Abstract: Provided is an emulsifier for a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion fuel wherein reseparation between oil and water does not take place for a long period of time because of stable emulsion state with homogeneous dispersion. The emulsifier of the present invention for a water-in-oil emulsion fuel comprises following (1) to (7) components: (1) heavy oil A: 50 mL or more 100 mL, (2) heavy oil B: 100 mL or more 200 mL, (3) heavy oil C: 300 mL or more 450 mL, (4) methanol: 100 mL or more 150 mL, (5) ethanol: 100 mL or more 200 mL, (6) palm oil: 100 mL or more 150 mL, and (7) water: 100 mL or more 200 mL.

Abstract: Methods and systems for the production of linear alkylbenzenes are described herein. The methods and systems incorporate the novel use of a high shear device to promote dispersion and mixing of one or more olefins (e.g. propylene) with an aromatic. The high shear device may allow for lower reaction temperatures and pressures and may also reduce reaction time with existing catalysts.

Abstract: A method for removing hydrogen sulfide from a sour gas stream comprising hydrogen sulfide by oxidizing hydrogen sulfide in a converter by contacting the sour gas stream with an aqueous catalytic solution, thereby producing a desulfurized gas stream and a liquid stream comprising reduced catalyst and elemental sulfur, introducing an oxidant and the liquid stream comprising reduced catalyst and elemental sulfur into a high shear device and producing a dispersion wherein the mean bubble diameter of the oxidant gas in the dispersion is less than about 5 ?m, introducing the dispersion into a vessel from which a sulfur-containing slurry is removed and a regenerated catalyst stream is removed, wherein the sulfur slurry comprises elemental sulfur and aqueous liquid, and recycling at least a portion of the regenerated catalyst stream to the converter. A system of apparatus for carrying out the method is also provided.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an air-water-hydrocarbon three-phase micro-emulsified fuel prepared by adding water, air, and emulsifier compositions to liquid hydrocarbon fuels, to the methods of preparation, and to the uses of the micro-emulsions. The three-phase micro-emulsion fuel is prepared by emulsifying heavy hydrocarbons such as bunker fuel oil and heavy petroleum from the fraction distillation of petroleum, with water or an aqueous liquid, air, and emulsifier compositions, in which the petroleum-derived fuel and the air form a dispersed phase and the aqueous liquid forms a continuous phase. The resulting emulsified fuel is to be used as an alternative energy fuel in internal combustion engines, boilers, heaters, furnaces, combustion turbines or power plants offering the advantages of lower viscosity, higher performance and cleaner burning than the original fuel.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a succinic diester polymer which is used in the preparation of water-in-oil macroemulsions. Said polymer, which has an excellent ability to stabilize a water-in-oil macroemulsion, has the formula (I) wherein L is a polyalkenyl group having a number average molecular weight of are poly(alkyleneoxy) chains with a molecular weight of from 500 to 1,200, where each alkyleneoxy group contains 2 or 3 carbon atoms and the number of alkyleneoxy groups being ethyleneoxy groups is at least 50% of the total number of alkyleneoxy groups, and R1 and R2 independently are alkyl groups having of from 1 to 3 carbons atoms. The emulsions of the invention can be used as a diesel fuel, a gasoline fuel, a heating fuel, a dry cleaning liquid, a metalworking fluid or a personal care formulation.

Abstract: A fuel composition comprising a water-in-oil phase emulsion comprises bio-diesel; water; and at least one type of polymeric surfactant.

Abstract: A multiphase distillate fuel composition includes an emulsion comprising a first phase comprising a diesel fuel; a second phase comprising glycerol and boric acid; and a surfactant. A lubricant composition includes a grease and a mixture of boric acid with different particle sizes.

Abstract: The present invention provides a fuel additive composition. The present invention further provides an emulsion fuel comprising the fuel additive composition. The present invention also provides a process for processing vegetable oil to obtain glycerin, fatty alcohol and biodiesel.

Abstract: A micro-emulsion forming (nanotechnology) fuel additive composition is disclosed which improves the fuel economy and reduces the exhaust emissions of internal combustion machines when used at a cost effective dose level of about 20 to 500 ppm in the fuel.

Abstract: A process for removing water from solid material (10) using liquid-solid extraction and liquid-liquid extraction in an extraction system (100). Multiple solvents are used sequentially to replace the water with a first solvent, then replacing that solvent with a second solvent, etc., then eventually removing the last solvent from the solid materials. The solvents have progressively lower heats of vaporization, enthalphy of vaporization, boiling point or related property, so as to conserve use of thermal energy.

Abstract: A method of treating a liquid made up of an initial alcohol-blended fuel combined with water so that there is phase separation of an alcohol-water layer. A co-solvent is added to the first quantity of liquid and mixed with the first quantity of liquid to reverse the phase separation of the alcohol-water layer.

Abstract: In one aspect, the present invention provides a water-in-oil emulsion comprising from about 5 to about 40 wt % aqueous phase and from about 95 to about 60 wt % non-aqueous phase, said aqueous phase being dispersed in said non-aqueous phase in the form of droplets having an average droplet size no greater than about 0.1 ?m, said emulsion comprising: at least 60 wt % of an oil selected from fuel oils, lubricating oils and mixtures thereof, from about 1 to about 30 wt % of emulsifying agents, and the balance to 100 wt % water, wherein said emulsifying agents include a fatty (C8-C24)-amido-(C1-C6)alkyl betaine, is useful as a fuel, coolant or lubricant.

Abstract: A process for removing water from solid material using liquid-solid extraction and liquid-liquid extraction. In most embodiments, multiple solvents are used to remove the water from the solids and obtain dry solids. Multiple solvents facilitate the removal of the water from the solids, by replacing the water with a solvent, replacing that solvent with a different solvent, and then eventually removing the second solvent from the solids. The process utilizes a lesser amount of thermal energy to dry the solids and separate the solvents than conventionally used in drying processes. The first solvent selected has a lower heat of vaporization, enthalphy of vaporization, boiling point, or other such physical property, than water. Each additional solvent can have a still lower heat of vaporization, enthalphy of vaporization, boiling point, or other such physical property.

Abstract: Antimicrobial agents, products and compositions incorporating the agents, and methods of using the compositions and products are provided. The antimicrobial agents comprise 1,2-cyclohexanedimethanol, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol, or mixtures thereof. These agents have surprisingly been found to inhibit microbial growth at a much lower concentration than other glycols with known antimicrobial activity.

Abstract: A fuel emulsion consists of diesel, water and an emulsifier composition having a hydrophile/lipophile balance value of at least 4. The emulsifier composition comprises a polymeric non-ionic surfactant having hydrophilic and hydrophobic repeating units together with at least one component selected from fatty acid esters or partial esters of polyhydric alcohols; alkoxylated fatty acid esters or partial esters of polyhydric alcohols; and alkoxylated primary alcohols. Preferred emulsifier compositions according to the invention include mixtures of the polymeric non-ionic surfactant with at least two of the components. Especially preferred compositions comprise mixtures of the polymeric non-ionic surfactant with the fatty acid (partial) esters or alkoxylated fatty acid (partial) esters. The emulsifier composition may include an emulsion coupler such as a primary alcohol, e.g. octanol.

Abstract: The invention provides a water blended fuel composition made by combining (i) a normally liquid hydrocarbon fuel; (ii) water; (iii) a nitrogen-free surfactant; and an acid having a pKa of up to about 6.

Abstract: [Object] To provide an oil emulsion which can be readily ignited using a conventional, commercially available burner without need of a specific type of device and which has a high ratio of water to an oil and is inexpensive. [Solving Means] An oil emulsion is obtained by mixing under agitation an oil, an emulsifier and a specific type of water obtained by initially passing water through an ion exchange resin, passing either tourmaline or a silicon dioxide-rich rock selected among igneous rocks and further passing the other. The oil emulsion obtained by mixing the oil, the emulsifier and the water is inexpensive and is able to maintain a stable emulsified state.

Abstract: An emulsified liquid fuel utilizes minor proportions of petroleum, maximum proportions of water (H2O) and minimal amounts of acetone and alcohol, all readily available, plentiful and inexpensive.

Abstract: A fuel emulsion having a three-phase composition, based on at least one hydrocarbon and on water, the fuel emulsion including: a continuous hydrocarbon phase; a phase of cavitation water vapor bubbles dispersed within the continuous hydrocarbon phase; and a phase of water droplets dispersed within the continuous hydrocarbon phase, wherein the emulsion is obtainable by vibroacoustic processing.

Abstract: A water-in-hydrocarbon emulsion includes a water phase, a hydrocarbon phase and a surfactant, wherein the water phase is present in an amount greater than or equal to about 5% vol. with respect to volume of the emulsion, and the water phase and the surfactant are present at a ratio by volume of the water phase to the surfactant of at least about 1. A method for preparing the emulsion is also provided.

Abstract: Improved highly stable formulation for aqueous fuel emulsion compositions with a water continuous phase, having reduced NOx emissions. The fuel emulsion formulation includes diesel fuel, purified water, and an additive package that includes one or more surfactants, lubricity additive, cetane improver, anti-corrosion additive, and an alcohol or other suitable antifreeze, the emulsion having an average droplet size of less than 10 microns.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and system are described in which products from a solar assisted Reverse Water Gas Shift (RWGS) reaction are used in a hydrocarbon fuel synthesis process to create a liquid hydrocarbon fuel. A water splitter splits water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen via the addition of the solar energy. A chemical reactor chamber mixes solar heated carbon dioxide gas with all or just a portion of the hydrogen molecules from the water splitter in a RWGS reaction to produce resultant carbon monoxide. A hydrocarbon liquid fuel synthesis reactor receives and uses either 1) all of the unconsumed portions of hydrogen from the RWGS or 2) the remaining portion of the hydrogen molecules from the water splitter and the resultant carbon monoxide molecules from the RWGS in the hydrocarbon fuel synthesis process to create a liquid hydrocarbon fuel.

Abstract: A lighter fluid composition usable for starting barbecues and the like that comprises naturally occurring combustible materials, which is clean burning and results in low volatile organic compound (VOC) emission during combustion, which is biodegradable and easily disposable, and which burns with a pleasant aroma and does not impart any unpleasant hydrocarbon odor or flavor to food cooked on a barbecue. The composition preferably comprises between approximately 0.5 weight percent and approximately 90 weight percent of a terpene or terpenoid oil, and between approximately 0.5 weight percent and approximately 98.5 weight percent of short chain alcohol, between approximately 0.5 weight percent and approximately 60 weight percent of water, between approximately 0.1 weight percent and approximately 10 weight percent of surfactant, and between approximately 0.5 weight percent and approximately 10 weight percent of thickening agent.

Abstract: A method of formulating a fuel composition for use in internal-combustion engines includes the step of providing a fuel. In addition, there is the step of forming the fuel composition by adding to the fuel a polar fluid and an emulsifier. The emulsifier is present in an amount effective for the biodiesel fuel, alcohol, water, and emulsifier to form an emulsion. The emulsifier includes an active surfactant mixture of oleic acid and ammonium oleate, wherein the ratio of oleic acid to ammonium oleate is no more than 60:40.

Abstract: A biodiesel or diesel composition for use in internal-combustion engines has an alcohol component, a water component, and a cetane-enhancer component. An anhydrous emulsifier component may be either a glyceryl monooleate or ammonium oleate, and is present in an amount effective for the fuel, alcohol, water, and emulsifier components to form an emulsion. The fuel, alcohol, water, and emulsifier components are present in amounts effective to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides by a threshold amount upon combustion of the fuel composition, relative to fuel alone.

Abstract: A fuel composition for use in internal-combustion engines has an alcohol component, a water component, and a cetane-enhancer component. An anhydrous emulsifier component may be either a glyceryl monooleate or ammonium oleate, and is present in an amount effective for the fuel, alcohol, water, and emulsifier components to form an emulsion. The fuel, alcohol, water, and emulsifier components are present in amounts effective to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides by a threshold amount upon combustion of the fuel composition, relative to fuel alone.

Abstract: A hybrid Fuel is disclosed. The hybrid Fuel is made from cheap seawater, recycled animal oil and vegetable oil and alcohol mixed with gasoline and diesel. The hybrid fuel meets the requirements of energy efficiency and emission reduction, saves or partially replaces the petrochemical energy and greatly reduces the release of pollutant such as CO2 (carbon dioxide) and NOX (nitrogen oxide), thus reduces the negative impact, such as green house effects, caused by the petrochemical fuel. The hybrid Fuel can also be used as an additive to gasoline or diesel. A method of making the hybrid fuel and fuel additive is also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention relates to an aqueous fuel composition having a homogeneous liquid phase, a so called microemulsion, containing a liquid hydrocarbon fraction, ethanol and an additive with an emulsifying and solubilizing ability. The composition contains a) 70-95% by weight of an hydrocarbon fraction having a boiling point within the range from 130 to 425° C., b) 2-25% by weight of ethanol, c) 0.002-0.8% by weight of water, and d) 0.2-25% by weight of an additive comprising 5-100% by weight of an nitrogen-containing surractant, such as an amine surfactant, an ether amine surfactant, an amine oxide surfactant and an amido surfactant, and optionally an alcohol having a hydrocarbon group of 5-24 carbon atoms. Preferably the additive contains 5-90% by weight of the nitrogen-containing surfactant and 10-95% by weight of the alcohol. The composition, which can be stored for long periods. may be used as a fuel in diesel engines.

Abstract: A manufacturing method of a water emulsion fuel by which the O/W type water emulsion fuel can be reliably manufactured. For this purpose, an initial method of the manufacturing method has a fuel and additive charging step, an agitating step of agitating the fuel and the additive, a water charging step of charging a predetermined amount of water into a mixing tank, a fine processing step of pumping out a mixture solution of the fuel and the additive, and the water to pass them through the fine processing means and returning them into the mixing tank, a separating step of separating the water and the fuel, and an emulsifying step of emulsifying the fuel, the additive and the water by the step of pumping out the charged solution from the mixing tank, passing it through the fine processing means and returning it to the mixing tank.

Abstract: A blend composition comprising (i) one or more base fuels having an aromatics content of below 80% by weight, said one or more base fuels being present in the amount of 10 to 95% by weight of the blend composition; (ii) a fuel additive mixture comprising one or more fuel additives, wherein said additives include an anti-foam agent, said fuel additive mixture being present preferably in the amount of 0.01 to 80% by weight of the blend composition; (iii) an organic molecule containing a moiety CR1R2R3(OH) wherein R1, R2 and R3 are each independently hydrogen or an organic carbon-containing group; and optionally (iv) an aromatic solvent having an aromatics content of greater than 80% by weight; a process for the preparation of said blend composition; and a fuel composition comprising a second base fuel and said blend composition.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for manufacturing emulsified fuels by using “oily water” that is proceeded by following steps: (1) preparing the “oily water” that has 0.02—30% (w/w) of combustible fuels dissolved in water and is blended with surfactants (or called as emulsifiers) by 0.01˜3% (w/w); (2) primarily mixing the emulsified “oily water with surfactants”, that was finished by step (1), with 60˜95% (w/w) of heavy fuel oil (abbreviation as heavy oil) or with 75˜98% (w/w) of diesel, respectively; and (3) keeping the mixtures that were finished by step (2), respectively, and mixed up further by using homogenizer to become an “oily water emulsified heavy oil” (OWEH) or an “oily water emulsified diesel” (OWED).

Abstract: To provide a diesel light oil composition having an excellent ignitability while containing butanol. The diesel light oil composition comprises a diesel light oil base material, butanol having a volume percentage in a range of 9% to 20% and butyl nitrate or butyl nitrite having a volume percentage in a range of 0.8% to 4%. It is preferable that the butanol is 20 v/v %, and the butyl nitrate or butyl nitrite is 4 v/v %. The butyl nitrite or butyl nitrate is derived from butanol as a material.

Abstract: A fuel system for improved fuel efficiency which can be contained in a single fuel source, such as a fuel tank of a vehicle, having a gasoline phase comprises gasoline or gasohol; and an anti-knock phase comprising a glycol anti-knock subagent, water and one or more of a second anti-knock subagent selected from the group of methanol, ethanol and mixtures thereof; such that the anti-knock agent phase is substantially immiscible with the gasoline phase.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a fuel composition for internal combustion engines comprising a trialkylamine. Specifically, the fuel composition for internal combustion engines is prepared by adding a tertiary amine of trialkylamine to a gasohol which is a mixture of anhydrous or hydrous ethanol and naphtha, wherein the hydrous ethanol contains up to 10% by volume of water and shows an improved inhibition of a phase separation and corrosion.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for synthesizing biodiesel using an alkali ion donating material are disclosed. Generally, the methods include placing an alcohol and a triglyceride in a container having the alkali ion donating material. A biodiesel reaction driving force is applied to the contents of the container. This force may cause the ion donating material to release alkali ions that react with the alcohol to form an alkali alcoholate. In turn, the alkali alcoholate reacts with triglycerides to form biodiesel and an alkali salt of glycerine. When the driving force is removed and where the alkali ion donating material comprises a catalyst with a high affinity for alkali ions, the alkali ion in the alkali salt of glycerine returns to the alkali ion donating material. Accordingly, the apparatus and methods may produce substantially pure biodiesel and glycerine.

Abstract: Oil continuous fuel emulsion composition having high stability and reduced nitrogen oxide emissions. The fuel emulsion formulation includes diesel fuel, purified water, and an additive package that includes, among other additives, a combination of surfactants, including a primary surfactant, such as a fatty acid diethanolamide, a block copolymer, and a polymeric dispersant.

Abstract: Motor fuel compositions containing ethanol, also known as gasohol, are disclosed, wherein the motor fuel is substantially in one phase and contains, 1 to 50, preferable 2 to 30 weight % of ethanol and an amount of water between 1 and 10 wt. % on the basis of the weight of the ethanol. Such motor fuel compositions can be produced by blending gasoline with hydrous ethanol, thus evading the necessity to use anhydrous ethanol as feedstock. Furthermore such motor fuel compositions may be produced by blending gasoline with hydrous ethanol and anhydrous ethanol, thus evading the necessity to use anhydrous ethanol as the sole feedstock. These motor fuel compositions may contain a second liquid phase that does not form a separate layer, and where no separate liquid phase can be detected by vision, and so meets with the specification that has become known as “clear and bright”.

Abstract: Provided is a method for purifying a biodiesel fuel while completely preventing or greatly reducing generation of waste water. The present invention relates to a method for purifying a biodiesel fuel characterized by applying an electric field to or heating a crude biodiesel fuel and a method for purifying a biodiesel fuel characterized by adding water (preferably containing a demulsifier such as an inorganic calcium salt or a magnesium salt) to a crude biodiesel fuel to form W/O emulsion, and breaking the emulsion by application of an electric field or heating, etc.

Abstract: The present invention relates to emulsion compositions for starting a reformer of a fuel cell system. In particular, the invention includes emulsion compositions comprising hydrocarbon fuel, water and alkoxylated alcohol surfactants for starting a reformer of a fuel cell system.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an oxygenated fuel composition suitable for use in compression ignition internal combustion engines, equipped with inlet air heater and catalytic alcohol dehydration equipment suitable for chemical equilibrium conversion of methanol and higher alcohol to their associated ether plus water.

Abstract: A method of creating a multi-phase fuel wherein said fuel comprises a gas, a solid, a liquid solvent phase and an aqueous phase from animal waste comprising the combination of the animal waste, a solvent, and a water/alcohol solution into a fluid mixture, placing the mixture into a closed reactor, heating said reactor between about 245° C. and 385° C. for between about 5 and 70 minutes and cooling said resulting multi-phase fuel. The animal waste may be manure, mortalities, municipal waste, or chicken litter. The preferred solvent is petroleum with the preferred petroleum being diesel fuel. The final multi-phase fuel can be separated into four separate fuels: a solid fuel, an emulsified solid in the liquid solvent phase by blending the solid, the solvent and a surfactant, an aqueous phase, and the recovered liquid solvent phase. Petroleum is the preferred solvent and the separation may be any conventional means. The mixture preferably consists of 1 part by weight animal waste, about 1.

Abstract: The invention provides a vehicle fuel composition containing an alcohol, a lubricant and an ether. A preferred embodiment is a fuel blend containing ethanol, dimethyl ether and a distilled organic acid. These fuel blends are thoroughly blended to obtain a motor fuel having a higher energy content and a lower pollution profile compared to standard commercial motor fuels.

Abstract: Disclosed is a multiphase fuel composition formed of an emulsion containing (a) a distillate fuel first phase, (b) a second phase formed of boric acid and a liquid that is a solvent for boric acid, but immiscible in the first phase, such as glycerol, and (c) a surfactant.

Abstract: A multiphase distillate fuel composition includes an emulsion comprising a first phase comprising a diesel fuel; a second phase comprising glycerol and boric acid; and a surfactant. A lubricant composition includes a grease and a mixture of boric acid with different particle sizes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to emulsion compositions for starting a reformer of a fuel cell system. In particular, the invention includes emulsion compositions comprising hydrocarbon fuel, water and alkoxylated alcohol surfactants for starting a reformer of a fuel cell system.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of an emulsified fuel in combination with an engine oil that shows a synergistic effect in reducing emissions such as particulate matter, hydrocarbons and/or nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2, N2O, collectively NOx) and/or reducing wear from an engine.

Abstract: The invention relates to a liquid fuel composition of: 10-80 vol % of a first component which includes at least two aliphatic organic non-hydrocarbon compounds; 20-65 vol % of a second component including at least one hydrocarbon and having an aromatic content of less than 15 vol % of the total of the second component; 1-35 vol % of a third component, which includes an oxygenate; and 0.01 to 20 vol % water, wherein at least one compound in the fuel composition is miscible with both water and hydrocarbons to provide a single phase composition. Such fuels have been found to reduce undesirable emissions in the exhaust gases and enable the use of recycled compounds and water in the fuel.

Abstract: The present method for producing a high stability, low emission, invert fuel emulsion composition comprises blending additives having a surfactant package with a hydrocarbon petroleum distillate fuel in an in-line blending station to create a composition. The surfactant package includes a primary surfactant, a block copolymer, and a polymeric dispersant, and the hydrocarbon petroleum distillate fuel is a continuous phase of the emulsion. The method also comprises blending purified water with the composition in a second in-line blending station to produce a second composition and aging the second composition in a reservoir to produce an aged composition and passing the aged composition through a shear pump to a storage tank.

Abstract: This invention disclosure describes a conditioned single phase hydrocarbon-based fuel, a method for producing such fuel and components useful in such method. The described conditioned hydrocarbon-based fuel is a single phase hydrous fuel with improved performance, handling and storage characteristics. A method is also is also provided for producing the conditioned hydrocarbon-based fuel using a semi-solid activator. The resulting conditioned hydrocarbon-based fuel has a volume greater than the unmodified hydrocarbon-based fuel, a BTU content greater than the BTU content of the unmodified hydrocarbon-based fuel, less particulate emissions and less non-particulate emissions than the unmodified hydrocarbon-based fuel, and a water content less than the water content of the unmodified hydrocarbon-based fuel.

Abstract: A stable, substantially clear and homogeneous fuel composition contains an additive comprising a nitrogen donor and carrier, the nitrogen donor being present in an amount sufficient to reduce the NOx emissions of the fuel when subject to combustion and the carrier being selected to render the nitrogen donor soluble and to give the additive a molecular weight compatible with the energy properties of the fuel.