Abstract: A method of enhancing the operation of an emission after treatment system in a combustion system includes supplying a fuel and additive that includes a manganese compound to a combustion system. The fuel is then combusted in the combustion chamber to produce at least one byproduct including the manganese compound. The manganese compound is supplied in an amount effective to complex with the combustion byproduct. The combustion system may include a catalyzed, or alternatively, a continuously regenerating technology, diesel particulate filter.

Abstract: A process for preparing pressure-sensitively adhesive polyacrylates by free-radical addition polymerization, characterized in that mercapto-functionalized photoinitiators of the general formula (I) and/or (II).

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and fuel composition for the protection of a catalytic after treatment system and a method for protecting a catalytic after treatment system in a low sulfur fuel system are discloseD. A scavenging agent is introduced into the base fuel in an amount effective to complex with catalytic poisoning combustion by products and reduce catalyst poisoning. In a preferred embodiment, the scavenger is an organometallic compound which also imparts additional desirable properties to the fuel.

Abstract: A fuels additive metallic salt composition effective in improving the operation of diesel engine particulate traps when added to a diesel fuel so as to provide 1-25 ppm metal in the fuel which comprises an oil soluble or oil dispersible overbased metal salt of an acidic organic compound, said salt composition containing 5-85 wt. % of a stoichiometric excess of metal over that required to neutralize the anionic portion of the salt, the metal being selected from the group consisting of Ca, Fe, Mg, Sr, Na, Ti, Zr, Mn, Zn and Ce.

Abstract: A method of reducing smoke and particulate emissions from an exhaust gas from a spark-ignited reciprocating engine by adding a fuel additive which contains an oil-soluble iron compound and an over-based magnesium compound to liquid petroleum fuel.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and fuel composition for the protection of a catalytic after treatment system and a method for protecting a catalytic after treatment system in a lean burn system are disclosed. A scavenging agent is introduced into the combustion chamber in an amount effective to complex with catalytic poisoning combustion byproducts and improve emissions system durability. In a preferred embodiment, the scavenger is an organometallic compound which also imparts additional desirable properties to the fuel.

Abstract: A diesel fuel composition which improves the performance of diesel engine particulate exhaust traps comprising a diesel fuel containing a combination of 1-25 ppm of metal in the form of a metal salt additive and 100 to 500 ppm of an oil soluble nitrogen containing ashless detergent additive.

Abstract: An additive to a fuel oil for a Diesel engine having a Diesel particulate filter (DPF), which comprises a molybdenum compound and having the function of improving the combustion property of a particulate matter (PM) trapped with DPF; a fuel oil comprising the additive; a lubricating oil composition for a Diesel engine having DPF, which has a sulfated ash content of 1.0% by weight or smaller, a sulfur content of 0.3% by weight or smaller and a molybdenum content of 100 ppm or greater; and DPF for removing PM in combustion gas discharged from a Diesel engine vehicle by trapping and burning PM, DPF comprising a filter supporting a molybdenum compound. The combustion property of PM trapped with the filter of DPF is improved, PM is burned at a low temperature with stability, the efficiency of removal of PM is improved and the life of DPF is increased.

Abstract: A fuel additive for improving fuel consumption comprising a fuel stabilizer and an organometallic compound, and may include a dispersant, a biocide, a high flash solvent, a lubricant, and a metal deactivator with a preferred ratio of one part fuel additive for use with 5000 parts of fuel.

Abstract: A low-emissions diesel fuel comprises fungible aviation kerosene grade 55, 50-300 ppm detergent, 25-500 ppm lubricity additive and a bimetallic, fuel soluble platinum and cerium fuel borne catalyst (e.g., 0 1-2 0 ppm platinum COD and 5-20 pmm cerium oleate). The fuel can be used as is or in the form of an emulsion A method of reducing the emissions of pollutants from a diesel engine, comprising running the engine on a fuel as defined.

Abstract: An additive to a flame reaction forms noncorrosive deposits on cooler metal surfaces, which deposits are more stable than Na2SO4 or K2SO4. By adding molybdenum salts to the flame, an alkali polymolybdate is produced on the cooler metal surface and corrosion is inhibited. Deposition appears to closely reflect the relative thermodynamic stabilities of these salts. The flame processes all chemical molybdenum salt precursors as equivalent sources of molybdenum. The level of molybdenum required is equal to 2 times or more that of the alkali on an atomic basis in the flame environment. The nature of the fuel purity and possible alkali reduction schemes invoked will control the actual quantity and mixing method of the additive. The additive may be directly mixed into the fuel or injected into the burned gas regions of the combustor.

Abstract: The additive described essentially comprises a selected alkoxylated fatty amine or fatty amine derivative and a special metal salt compound, preferably a metal soap. This additive for heavy oils effects a good emulsification or dispersion of asphaltenes and other higher-molecular weight compounds and, in addition, inter alia, increased storage stability, improved pumpability due to decreased viscosity of the oil and longer service lives of the filter systems. In addition, it also effects enhanced combustion of the heavy oils. The effective amount of additive in these oils is 2 to 2000 ppm. The oils described are suitable, in particular, as furnace fuel for industrial plants and power stations and as engine fuel for marine engines.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of fuel additives in the regeneration of particulate filter traps, e.g. diesel particulate filter traps. The invention further relates to fuel additives suitable for use in such a process.

Abstract: Gasoline engines equipped with three-way catalysts emit less NOx, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide when operated on fuels containing a bimetallic catalyst comprising rhodium acetylacetonate and a fuel-soluble platinum compound such as diphenyl cyclooctadiene platinum(II) or platinum acetyl acetonate. The total metals in the additive will be dosed at a concentration of less than about 2 ppm (milligrams of metal to liter of gasoline) based on the amount of gasoline burned in the engine. Preferred dosages will be from about 0.15 to about 1.5 ppm, with a ratio of platinum to rhodium of from about 3:1 to about 15:1.

Abstract: Vehicular emissions are reduced/purified via combustion of the hydrocarbon fuel therefor, e.g., diesel fuel, in the presence of a cerium compound, preferably a cerium (IV) compound, to produce soots having depressed ignition temperatures that contain effective purifying amounts of aggregates of ceric oxide crystallites, the largest particle size dimension of which ranging from 50 .ANG. (5 nanometers) to 10,000 .ANG. (1,000 nanometers) and the crystallite sizes of which, measured by Debye-Scherrer technique, ranging from 50 .ANG. (5 nanometers) to 250 .ANG. (25 nanometers).

Abstract: A method improves the operation of a diesel engine through the use of a fuel additive, a diesel particulate trap and a NO.sub.x -reducing catalyst. The operation of the NO.sub.x -reducing catalyst is enhanced by the introduction of urea or like compound upstream of the catalyst at temperatures effective for non-catalytic NO.sub.x reduction and the generation of ammonia. The additive comprises fuel-soluble compositions of platinum group metal in effective amounts to lower the emissions of unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide from the trap. The catalytic activity provided to the exhaust system by the fuel additive is selective and preferably reduces the oxidation of SO.sub.2 to SO.sub.3. The platinum group metal compositions are preferably added in amounts effective to provide concentrations of the metal in the fuel of less than 1 part per million (ppm). Lithium and/or sodium compositions can be used in amounts effective to reduce the trap regeneration temperature, e.g.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a process for forming a sorbent-metal complex. The process includes oxidizing a sorbent precursor and contacting the sorbent precursor with a metallic species. The process further includes chemically reacting the sorbent precursor and the metallic species, thereby forming a sorbent-metal complex. In one particular aspect of the invention, at least a portion of the sorbent precursor is transformed into sorbent particles during the oxidation step. These sorbent particles then are contacted with the metallic species and chemically reacted with the metallic species, thereby forming a sorbent-metal complex. Another aspect of the invention is directed to a process for forming a sorbent-metal complex in a combustion system. The process includes introducing a sorbent precursor into a combustion system and subjecting the sorbent precursor to an elevated temperature sufficient to oxidize the sorbent precursor and transform the sorbent precursor into sorbent particles.

Abstract: Described are methods for improving the efficiency or modifying the exhaust emissions of internal combustion engines, which involve the incorporation of selenium compounds in the fuel combusted in the engines. Also described are methods for improving the combustion efficiency of fuel oil by the inclusion of selenium therein.

Abstract: The invention presented involves a method for reducing emissions from or increasing the utilizable energy of fuel for powering diesel, gasoline or gasohol internal combustion engines, the method comprising admixing with the fuel an additive which comprises a fuel-soluble, nonionic, organometallic platinum group metal coordination composition which is a) resistant to breakdown under ambient temperatures; b) does not contain a disadvantageous amount of phosphorus, arsenic, antimony or halides; and c) has a partition ratio sufficient to maintain preferential solubility in the fuel.

Abstract: The effectiveness is prolonged for catalytic oxidizers to reduce emissions of both HC and CO from two-stroke gasoline engines. A compound of a platinum group metal is added to the cylinder of the engine, to make it available as an active oxidation catalyst by combustion of the fuel. Preferably, the platinum group metal compound is added with the lubricating oil, but can be added to the fuel or through a separate injection.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods and compositions for increasing the fuel efficiency of and/or advantageously modifying the emissions of an internal combustion engine. These preferred embodiments involve the addition of elemental selenium or a selenium-containing material to the fuel upon which the engine is operated.

Abstract: The emission of particulates and unburnt hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas emissions from liquid hydrocarbon fuels, especially diesel fuels and fuel oils is reduced by incorporating into the fuel an effective amount of an oil-soluble alkali, alkaline earth or rare earth complex of the formula:M(R).sub.m.nLwherein M is the metal cation of valency m, R is the residue of an organic compound RH containing an active hydrocarbon atom, preferably a beta-diketone, n is an integer usually 1, 2, 3 or 4, and L is an organic donor ligand molecule, i.e., a Lewis base.

Abstract: This invention relates to copper-containing organometallic complexes, and to concentrates and diesel fuels containing said complexes. The diesel fuels are useful with diesel engines equipped with exhaust system particulate traps. The copper-containing organometallic complex is used for lowering the ignition temperature of exhaust particles collected in the trap. The copper-containing organometallic complex is soluble or stably dispersible in the diesel fuel and is derived from (i) an organic compound containing at least two functional groups attached to a hydrocarbon linkage, and (ii) a copper-containing metal reactant capable of forming a complex with the organic compound (i). The functional groups are .dbd.X, --XR, --NR., --NO., .dbd.NR, .dbd.NXR, .dbd.N--R*--XR, ##STR1## --CN, --N.dbd.NR or --N.dbd.CR.; wherein X is O or S, R is H or hydrocarbyl, R* is hydrocarbylene or hydrocarbylidene, and a is a number (e.g., zero to about 10).

Abstract: This invention relates to combinations of (A) organometallic complexes and (B) antioxidants. These combinations can be used in diesel fuels for operating diesel engines equipped with exhaust system particulate traps. The combination of (A) and (B) is useful in lowering the ignition temperature of exhaust particles collected in the trap. The organometallic complex (A) is soluble or stably dispersible in the diesel fuel and is derived from (i) an organic compound containing at least two functional groups attached to a hydrocarbon linkage, and (ii) a metal reactant capable of forming a complex with the organic compound (i), the metal being any metal capable of reducing the ignition temperature of the exhaust particles. The functional groups include .dbd.X, --XR, --NR.sub.2, --NO.sub.2, .dbd.NR, .dbd.NXR, .dbd.N--R*--XR, ##STR1## --CN, --N.dbd.NR and --N.dbd.CR.sub.2 ; wherein X is O or S, R is H or hydrocarbyl, R* is hydrocarbylene or hydrocarbylidene, and a is a number (e.g., zero to about 10).

Abstract: A catalyst solution comprising one or more compounds of a metal catalyst and an organic solvent selected from the group consisting of a glycol derivative, an alkyl pyrrolidone, and an alkoxy ethyl ether, wherein no additional chloride-containing compounds are added to the solution. The metal can be selected from the group consisting of platinum, rhenium and rhodium. The compounds can be selected from the group consisting of H.sub.2 PtCl.sub.6.6H.sub.2 O, Re.sub.2 (CO).sub.10, Re.sub.2 O.sub.7, LiReO.sub.4 and RhCl.sub.3.4H.sub.2 O. The catalytic solutions are useful in conversion of pollutants from automotive engines and the like. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the solution contains three metals: platinum, rhenium, and rhodium.

Abstract: The invention provides a method employing a fuel additive to improve the operation of a pass-through oxidation catalyst over long periods of time with continued catalytic activity and without the undesirable conversion of SO.sub.2 to SO.sub.3. A pass-through catalyst support is continuously, selectively catalyzed by the combustion of a fuel containing a platinum group metal composition which burns to release the catalyst metal in active form. The effectiveness of the process is attributed to improved combustion in the engine by the catalyst and the treatment of the catalytic oxidizer with active catalyst metal released during combustion such that, in the exhaust system, the soluble organic fraction of the particulates and the levels of gaseous unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide are significantly reduced. The catalysts conditioned by the present invention cause minimal conversion of SO.sub.2 to SO.sub.3.

Abstract: Novel cerium (IV) oxidic compounds, well suited as catalysts, e.g., for the clean combustion of hydrocarbon fuels and for the "drying" of paint compositions, each Ce(IV) atom of which being coordinated with two anions of an organic oxyacid advantageously having a pKa greater than 1, preferably greater than 2, or a mixture of such oxyacids, and the oxidic oxygen atom or atoms of which being other than those comprising the organic oxyacids; representative such novel cerium (IV) oxidic compounds, whether yellow crystalline solids or yellow liquids, have the formula:(H.sub.2 O).sub.p [CeO(A).sub.2 .multidot.(AH).sub.n .multidot.].sub.min which the radicals A, which may be the same or different, are each the residue of an organic oxyacid of formula AH, p is an integer ranging from 0 to 5, n ranges from 0 to 2 and m is an integer ranging from 1 to 12.

Abstract: This invention relates to low-sulfur diesel fuels which are useful with diesel engines equipped with exhaust system particulate traps. These fuels contain an effective amount of an organometallic complex to lower the ignition temperature of exhaust particles collected in the trap. The sulfur content of these diesel fuels is no more than about 0.1% by weight, preferably no more than about 0.05% by weight. The organometallic complex is soluble or stably dispersible in the diesel fuel and is derived from (i) an organic compound containing at least two functional groups attached to a hydrocarbon linkage, and (ii) a metal reactant capable of forming a complex with the organic compound (i), the metal being any metal capable of reducing the ignition temperature of the exhaust particles. The functional groups include .dbd.X, --XR, --NR.sub.2, --NO.sub.2, .dbd.NR, .dbd.NXR, .dbd.N--R*--XR, ##STR1## --CN, --N.dbd.NR and --N.dbd.CR.sub.

Abstract: This invention relates to copper-containing organometallic complexes, and to concentrates and diesel fuels containing said complexes. The diesel fuels are useful with diesel engines equipped with exhaust system particulate traps. The copper-containing organometallic complex is used for lowering the ignition temperature of exhaust particles collected in the trap. The copper-containing organometallic complex is soluble or stably dispersible in the diesel fuel and is derived from (i) an organic compound containing at least two functional groups attached to a hydrocarbon linkage, and (ii) a copper-containing metal reactant capable of forming a complex with the organic compound (i). The functional groups are .dbd.X, --XR, --NR.sub.2, --NO.sub.2, .dbd.NR, .dbd.NXR, .dbd.N--R*--XR, ##STR1## --CN, --N.dbd.NR or --N.dbd.CR.sub.2 ; wherein X is O or S, R is H or hydrocarbyl, R* is hydrocarbylene or hydrocarbylidene, and a is a number (e.g., zero to about 10).

Abstract: This invention relates to metal salts of the general formulaA.sup.y- M.sup.y+ (I)wherein M represents one or more metal ions, y is the total valence of all M and A represents one or more anion containing groups having a total of about y individual anionic moieties and each antion containing group is a group of the formula ##STR1## wherein each group in (II) is as described in the specification. These salts find utility in lubricants and fuels other than 2-cycle engine lubricants and fuels.

Abstract: This invention relates to copper-containing aromatic Mannich complexes, and to concentrates and diesel fuels containing said complexes. The diesel fuels are useful with diesel engines equipped with exhaust system particulate traps. The copper-containing aromatic Mannich complex is used for lowering the ignition temperature of exhaust particles collected in the trap. The copper-containing aromatic Mannich complex is made by contacting either component (A) or component (B) with component (C); ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is an alkyl group of 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, and R.sup.2 is a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbyl group of about 16 to about 20 carbon atoms;component (B) being a mixture of (B)(I) and (B)(II), component (B)(I) being at least one compound represented by the formula ##STR2## wherein R.sup.3 is an alkyl group of about 9 to about 18 carbon atoms, R.sup.4 is an alkylene group of 1 to about 4 carbon atoms, and R.sup.

Abstract: This invention relates to combinations of (A) organometallic complexes and (B) antioxidants. These combinations can be used in diesel fuels for operating diesel engines equipped with exhaust system particulate traps. The combination of (A) and (B) is useful in lowering the ignition temperature of exhaust particles collected in the trap. The organometallic complex (A) is soluble or stably dispersible in the diesel fuel and is derived from (i) an organic compound containing at least two functional groups attached to a hydrocarbon linkage, and (ii) a metal reactant capable of forming a complex with the organic compound (i), the metal being any metal capable of reducing the ignition temperature of the exhaust particles. The functional groups include .dbd.X, --XR, --NR.sub.2, --NO.sub.2, .dbd.NR, .dbd.NXR, .dbd.N--R*--XR, ##STR1## --CN, --N.dbd.NR and --N.dbd.CR.sub.2 ; wherein X is O or S, R is H or hydrocarbyl, R* is hydrocarbylene or hydrocarbylidene, and a is a number (e.g., zero to about 10).

Abstract: This invention relates to diesel fuels which are useful with diesel engines equipped with exhaust system particulate traps. These fuels contain an effective amount of an organometallic complex to lower the ignition temperature of exhaust particles collected in the trap. The organometallic complex is soluble or stably dispersible in the diesel fuel and is derived from (i) an organic compound containing at least two functional groups attached to a hydrocarbon linkage, and (ii) a metal reactant capable of forming a complex with the organic compound (i), the metal being any metal capable of reducing the ignition temperature of the exhaust particles. The functional groups include .dbd.X, --XR, ##STR1## --CN, --N.dbd.NR and --N.dbd.CR.sub.2 ; wherein X is O or S, R is H or hydrocarbyl, R* is hydrocarbylene or hydrocarbylidene, and a is a number (e.g., zero to about 10). Useful metals include Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, V, Cr, Mo, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, B, Pb, Sb, and mixtures of two or more thereof.

Abstract: This invention relates to copper-containing aromatic Mannich complexes, and to concentrates and diesel fuels containing said complexes. The diesel fuels are useful with diesel engines equipped with exhaust system particulate traps. The copper-containing aromatic Mannich complex is used for lowering the ignition temperature of exhaust particles collected in the trap. The copper-containing aromatic Mannich complex is made by contacting either component (A) or component (B) with component (C);component (A) being at least one compound represented by the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is an alkyl group of 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, and R.sup.2 is a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbyl group of about 16 to about 20 carbon atoms;component (B) being a mixture of (B)(I) and (B)(II), component (B)(I) being at least one compound represented by the formula ##STR2## wherein R.sup.3 is an alkyl group of about 9 to about 18 carbon atoms, R.sup.4 is an alkylene group of 1 to about 4 carbon atoms, and R.sup.

Abstract: A two component additive and a liquid hydrocarbon based fuel composition, containing the additive are disclosed. The fuel composition is comprised of a major amount of a liquid hydrocarbon diesel fuel and a minor fuel efficiency improving amount of the additive. The additive is composed of: (A) an overbased transition metal salt of a carboxylic acid; and (B) a compound represented by the general formula II: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are independently hydrocarbyl. The additive may include a third component (C) which is a hydrocarbon-soluble ashless dispersant. The dispersant (C) is preferably a derivative of a substituted succinic acid wherein the hydrocarbyl substituent is derived from a polyalkylene characterized by a Mn value of about 500 to about 10,000 and a Mw/Mn value of about 1.0 to about 4.0.

Abstract: The invention presented relates to a method for reducing the emission of nitrogen oxides from a diesel engine without significant loss of fuel efficiency and without significant increases in carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions. The method involves preparing a diesel engine such that the injection timing thereof is set at a point sufficient to obtain reductions in the nitrogen oxides emissions from the engine; and firing the diesel engine with a diesel fuel having admixed therein an additive which comprises a fuel soluble organometallic platinum group metal coordination composition.

Abstract: The invention presented is a method for catalyzing fuel for powering internal combustion engines. The method comprises admixing with fuel an additive composition comprising at least one fuel-soluble platinum group metal compound in an amount effective to supply from 0.01 to 1.0 parts per million of platinum group metal per part of fuel.

Abstract: A process for improving combustion of liquid hydrocarbons and reducing NO.sub.x emissions. The process comprises burning the liquid hydrocarbon in the presence of an additive composition to improve measurably the combustion efficiency. The additive composition comprises a dicyclopentadienyliron compound in combination with a suitable organic solvent. By virtue of using the additive compound, the excess air requirements can be adjusted downwardly to reduce NO.sub.x emissions in combustion products.