Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for the production of a stable biodegradable, high water absorbable ?-polyglutamic acid (?-PGA) hydrogel by directly cross-linking (A) a ?-polyglutamic acid (?-PGA), a ?-polyglutamate, or a mixture thereof, and optionally a polysaccharide containing a carboxylic and/or carboxylate group, an amino acid, or a mixture thereof; and/or (B) a microbial culture broth containing a ?-polyglutamic acid (?-PGA), a ?-polyglutamate, or a mixture thereof, and optionally a polysaccharide containing a carboxylic and/or carboxylate group, an amino acid, or a mixture thereof, with a cross-linker comprising a compound having three or more functional groups or a mixture of a compound having three or more functional groups and a compound having two functional groups, wherein each of the functional groups can react with a carboxylic group (—COOH), carboxylate group (—COO?), aldehyde group (—CHO), hydroxyl (—OH), carbonyl group (—CO), sulfone group (—SO2), amino group (—NH2) or nitro gro

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for the production of a stable biodegradable, high water absorbable ?-polyglutamic acid (?-PGA) hydrogel by directly cross-linking (A) a ?-polyglutamic acid (?-PGA), a ?-polyglutamate, or a mixture thereof, and optionally a polysaccharide containing a carboxylic and/or carboxylate group, an amino acid, or a mixture thereof; and/or (B) a microbial culture broth containing a ?-polyglutamic acid (?-PGA), a ?-polyglutamate, or a mixture thereof, and optionally a polysaccharide containing a carboxylic and/or carboxylate group, an amino acid, or a mixture thereof, with a cross-linker comprising a compound having three or more functional groups or a mixture of a compound having three or more functional groups and a compound having two functional groups, wherein each of the functional groups can react with a carboxylic group (—COOH), carboxylate group (—COO?), aldehyde group (—CHO), hydroxyl (—OH), carbonyl group (—CO), sulfone group (—SO2), amino group (—NH2) or nitro gro

Abstract: Monoterpenoid esters that have been modified to include a sugar pendant group are disclosed. Plant glycosyltransferase enzymes are provided that function to add a sugar, typically glucose, to monoterpenoids in a bioreactor for the production of glycosylated monoterpenoid esters, together with nucleic acid molecules encoding such enzymes and vectors and transgenic cells including such nucleic acid molecules.

Abstract: A novel process for producing isomaltose and uses thereof and comprising the steps of contacting saccharides, which have a glucose polymerization degree of at least two and ?-1,4 glucosidic linkage as a linkage at the non-reducing end, with an ?-isomaltosylglucosaccharide-forming enzyme, in the presence or the absence of ?-isomaltosyl-transferring enzyme to form a-isomaltosylglucosaccharides, which have a glucose polymerization degree of at least three, ?-1,6 glucosidic linkage as a linkage at the non-reducing end, and ?-1,4 glucosidic linkage as a linkage other than the non-reducing end, and/or to form cyclo{?6)-?-D-glucopyranosyl-(1?3)-?-D-glucopyranosyl-(1?6)-?-D-glucopyranosyl-(1?3)-?-D-glucopyranosyl-(1?}; contacting the saccharides so formed with isomaltose-releasing enzyme to release isomaltose; and collecting the released isomaltose; and uses thereof.

Abstract: The invention relates to an eukaryotic cell expressing nucleotide sequences encoding the ara A, ara B and ara D enzymes whereby the expression of these nucleotide sequences confers on the cell the ability to use L-arabinose and/or convert L-arabinose into L-ribulose, and/or xylulose 5-phosphate and/or into a desired fermentation product such as ethanol. Optionally, the eukaryotic cell is also able to convert xylose into ethanol.

Abstract: Provided is an anti-fatigue agent or a physical endurance enhancer or a functional food having an anti-fatigue effect or a physical endurance-enhancing effect. Specifically provided are: a composition comprising phosphatidylinositol and coenzyme Q10; an anti-fatigue agent or a physical endurance enhancer comprising phosphatidylinositol and coenzyme Q10 as active ingredients; a functional food having an anti-fatigue effect or a physical endurance-enhancing effect, which comprises the compounds as active ingredients; use of phosphatidylinositol and coenzyme Q10 for the preparation of a composition having an anti-fatigue effect or a physical endurance-enhancing effect; and a method of enhancing an anti-fatigue effect or physical endurance, which includes ingesting a composition comprising those compounds as active ingredients.

Abstract: This disclosure provides for materials and methods for converting biomass to biofuels. The materials include a colloid mill with or without cellulase enzymes, and the methods include the use of a colloid mill and optionally cellulose enzymes to pretreat biomass for use in a biomass to biofuel production process.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for producing a useful substance by use of a microorganism that lacks in their chromosomal DNA all or part of a gene encoding a protein having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or a gene encoding a protein having 80% or more, preferably 90% or more, more preferably 95% or more, even more preferably 97% or more, still more preferably 98% or more, and yet more preferably 99% or more homology with the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1.

Abstract: A process for extracting phytochemicals from plants. The process generally comprises controllably slurrying a selected plant material in a volume, adding a selected enzyme the slurry while it is controllably agitated, then heating the controllably agitated slurry-enzyme mixture to a temperature from the range of 40° C. to 110° C., and then maintaining the slurry-enzyme mixture at that temperature for a selected period of time. The slurry is then separated into a solids fraction and a liquids fraction that contains extracted phytochemicals. The liquids fraction is controllably de-watered to produce a fluid extract concentrate. The liquids fraction may optionally be dried to produce a dried extract concentrate. Suitable enzymes for use with this process include ?-amylases, ?-amylases, endo-?-1,4-glucanases, cellobiohydrolases, cellulases, hemicellulases, ?-glucosidases, ?-xylosidases, xylanases, pullulases, esterases and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A biosensor in which a carbohydrate or a derivative of a carbohydrate is used to generate a detectable signal by way of the specific binding to a protein, a virus or a cell.

Abstract: A method for producing a chondroitin sugar chain comprises at least the following step: a step of allowing “a glucuronic acid donor”, “an N-acetyl galactosamine donor”, “a sugar receptor” and “a bacterial cell enzyme which synthesizes chondroitin” to coexist in a reaction system in the presence of a surfactant. Here, the surfactant is preferably selected from n-nonyl-?-D-thiomaltopyranoside, sucrose monocaproate and sucrose monolaurate. The chondroitin sugar chain has all the following properties 1) to 3): 1) a weight average molecular weight: 50,000 or more when it is measured by gel filtration chromatography, 2) it is completely degraded to disaccharides with chondroitinase ABC, 3) when the sugar chain is decomposed with chondroitinase ABC and the decomposed products are subjected to a disaccharide analysis, substantially all of them correspond to an unsaturated disaccharide unit of chondroitin.

Abstract: A polypeptide having an ?-agarase activity, a gene encoding the polypeptide, a method for producing the polypeptide by genetic engineering and a method for producing an agarooligosaccharide using the polypeptide.

Abstract: The present invention aims to provide a novel process for producing isomaltose and isomaltitol, and uses thereof, and it solves the object by establishing a process for producing isomaltose comprising a step of contacting a saccharide, having the ?-1,4 glucosidic linkage as the linkage of non-reducing end and a glucose polymerization degree of at least two, with an ?-isomaltosyl-transferring enzyme and an ?-isomaltosylglucosaccharide-forming enzyme derived from a specific microorganism; a process for producing isomaltitol using the isomaltose produced by the above process; saccharide compositions comprising the isomaltose and/or the isomaltitol produced by the above processes; and uses thereof.

Abstract: In this process for preparing a ?-1,3-glucan, the glucan-containing matrix is treated with a protein having ?(1,3)-glucanase activity, wherein the concentration of the glucanase amounts from 0.001 to 3.0% by weight. The glucan-containing matrix can be a fermentation broth, a culture medium or a suspension, where appropriate containing unsolved solids, cell constituents and/or cell fragments, or else a mycelium, a hydrocolloid or a powder preparation having a solvent proportion of from 20 to 99.9% by weight. The duration of the enzymatic treatment should be between 15 minutes and 24 hours and the treatment should be carried out continuously. The invention also envisages the glucan-containing matrix being filtered or centrifuged, after it has been treated enzymatically, and the glucan finally being separated off.

Abstract: The present inventors revealed the following for the first time in the world: 1) a large amount of bone marrow-derived cells are mobilized to grafted skin; 2) the mobilized bone marrow-derived cells are differentiated into any of dermal fibroblasts, adipocytes, muscle cells, vascular endothelial cells, and epidermal keratinocytes in the grafted skin, and the mobilized bone marrow derived cells include bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; 3) the factors which mobilize bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells from peripheral blood to the grafted skin are HMGB1, HMGB2, and HMGB3 released from the necrosed tissue of recipient skin; 4) purified HMGB1, HMGB2, and HMGB3 promote the migration of mesenchymal stem cells isolated and cultured from bone marrow; 5) activators containing HMGB1 which allows the migration of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can be conveniently purified from several organ extracts including skin, brain, and heart; 6) activators which allow the migration of bone marrow mesenchymal

Abstract: A microorganism represented by a strain K04-0144 belonging to Streptomyces sp. having ability to produce K04-0144 substance is cultured in the medium, and the isolated K04-0144A substance, K04-0144B substance and K04-0144C substance therefrom have strong antibacterial activities against Gram-positive bacteria including methicillin-resistant Streptococcus aureus (MRSA), consequently these are useful as the therapeutic agents for infectious disease caused by MRSA as well as infectious diseases caused by multidrug including ?-lactam antibiotics resistant bacteria. Further, similarly, since the novel K04-0144D substance isolated from the cultured liquid has the action for enhancing the effect of ?-lactam antibiotics, which are utilized as the antibacterial agents, in combination with them, it is useful as the therapeutic agent for infectious diseases caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multidrug including ?-lactam antibiotics resistant bacteria.

Abstract: A method and system for selectively fluorinating organic molecules on a target site wherein the target site is activated and then fluorinated are shown together with a method and system for identifying a molecule having a biological activity.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for preparing 20-O-?-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol (Ginsenoside M1) by using Sanqis leaves and stems. The method of the invention includes the steps of: (a) provides powder of Sanqi leaves and stems; (b) provides a fungus for fermenting the Sanqi leaves and stems, wherein the fermentation temperature is ranged from 20-50° C., the fermentation humidity is ranged from 70-100%, the pH value is ranged from 4.0-6.0, and the fermentation period is ranged from 5-15 days; (c) extracts and collects the fermentation products; and (d) isolates 20-O-?-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol from the fermentation products.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a novel mutant strain of Schizochytrium limacinum having the Accession No. MTCC 5249, which produces lipids and extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) simultaneously. The disclosure further provides a process for simultaneous production of lipids and extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) from the novel mutant strain of Schizochytrium limacinum. The lipids produced from the novel mutant strain of Schizochytrium limacinum comprises docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The disclosure also provides a food, feed, cosmetic, nutritional or therapeutic supplement for humans or animals comprising the cell biomass and extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) of the mutant strain of Schizochytrium limacinum. A cosmetic composition comprising the extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) of Schizochytrium limacinum is also provided that is useful as a base for cosmetics for topical application. The present disclosure further provides a pickle composition and a fat product having improved nutritive value.

Abstract: The method of the present invention for producing ?-chitin comprises a step of cultivating an alga capable of producing ?-chitin using a medium that contains nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), silicon (Si), and selenium (Se), wherein the weight ratio of phosphorus to nitrogen (P/N) is 0.1 or above, the weight ratio of silicon to nitrogen (Si/N) is 0.1 or above, and nitrogen (N) is contained at 160 ppm or more. It is preferable that selenium (Se) is present in the medium at a concentration of 0.08 ppm to 0.008 ppb.

Abstract: During the production of a product compound by fermentation, the concentration of a precursor compound is maintained within a pre-selected concentration range by having an adsorbent resin in contact with the culture medium. The adsorbent resin reversibly adsorbs precursor compound and, as un-adsorbed precursor compound is converted to product compound, adsorbed precursor compound is released from the resin, thus maintaining the concentration of precursor compound within the pre-selected range.

Abstract: A modified Family 11 xylanase enzyme comprising a sequence that introduces a functional consensus glycosylation site is provided. Non-limiting examples of introduced glycosylation sites include mutation of the amino acid at position 34, 131, 180, 182, or a combination thereof, to an asparagine. The indicated amino acid position in the Family 11 xylanase is determined from sequence alignment of the xylanase of interest with that of a Trichoderma reesei xylanase II amino acid sequence. The introduced consensus glycosylation site facilitates increased expression efficiency of the modified xylanase when compared to the expression efficiency of a corresponding xylanase from which the modified xylanase was derived, using similar host strains and growth conditions.

Abstract: The present invention provides combinatorial methods for rapidly generating a diverse library of glycorandomized structures, comprising incubating one or more aglycons and a pool of NDP-sugars in the presence of a glycosyltransferase. The glycosyltransferase may be one that is associated with or involved in production of natural secondary metabolites, or one which is putatively associated with or involved in production of natural secondary metabolites. The glycosyltransferase may show significant flexibility with respect to its NDP-sugar donors and/or its aglycons. NDP-sugar donors may be commercially available, or may be produced by utilizing mutant or wild type nucleotidyltransferases significant flexibility with respect to their substrates.

Abstract: This invention pertains to a method for increasing the ratio of the pHBA ester glucoside to total pHBA glucose conjugates in pHBA-producing microorganisms and green plant cells using nucleic acid fragments encoding plant glucosyltransferases that exhibit catalytic activity with p-hydroxybenzoic acid (pHBA) as a substrate and only attach glucose to the aromatic carboxyl group of pHBA, to form the pHBA glucose ester.

Abstract: The disclosure provides a method of labeling of cellular glycans bearing azide groups via a fluorescent labeling technique based on Cu(I)-catalyzed [3+2]cycloaddition (click activation) of a probe comprising an alkynyl group. The method entails generating a fluorescent probe from a nonfluorescent precursor, 4-ethynyl-N-ethyl-1,8-naphthalimide, by Cu(I)-catalyzed [3+2]cycloaddition of the alkyne group of the probe with an azido-modified sugar. The disclosure further provides a method of incorporating an azido-containing fucose analog into glycoconjugates via the fucose salvage pathway. The disclosure provides a method of fluorescent visualization of fucosylated cells by flow cytometry when cells treated with 6-azidofucose are labeled with the click-activated fluorogenic probe or biotinylated alkyne. A method of visualizing the intracellular localization of fucosylated glycoconjugates by fluorescence microscopy is also disclosed.

Abstract: Methods for hydrolyzing solid ungranulated lysophosphatidylcholine with phospholipase A2 are provided. Also disclosed are methods for making a lipid matrix of lysophosphatidylcholine, monoglyceride and fatty acid, and lipid matrices of particular structure.

Abstract: The present invention includes compositions and methods for making and producing sucrose from cyanobacteria, by growing a cyanobacterium in a growth medium; incubating the cyanobacteria in a salt containing medium under conditions that promote sucrose production; and exposing the cyanobacteria to acidic conditions, wherein the acidic conditions trigger sucrose secretion into the medium. The compositions and methods of the present invention may be used as a new global crop for the manufacture of sucrose, glucose, or fructose, CO2 fixation, for the production of alternative sources of conventional cellulose as well as a biofuel and precursors thereof.

Abstract: This invention relates to a new class of polyene polyketides, their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and derivatives, and to methods for obtaining the compounds. One method of obtaining these compounds is by cultivation of novel strains of Streptomyces aizunensis; another method involves expression of biosynthetic pathway genes in transformed host cells. The present invention further relates to the novel strains of Streptomyces aizunensis used to produce these compounds, to the use of these compounds and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and derivatives as pharmaceuticals, in particular to their use as inhibitors of fungal cell growth and cancer cell growth. The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising these novel polyketides or a pharmaceutically acceptable salts or derivatives thereof. Finally, the invention relates to novel polynucleotide sequences and their encoded proteins, which are involved in the biosynthesis of these novel polyketides.

Abstract: The present invention provides nucleotide and amino sequences of the lysosomal targeting pathway enzyme GlcNAc-phosphotransferase, methods of producing and methods of purifying this enzyme.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for the production of a stable biodegradable, high water absorbable ?-polyglutamic acid (?-PGA) hydrogel by directly cross-linking (A) a ?-polyglutamic acid (?-PGA), a ?-polyglutamate, or a mixture thereof, and optionally a polysaccharide containing a carboxylic and/or carboxylate group, an amino acid, or a mixture thereof; and/or (B) a microbial culture broth containing a ?-polyglutamic acid (?-PGA), a ?-polyglutamate, or a mixture thereof, and optionally a polysaccharide containing a carboxylic and/or carboxylate group, an amino acid, or a mixture thereof, with a cross-linker comprising a compound having three or more functional groups or a mixture of a compound having three or more functional groups and a compound having two functional groups, wherein each of the functional groups can react with a carboxylic group (—COOH), carboxylate group (—COO?), aldehyde group (—CHO), hydroxyl (—OH), carbonyl group (—CO), sulfone group (—SO2), amino group (—NH2) or nitro gr

Abstract: A polypeptide having an ?-agarase activity, a gene encoding the polypeptide, a method for producing the polypeptide by genetic engineering and a method for producing an agarooligosaccharide using the polypeptide.

Abstract: This invention contemplates improved methods of enzymatic production of carbohydrates especially fucosylated carbohydrates. Improved syntheses of glycosyl 1- or 2-phosphates using both chemical and enzymatic means are also contemplated. The phosphorylated glycosides are then used to produce sugar nucleotides that are in turn used as donor sugars for glycosylation of acceptor carbohydrates. Especially preferred herein is the use of a disclosed method for fucosylation.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to homogeneous phase enzyme-catalyzed processes for producing modified chitosan polymers or oligomers. An enzyme is reacted with a phenolic substrate in the presence of a chitosan polymer or oligomer to produce a modified chitosan polymer or oligomer. The invention also includes modified chitosan polymers or oligomers produced by the novel processes, in particular modified chitosan polymers or oligomers having useful functional properties, such as base solubility and/or high viscosity.

Abstract: A biosensor in which a carbohydrate or a derivative of a carbohydrate is used to generate a detectable signal by way of the specific binding to a protein, a virus or a cell.

Abstract: Array systems that facilitate the simultaneous monitoring of many interactions between biological molecules and the analysis of cellular protein interactions with high throughput. The present invention provides methods and arrays for analyzing biochemical pathways by forming an array of immobilized biomolecules; exposing the array to biomolecules in solution; and detecting modification of the immobilized biomolecules, modification of the biomolecules in solution, and/or binding of biomolecules in solution to immobilized biomolecules.

Abstract: The present invention provides a protein having ?1,3-galactosyltransferase activity, a DNA encoding the protein, a transformant comprising the DNA, a process for producing the protein using the transformant, and a process for producing a galactose-containing complex carbohydrate using the transformant.

Abstract: A bacterial ?1,3-fucosyltransferase gene and deduced amino acid sequence is provided. The gene is useful for preparing ?1,3-fucosyltransferase polypeptide, and active fragment thereof, which can be used in the production of oligosaccharides such as Lewis X, Lewis Y, and siayl Lewis X, which are structurally similar to certain tumor-associated carbohy-drate antigens found in mammals. These product glycoconjugates also have research and diagnostic utility in the development of assays to detect mammalian tumors. In addition the polypeptide of the invention can be used to develop diagnostic and research assays to determine the presence of H. pylori in human specimens.

Abstract: Provided are novel processes for the efficient production of L-epi-2-inosose and epi-inositol which are useful either as various medicines or intermediates for the syntheses of various medicines. In the processes, inexpensive myo-inositol is used as a starting compound which is reacted with a gram-negative bacterium capable of converting myo-inositol into L-epi-2-inosose, and thereby producing L-epi-2-inosose by conversion of myo-inositol into L-epi-2-inosose. A biologically pure culture of Pseudomonas sp. AB 10215 strain is also provided which has a characteristic nature of being capable of converting myo-inositol into L-epi-2-inosose.

Abstract: The invention provides saponin mixtures and compounds which are isolated from the species Acacia victoriae and methods for their use. These compounds may contain a triterpene moiety, such as acacic or oleanolic acid, to which oligosaccharides and monoterpenoid moieties are attached. The mixtures and compounds have properties related to the regulation of apoptosis and cytotoxicity of cells and exhibit potent anti-tumor effects against a variety of tumor cells.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a new ?-galactosidase with transgalactosylating activity isolated from Bifidobacterium bifidum and a truncated enzyme where the C-terminal end of the ?-galactosidase protein has been deleted, resulting in an enzyme with a higher transgalactosylating activity than hydrolase activity. When lactose is used as a substrate, galacto-oligosaccharides are products of the transgalactosylase activity. Galacto-oligosaccharides enhance growth of health-promoting Bifidobacterium that may be used in a number of applications in the dairy industry.

Abstract: This invention relates to new antibiotics designated AA-896-A1, AA-896-A2, AA-896-A3, AA-896-A4, AA-896-A5, AA-896-A6, AA-896-Bl, AA-896-B2, AA-896-B3, AA-896-B4, AA-896-B5, AA-896-B6, AA-896-B7, AA-896-C1, AA-896-C2, AA-896-C3, AA-896-C4, AA-896-C5, AA-896-D1, AA-896-D2, AA-896-D3 and AA-896-D4 derived from the microorganism Streptomyces spp. LL-AA896 which are useful an anti-bacterial agents.

Abstract: Mutant glycosidase enzymes are formed in which the normal nucleophilic amino acid within the active site has been changed to a nonnucleophilic amino acid. These enzymes cannot hydrolyze disaccharide products, but which can still form them. Using this enzyme, oligosaccharides are synthesized by preparing a mixture of an &agr;glycosyl fluoride and a glycoside acceptor molecule; enzymatically coupling the &agr.glycosyl fluoride to the glycoside acceptor molecule to form a glycosyl glycoside product using the mutant glycosidase enzyme; and recovering the glycosyl glycoside product. Particular enzymes include a mutant form of Agrobacterium &bgr.Glucosidase in which the normal glutamic acid residue at position 358 is replaced with an alanine residue.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for the structural analysis of a saccharide, comprising: a) providing on a surface a plurality of essentially sequence- and/or site-specific binding agents; b) contacting said surface with a saccharide to be analyzed, or with a mixture comprising a plurality of fragments of said saccharide; c) washing or otherwise removing unbound saccharide or saccharide fragments; d) adding to the surface obtained in step c) an essentially sequence- and/or site-specific marker, or a mixture of essentially sequence- and/or site-specific markers; e) acquiring one or more images of the markers that are bound to said surface; and f) deriving information related to the identity of the saccharide being analyzed from said image.

Abstract: A method of producing a phenol derivative glycoside is provided. The method comprises the step of allowing a saccharide and a phenol derivative to react with each other in the presence of an enzyme to produce the phenol derivative glycoside. The enzyme is selected from the group consisting of neopullulanase, cyclomaltodextrinase, maltogenic ?-amylase, and saccharifying amylase having cyclodextrin synthesizing capability.

Abstract: The reactivity of a number of p-methylphenyl thioglycoside (STol) donors which are either fully protected or have one hydroxyl group exposed has been quantitatively determined by HPLC in conjunction with the development of a broadly applicable approach for a facile one-pot synthesis of oligosaccharides. The influence on reactivity of the structural effects of different monosaccharide cores and different protecting groups on each glycoside donor is characterized and quantified. In addition, a correlation between glycosyl donor reactivity and the chemical shift of the anomeric proton by 1 H NMR has been established. A database of thioglycosides as glycosyl donors has been created using this reactivity data. The utility is demonstrated by the easy and rapid one-pot assembly of various linear and branched oligosaccharide structures.

Abstract: The present invention provides a protein having ?1,3-galactosyltransferase activity, a DNA encoding the protein, a transformant comprising the DNA, a process for producing the protein using the transformant, and a process for producing a galactose-containing complex carbohydrate using the transformant.

Abstract: Aureobasidium ?-1,3-1,6 glucans and compositions containing such glucans, as well as methods of their preparation. Aureobasidium medium that contains ?-1,3-1,6 glucans, particularly medium produced by Aureobasidium strain FERM P-18099. The ?-glucans of the present invention have a variety of industrial and commercial uses, including applications in pharmaceutical or medical products or treatments, for the removal or control of environmental or microbiological contaminants, in cosmetics, and in nutritional products and foods.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of desglucodesrhamnoruscin which comprises the enzymatic hydrolysis of Ruscus Aculeatus steroid glycosides (ruscosaponins) by means of crude hydrolases from aspergillus niger.

Abstract: The present invention refers to a biosensor in which an immobolized carbohydrate or a derivative thereof is used to generate a detectable signal when a protein, a virus or a cell is bound to the carbohydrate surface. The sensor is an optical sensor, a piezoelectric sensor, an electrochemical electrode or a thermistor. A method of binding carbohydrates to a gold surface is also described.

Abstract: The present invention relates to simplified synthesis, new carbohydrate-based products and practical use of different carbohydrate-based products. Examples of these are (Gal?1-3Gal), GlcNAc?1-3Gal, ?- or ?-glycosides thereof, Gal?1-3Gal- containing tri-, or higher oligosaccharides, ?- or ?-glycosides thereof, GlcNAc?1-3Gal containing tri-, tetra-, or higher oligosaccharides, and derivatives and/or ?- or ?-glycosides thereof, Gal?1-3GalGlcNAc?1-3Gal, ?- or ?-glycosides thereof, Gal?1-3Gal?1-4GlcNAc?1-3Gal?1-4Glc, or other higher oligosaccharides containing the Gal?1-3Gal-structure, ?- or ?-glycosides thereof, modified carbohydrates, di-, tri-, oligo-, or polyfunctional products containing carbohydrate structures, and the use of the products for synthesis, affinity purification, diagnostic applications and therapy.