Abstract: A wideband mixer includes a core mixer having input terminals and output terminals for, respectively, receiving differential input signals and providing amplified differential output signals. A steering module is coupled to the core mixer for receiving differential reference signals and providing bi-phase modulated amplified differential output signals. The core mixer is configured to provide a value of gain between the differential input signals and the differential output signals. A bandwidth peaking network is coupled to the core mixer and includes (a) a first coil and a first resistor connected in series and (b) a second coil and a second resistor connected in series. The first coil and resistor and the second coil and resistor, respectively, are coupled to the core mixer for receiving the amplified differential output signals. The bandwidth peaking network is configured to increase the frequency bandwidth of the core mixer.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatuses, and combinations and sub-combinations thereof, for down-converting an electromagnetic (EM) signal are described herein. Briefly stated, in embodiments the invention operates by receiving an EM signal and recursively operating on approximate half cycles (½, 1½, 2½, etc.) of the carrier signal. The recursive operations can be performed at a sub-harmonic rate of the carrier signal. The invention accumulates the results of the recursive operations and uses the accumulated results to form a down-converted signal. In an embodiment, the EM signal is down-converted to an intermediate frequency (IF) signal. In another embodiment, the EM signal is down-converted to a baseband information signal. In another embodiment, the EM signal is a frequency modulated (FM) signal, which is down-converted to a non-FM signal, such as a phase modulated (PM) signal or an amplitude modulated (AM) signal.

Abstract: A frequency switching signal for switching a reception frequency of an antenna based on a reception success or failure signal output from a detection circuit and a standard time code output from a demodulator is output to a reception frequency selection circuit. The reception frequency is switched to the frequency which is the same as an intermediate frequency other than that of the standard radio waves, and at the same time, an output temporarily stopping signal is output to a local oscillation circuit to temporarily stop the output of a local oscillation signal of the local oscillation circuit, enabling to output the reception signal which was received by the antenna as the intermediate frequency signal without synthesizing and converting it in the frequency conversion circuit to be detected by a detection circuit. Thereby, the reception of the radio wave composed of a plurality of frequencies can be realized with a simple structure.

Abstract: By providing switch portions (8a) and (8b) for switching I and Q signals and outputting them to a single A/D converter (9), and sequentially converting the I and Q signals output from the switch portions (8a) and (8b) into digital signals by the A/D converter (9) and supplying them to a DSP (10), it is possible to carry out an A/D conversion processing for the I and Q signals through the same A/D converter (9). Consequently, it is possible to eliminate a drawback that an amplitude error or a phase error is made between the I and Q signals due to a variation in an A/D converting characteristic.

Abstract: A radio frequency (RF) receiver and a method of receiving an RF signal are provided. The RF receiver includes a low-noise amplifying unit which amplifies a received signal while restricting out-of-band interferer of the received signal, a sampling unit which performs sampling to convert the amplified signal to a discrete time domain signal, a frequency translation unit which down-converts the sampled signal into a frequency band that enables the sampled signal to be converted into a digital signal and restricts interferer from a frequency within an aliasing band according to a sampling frequency, an anti-aliasing filtering unit which prevents aliasing from the down-converted signal, a clock unit which provides the sampling unit, the frequency translation unit, and the anti-aliasing filtering unit with sampling frequencies, and an analog-digital-converter which converts the converted signal into the digital signal.

Abstract: A fully integrated, programmable mixed-signal radio transceiver comprising a radio frequency integrated circuit (RFIC) which is frequency and protocol agnostic with digital inputs and outputs, the radio transceiver being programmable and configurable for multiple radio frequency bands and standards and being capable of connecting to many networks and service providers. The RFIC includes a tunable resonant circuit that includes a transmission line having an inductance, a plurality of switchable capacitors configured to be switched into and out of the tunable resonant circuit in response to a first control signal, and at least one variable capacitor that can be varied in response to a second control signal, wherein a center resonant frequency of the resonant circuit is electronically tunable responsive to the first and second control signals that control a first capacitance value of the plurality of switchable capacitors and a second capacitance value of the at least one variable capacitor.

Abstract: In one aspect, a mixer that provides improved isolation between an input oscillator and a mixing cell. In another aspect, a mixer that includes circuitry operative to shape an input signal provided by a local oscillator.

Abstract: There is provided a cellular phone taking into consideration enhancement in processing speed and reduction in current consumption, and the cellular phone comprises a processing unit capable of executing plural kinds of processing, an oscillator for generating a clock signal to be fed to the processing unit, and a clock controller for converting the frequency of the clock signal received from the oscillator, wherein the clock controller changes the frequency of the clock signal for each of the plural kinds of the processing in response to the control by the central processing unit.

Abstract: A single balanced mixer has a high degree of isolation between an IF signal and an RF signal and a high conversion efficiency. The single balanced mixer includes means for producing two local signals of same amplitude and opposite phase, a pair of mixing elements each receiving a corresponding one of the two local signals, a pair of strip lines for transmitting the input RF signal to the mixing elements. One end of each of the strip lines is connected to one another at a point where the RF signal is supplied and other end of each of the strip lines is connected to the corresponding mixing element. A length of each of the strip lines is one fourth of a wave length of the IF signal.

Abstract: A mixer and calibration method thereof are provided. A direct conversion receiver comprises a differential loading pair utilizing at least one binary weighted resistor. The binary weighted resistor is adjustable to provide a resistance linear to a digital code, comprising a fixed resistor and an adjustable resistor cascaded to the fixed resistor in parallel. Every increment of the digital code induces an equal increment of the resistance. The magnitude of every incremental resistance is below a negligible ratio of the fixed resistor.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatuses, and combinations and sub-combinations thereof, for down-converting an electromagnetic (EM) signal are described herein. Briefly stated, in embodiments the invention operates by receiving an EM signal and recursively operating on approximate half cycles (½, 1½, 2½, etc.) of the carrier signal. The recursive operations can be performed at a sub-harmonic rate of the carrier signal. The invention accumulates the results of the recursive operations and uses the accumulated results to form a down-converted signal. In an embodiment, the EM signal is down-converted to an intermediate frequency (IF) signal. In another embodiment, the EM signal is down-converted to a baseband information signal. In another embodiment, the EM signal is a frequency modulated (FM) signal, which is down-converted to a non-FM signal, such as a phase modulated (PM) signal or an amplitude modulated (AM) signal.

Abstract: Nanoantennas are formed on a substrate (e.g., silicon) and generate light via interactions with a charged particle beam, where the frequency of the generated light is based in large part on the periodicity of the “fingers” that make up the nanoantennas. Each finger has typical dimensions of less than 100 nm on the shorter side and typically less than 500 nm on the longer, but the size of the optimal longer side is determined by the electron velocity. The charged particle may be an electron beam or any other source of charged particles. By utilizing fine-line lithography on the surface of the substrate, the nanoantennas can be formed without the need for complicated silicon devices.

Abstract: An enhanced programmable automatic level control loop comprising an input for receiving an input RF signal; a level modulator, wherein the level modulator receives the input RF signal and a control signal and wherein the level modulator produces a first signal; a mixer that receives the first signal and mixes it with an LO signal to produce a second signal; a programmable attenuator that receives the second signal and produces an output signal; a level detector that monitors RF power of the output signal and produces a DC voltage proportional to the RF power; and wherein the DC voltage is received at a loop amplifier which produces the control signal.

Abstract: In a mixer circuit 6 connected in common to output sides of an LNA 2 for FM receiving and an LNA 4 for AM receiving, each of a radiofrequency signal output from the LNA 2 for FM receiving and a radiofrequency signal output from the LNA 4 for AM receiving is frequency-converted into an intermediate frequency signal of a lower intermediate frequency for AM broadcast waves. In this way, receiving of an FM broadcast is performed by a low IF system and receiving of an AM broadcast is performed by a single conversion system; the need for separately providing a mixer circuit, a local oscillation circuit and an IF filter for down-mixing of AM broadcast waves is eliminated.

Abstract: A high-frequency circuit includes a dielectric substrate, a stripline formed on a surface of the dielectric substrate, a ground conductor provided on a back surface of the dielectric substrate, in which a pattern cut-out portion through which a part of the back surface of the dielectric substrate is exposed is formed, and a stub having a first end connected to an edge portion of the ground conductor defining the pattern cut-out portion and a second end arranged at a distance from the edge portion.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a mixer comprising with an input stage (100) for receiving and amplifying input signals (VINP, VINN) and an output stage (300) for outputting output signals (Voutp, Voutn). A switching stage (200) is coupled between the input stage (100) and the output stage (300), the switching stage (200) mixing the amplified input signals with a local oscillator signal (vlop, vlon) to produce the output signals (Voutp, Voutn) at the output stage (300). An RC circuit (cop, rop; con, ron) is connected to the output stage (300) and adapted to move the pole of the output signals.

Abstract: This device (12, 14) for mixing radiofrequency signals (RF) comprises: —a mixer circuit (18, 20) adapted to mix at least two signals, one of which is a radiofrequency signal; and —a current mirror circuit (22, 24) receiving signals delivered by the mixer circuit and delivering output signals. Wherein said current mirror circuit (18, 20) has two stages, each with a low pass passive filter.

Abstract: A level comparator supplied with oscillation signal of local oscillator for comparing the signal level of oscillation signal with a certain predetermined threshold value, and a driving section interposed between the output of level comparator and a control section are provided. When the level comparator recognized that the signal level exceeded the threshold value, it puts the driving section into operation for bringing the control section into action.

Abstract: An apparatus for frequency direct conversion reception in a mobile communication terminal and method thereof are disclosed, by which a DC offset can be removed.

Abstract: The invention is related to a receiver and a tuner respectively, particularly to a television receiver or tuner which can be integrated in a single circuit device. The invention is also related to a method for processing RF signal.

Abstract: A rebroadcasting apparatus for mobile media includes a receiving antenna and a transmitting antenna. The signal to be rebroadcast is received with a circularly polarized directional antenna. The transmitting antenna has circular polarization opposite to the polarization of the receiving antenna. Amplifiers and filters may be included between receiving and transmitting antennas to regulate retransmitted signal quality. The transmitting antenna uses one or more bays of quasi-helical dipole radiators excited using manifold feed equipped with tuning paddles. The transmitting antenna may be formed from light-weight sheet metal or other readily mass-produced materials. The transmitting antenna may be housed within an ordinary security camera enclosure or similar radio-transparent housing.

Abstract: A tuner architecture is disclosed that mixes an analog RF input signal and a digital local oscillator signal to generate a output signal at a desired IF frequency, including low-IF and zero-IF solutions. The tuner provides a number of advantages over previous implementations, such as improved performance for low-IF and zero-IF architectures and a significant reduction in interference between adjacent paths in a multiple tuner solution. Other features and variations can be implemented, if desired, and related methods can be utilized, as well.

Abstract: A method for supporting backward compatibility of Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service (hereinafter referred to as MBMS) in a mobile communication system of Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (hereinafter referred to as WCDMA) is disclosed. An example method recites mapping relationship between the MBMS service identifier and the RAB identifier and judging the capability of the RNC by the SGSN, and accordingly, determining if the MBMS service is backwards compatible and if user equipment is compatible with different versions.

Abstract: The employment of cascoding in connection with improving mixer isolation in a Gilbert mixer circuit is provided. In this vein, there is broadly contemplated herein, inter alia, the provision of a mixer suitable for use in a direct-conversion radio receiver operating in the 57-64 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band. Such a receiver may be integrated along with a transmitter entirely on a silicon integrated circuit and can be used to receive and transmit data signals in such applications as wireless personal-area networks (WPANs). Numerous other applications, of course, are available for a mixer with improved LO-to-RF isolation, particularly at millimeter-wave frequencies where high LO-to-RF isolation is difficult to achieve.

Abstract: A mixer and calibration method thereof are provided. A direct conversion receiver comprises a differential loading pair utilizing at least one binary weighted resistor. The binary weighted resistor is adjustable to provide a resistance linear to a digital code, comprising a fixed resistor and an adjustable resistor cascaded to the fixed resistor in parallel. Every increment of the digital code induces an equal increment of the resistance. The magnitude of every incremental resistance is below a negligible ratio of the fixed resistor.

Abstract: An improved receiver architecture and method for a wireless transceiver (e.g. for a headphone) is provided whereby the receiver, advantageously, enables the use of only one synthesizer circuit for both the RF-to-IF and IF-to-base band conversion processes which, in turn, provides for lower power consumption. The receiver includes an injection locked local receiver oscillator (Rx LO) which is used for the first mixing stage (i.e. the RF-to-IF conversion). The Rx LO 105 is thereby able to use a high-level harmonic of a relatively low reference frequency signal produced by that synthesizer (e.g. a fractional-N phase locked loop circuit (PLL)). The receiver further includes a tunable Q-enhanced IF filter 110 and complex sub-sampling and mixing down-conversion circuitry for the second conversion stage (i.e. IF-to-baseband conversion). The sampling frequency used for the second conversion stage is a harmonic of the reference frequency derived from the synthesizer (PLL).

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatuses for down-converting an electromagnetic (EM) signal by aliasing the EM signal, and applications thereof are described herein. Reducing or eliminating DC offset voltages and re-radiation generated when down-converting an electromagnetic (EM) signal is also described herein. Down-converting a signal and improving receiver dynamic range is also described herein.

Abstract: An oscillator is provided that is arranged to function as a simplified receiver. The oscillator has a resonator portion and a non-linear portion, which cooperate to generate an oscillating signal. The resonator portion is positioned to receive a modulated signal. In one configuration, the oscillator operates at a frequency offset from the frequency of the carrier for the modulated signal. In this simple arrangement, the oscillator functions as an active mixer, and generates a product output signal. The output signal is extracted from a high impedance point of the oscillator's non-linear device. The output signal is a demodulated or mixed signal, and may be further processed to detect a data signal.

Abstract: A technique includes selectively coupling impedances to an oscillator to establish a first frequency of operation of the oscillator. The technique includes repeating the selective coupling in a feedback loop to cause the first frequency to be near a second frequency.

Abstract: There are provided an IF signal generating portion 10 for generating an intermediate frequency signal, and an amplitude error correcting portion 15 for setting a gain of an amplitude correcting portion 12 to eliminate an amplitude error between a signal processed by a first signal processing system for an I signal and a signal processed by a second signal processing system for a Q signal when the intermediate frequency signal generated by the IF signal generating portion 10 is selected by switches 7I and 7Q. By correcting an amplitude error using the intermediate frequency signal generated by the IF signal generating portion 10 in place of an intermediate frequency signal generated by processing an actual received signal, it is possible to accurately detect the amplitude error without an influence of a phase error by using a signal which does not include a phase error caused by a variation in elements of mixers 4I and 4Q and a 90° phase shifter 6 themselves.

Abstract: A mixer such as an I/Q mixer, having an amplifier having first and second inputs and an output. The first input corresponding to, for example, an I input, and the second input corresponding to, for example, a Q input. The mixer also including a multiple way (M-way) switch having a single input in communication with the output of the amplifier; a frequency control input; and at least four outputs. The frequency control input is configured to receive a periodic signal, and the M-way switch is configured to switch a signal received on the single input to each of the at least four outputs at a switching frequency that is determined by the periodic signal. The M-way switch is operable to switch the input signal received on the single input to each of the at least four outputs in a serial fashion.

Abstract: Provided are a direct current (DC) offset compensation apparatus and a method thereof. A DC offset compensation apparatus comprises an offset detection block detecting a DC offset, an offset compensation block operating according to an output signal of the offset detection block, and an offset compensation amplifying block controlled according to an output signal of the offset compensation block. Particularly, the offset compensation block comprises a counter that counts polarities of DC offsets for a predetermined period, a controller that comprises first to fourth mode units respectively operating fast down-compensation, regular down-compensation, fast up-compensation, and regular up-compensation modes, and a control device that controls the execution of one selected among the first to fourth mode units based on a value counted by the counter, and a register storing data to control the offset compensation amplifying block based on the one mode unit determined by the controller.

Abstract: A method and device for transmitting data in the form of a series of blocks in which each block of data is subjected to a frequency conversion in order to be transmitted at a carrier frequency. The method includes inserting a sequence of padding data between a first block of data intended to be transmitted at a first carrier frequency and a second block of data intended to be transmitted at a second carrier frequency, and transmitting the padding data while the frequency changes from the first carrier frequency to the second carrier frequency.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatuses, and combinations and sub-combinations thereof, for down-converting an electromagnetic (EM) signal are described herein. Briefly stated, in embodiments the invention operates by receiving an EM signal and recursively operating on approximate half cycles (½, 1½, 2½, etc.) of the carrier signal. The recursive operations can be performed at a sub-harmonic rate of the carrier signal. The invention accumulates the results of the recursive operations and uses the accumulated results to form a down-converted signal. In an embodiment, the EM signal is down-converted to an intermediate frequency (IF) signal. In another embodiment, the EM signal is down-converted to a baseband information signal. In another embodiment, the EM signal is a frequency modulated (FM) signal, which is down-converted to a non-FM signal, such as a phase modulated (PM) signal or an amplitude modulated (AM) signal.

Abstract: Disclosed is a receiver system, capable of receiving RF signals on television channels of multiple bandwidths. The receiver system includes a tuner, an analog IF filter, an ADC, a mixer module, one or more digital filters, an AGC module and a controller. The tuner converts an RF signal into an IF signal using a mixer frequency. The analog IF filter filters out a fixed band signal from the IF signal. The ADC module converts the fixed band signal into a digital signal, which is filtered by digital filters. The output of the digital filters is converted to a base band signal and the power level of the base band signal is controlled by the AGC module. The controller selects a mixer frequency from a group of mixer frequencies based on a function of power of the output of the AGC module by applying each mixer frequency to the tuner.

Abstract: Aspects of a method and system for using a microstrip to switch circuits in CMOS applications may include generating a second signal from a first signal by frequency-translating the first signal by switching a first current associated with the first signal between a first signal path and a second signal path. The switched first current may be filtered via a microstrip filter that may be tuned to a desired frequency component of the frequency-translated first signal, and the second signal may be generated from the difference between the voltage of the first signal path and the second signal path.

Abstract: A downconverter is provided. The downconverter includes a I mixer and a Q mixer. Each mixer includes a transconductance stage and a mixer core stage. The outputs of the transconductance stages of the mixers are shorted together, and a resistors are arranged in series with an input of the mixer core stages.

Abstract: Aspects of a method and system for a distributed transceiver for high frequency applications may include generating a second signal from a first signal by frequency-translating the first signal via a plurality of conversion stages. Each of the plurality of conversion stages may frequency-translate a corresponding input signal by a local oscillator frequency or by a fraction of said local oscillator frequency, and each of the plurality of conversion stages may comprise a multiplier and a notch filter. The first signal may be the corresponding input signal to an initial stage of a the plurality of conversion stages, an output signal of a previous one of the plurality of conversion stages may be the corresponding input signal to a subsequent one of the plurality of conversion stages, and the second signal may be an output signal of a final stage of the plurality of conversion stages.

Abstract: Aspects of a method and system for a distributed transceiver for high frequency applications may include generating a second signal from a first signal by frequency-translating the first signal via a plurality of conversion stages. Each of the plurality of conversion stages may frequency-translate a corresponding input signal by a local oscillator frequency or by a fraction of said local oscillator frequency. The first signal may be the corresponding input signal to an initial stage of a the plurality of conversion stages, an output signal of a previous one of the plurality of conversion stages may be the corresponding input signal to a subsequent one of the plurality of conversion stages, and the second signal may be an output signal of a final stage of the plurality of conversion stages.

Abstract: An ultra-wide band (UWB) waveform receiver with noise cancellation for use in a UWB digital communication system. The UWB receiver uses a two-stage mixing approach to cancel noise and bias in the receiver. Self-jamming is prevented by inverting a portion of the received signal in the first mixer and then coherently detecting the partially and synchronously inverted signal in the second mixer. Since the drive signals on both mixers are not matched to the desired signal, leakage of either drive signal does not jam the desired signal preventing the receiver from detecting and decoding a weak signal.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a quadrature divider which may be used in a phase locked loop or frequency synthesiser or with a single side band mixer. According to a preferred embodiment the divider takes a quadrature input and has a quadrature output. The divider has four analog mixers 1, 2, 3 and 4. The first two mixers 1, 2 take the in-phase quadrature input, while the second mixers 3, 4 take the quadrature-phase quadrature input. The outputs and feedback loops of the mixers are properly arranged such that the in-phase and quadrature-phase outputs of the divider have a determinisitic phase sequence relationship based on the phase sequence relationship of the corresponding quadrature inputs. Third order harmonics may be minimised or reduced by addition or subtraction of the mixer outputs. As the divider is able to take a quadrature input, there is no need for a dummy divider in the phase locked loop, thus saving space and power.

Abstract: The invention relates to an imaging device to be used with millimeter and/or sub-millimeter radiation comprising at least a pair of substrates, at least one of which is patterned on at least one surface with a patterning defining at least one radiation detector, each radiation detector comprising: an antenna adapted to receive millimeter and/or sub-millimeter electromagnetic radiation, a mixer channel coupled to said antenna and in communication with a via extending through a substrate for connection to a signal output, a mixer comprising filters being mounted in the mixer channel for extracting an intermediate frequency signal in dependence upon said radiation received by the antenna, a waveguide structure coupled to said mixer and having a signal input for connection to a local oscillator.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus to implement receiver linearity enhancement are described. One example method includes controlling receiver gain by determining a level of a received signal that is to be provided to a radio frequency component; determining if the level of the received signal would cause the radio frequency components internally generated noise to increase; and when the level of the received signal would cause the radio frequency components internally generated noise to increase, reducing the level of the received signal prior to providing the received signal to the radio frequency component.

Abstract: In an exemplary embodiment, a circuit is disclosed comprising a plurality of inputs, each input to receive a radio frequency waveform from a plurality of differential input waveforms having different phases; and an inverter circuit to invert a waveform from the plurality of differential inputs waveforms to a substantially same phase as a non-inverted input waveform. The circuit further comprises a combiner node to combine the inverted and the non-inverted input waveforms into an output waveform.

Abstract: A radio circuit includes a mixing module, a first adjustable resonant circuit and a second adjustable resonant circuit. The mixing module is coupled to mix a first signal having a first carrier frequency with a second signal having a second carrier frequency to produce a mixed signal having a frequency sum component and a frequency difference component. The first adjustable resonant circuit is tuned to resonant at a frequency corresponding to one of the frequency sum component and the frequency difference component. The second adjustable resonant circuit is tuned to resonant at a frequency corresponding to another one of the frequency sum component and the frequency difference component, wherein the first and second adjustable resonant circuits alter the mixed signal to produce a converted signal.

Abstract: A mixer of a homodyne RF receiver made from a CMOS process is provided. The mixer comprises a gain stage, a switch stage and a load stage. The gain stage receives a differential-typed RF signal and generating a first gained signal. The switch stage mixes the first gained signal and a LO signal to direct down-convert into a modulated signal. The load stage comprises a first transistor, an impedance element and a second transistor. The first transistor provides a low impedance to permit the modulated signal entering the load stage. The second transistor provides a high impedance to resist signals. The load stage converts the modulated signal to a second gained signal according to a first gain coefficient of the impedance element. The first transistor is a parallel pnp BJT, and the second transistor is a vertical npn bipolar BJT.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatuses, for down-converting and up-converting an electromagnetic signal. In embodiments the invention operates by receiving an EM signal and recursively operating on approximate half cycles of the carrier signal. The recursive operations can be performed at a sub-harmonic rate of the carrier signal. The invention accumulates the results of the recursive operations and uses the accumulated results to form a down-converted signal. In embodiments, up-conversion is accomplished by controlling a switch with an oscillating signal, the frequency of the oscillating signal being selected as a sub-harmonic of the desired output frequency. When the invention is being used in the frequency modulation or phase modulation implementations, the oscillating signal is modulated by an information signal before it causes the switch to gate the bias signal. The output of the switch is filtered, and the desired harmonic is output.

Abstract: A mixer is disclosed having an output stage with an amplifier or gain device configured in a feedback loop to maintain a virtual ground at the input to the gain device. The gain device provides significant dynamic range, gain, and the appropriate impedance matching to insure a low noise output signal of a desired magnitude. Use of an amplifying output stage removes the dependence between mixer gain and mixer configuration, such as mixer bias resistor value, while concurrently overcome undesirable flicker noise that results from use of active devices in the mixer bias structure. A stable virtual ground at the mixer output and gain device input provides linearity over frequency. The gain device may comprises an operational amplifier or trans-resistance/trans-conductance device.

Abstract: A communication system comprising a multi-protocol, multi-bearer sub-system is described herein. The sub-system is a universal platform module that can transmit and receive one or more information signals in one or more protocols using one or more bearer services. In one embodiment, the sub-system may form a portion of a transceiver that is composed of a transmitter and a receiver, and which is a gateway server between a personal area network (PAN) and the global wireless network.

Abstract: An amplifier circuit for amplifying an input signal to generate an amplifier output signal incorporates a cascaded series of reflection amplifiers arranged along a signal path and operative to amplify signals propagating in a forward direction along the signal path. The circuit is operative to counteract signal propagation in a reverse direction along the signal path, thereby hindering spontaneous oscillation from arising within the circuit. Incorporation of reflection amplifiers into the circuit enables it to provide high gain, for example 50 dB, while consuming low currents, for example, tens of microamperes. The circuit is especially suitable for use at intermediate frequencies in radio receivers such as mobile telephones.