least one selected from carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen and (b) a charge generating layer composed of amorphous silicon containing at least one of hydrogen and a halogen or amorphous silicon containing at least one of hydrogen and a halogen and at least one selected from germanium and tin, and the surface layer is composed of at least one of an organic polymer material and an inorganic polymer material having dispersed therein an electrically conductive fine powder.

Abstract: An electrophotographic light-receiving member comprising a conductive substrate 101 and laminated thereto a non-monocrystalline material photoconductive layer 102 and a surface layer 103. The photoconductive layer 102 is mainly composed of silicon atoms and contains at least carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms. The percentage of carbon atoms having a carbon-carbon bond in the photoconductive layer is controlled to be not more than 60% based on the whole carbon atoms contained therein, and, in an instance in which a blocking layer 104 is provided between the conductive substrate 101 and the photoconductive layer 102, the percentage of carbon atoms having a carbon-carbon bond in the blocking layer is also controlled. This makes it possible to prevent clusters of carbon atoms from being formed in the photoconductive layer or blocking layer.

Abstract: A method for determining a termination time of the step of dispersing a coating composition for a photosensitive layer, containing a binder resin, a powdery charge generating material and a solvent, is disclosed, which comprises (i) providing coating (I) on a substrate by coating the coating composition, following by drying, (ii) providing coating (II) on a substrate by dispersing the coating composition using a dispersion medium to fine the powdery charge generating material, followed by drying, (iii) measuring absorbances of coating (I) at two wavelengths within a short wavelength region and a long wavelength region, respectively, of the spectral absorption wavelength of the charge generating material, (iv) measuring absorbances of coating (II) at the two wavelengthes within the short wavelength region and the long wavelength region, respectively, and (v) calculating spectral absorbance ratios of coatings (I) and (II), respectively, from the following equation: ##EQU1## wherein the dispersing of the coating

Abstract: An improved electrophotographic recording material of the type comprising an electrically conductive substrate having a blocking layer composed of an amorphous material including silicon atoms, hydrogen atoms and carbon atoms disposed on the substrate, and a photoconductive layer of hydrogenated amorphous silicon disposed on the blocking layer. The photoconductive layer includes carbon atoms, the blocking layer and the photoconductive layer are doped with an element of Group III of the Periodic Table of Elements, and the ratio of the carbon percentage to the percentage of the element of Group III of the Periodic Table of Elements is the same in the blocking layer and in the photoconductive layer.

Abstract: An image forming member for electrophotography constructed with a substrate and a photoconductive layer formed thereon, wherein the photoconductive layer comprising an amorphous material containing therein silicon atom as the matrix and halogen atom as the constituent atom.