Abstract: A repaired polycrystalline diamond cutter and method for fabricating the same. The cutter includes a damaged substrate that includes at least one void therein, a polycrystalline diamond table coupled to the damaged substrate, and a paste compound disposed within the voids formed about the damaged substrate. The damaged substrate and the paste compound collectively form a full circumference. The method includes obtaining a damaged cutter that includes a polycrystalline diamond table coupled to a damaged substrate having at least one void formed therein, applying a paste compound within the at least one void, melting the paste compound via induction heating, bonding the paste compound to the substrate and forming a processed PDC cutter, and grinding at least a portion of the paste compound from the processed PDC cutter to form the repaired cutter.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a polycrystalline diamond compact includes a substrate, and a polycrystalline diamond (“PCD”) table bonded to the substrate and including an exterior working surface, at least one lateral surface, and a chamfer extending between the exterior working surface and the at least one lateral surface. The PCD table includes bonded diamond grains defining interstitial regions. The PCD table includes a first region adjacent to the substrate and a second leached region adjacent to the first region and extending inwardly from the exterior working surface to a selected depth. At least a portion of the interstitial regions of the first region include an infiltrant disposed therein. The interstitial regions of the second leached region are substantially free of metal-solvent catalyst. The second region is defined by the exterior working surface, the lateral surface, the chamfer, and a generally horizontal boundary located below the chamfer.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates in one aspect to a cutting element comprising a substrate and a cutting layer disposed on a surface of the substrate. The cutting layer comprises an ultra hard material. The substrate comprises tungsten carbide and a metal binder. The substrate has a magnetic saturation value in the range of from 80 to less than 85%. In another aspect, the magnetic saturation value may increase within the substrate along a gradient, wherein proximal to the interface with the cutting layer, the substrate has a magnetic saturation value in the range of from 80 to less than 85%. Also included are drill bits incoiporating such cutting elements. Additionally, the present disclosure relates to methods of manufacturing cutting elements.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a cutting tool insert comprising a body of cemented carbide, cermet, ceramics, high speed steel (HSS), polycrystalline diamond (PCD) or polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN), a hard and wear resistant coating is applied, grown by physical vapour deposition (PVD) such as cathodic arc evaporation or magnetron sputtering. Said coating comprises at least one layer of (ZrxAl1-x)N with of 0.45<x<0.85 and 0.90?y<1.30 with a thickness between 0.5 and 10 ?m. Said layer has a nanocrystalline microstructure consisting of a single cubic phase or a mixture of hexagonal and cubic phases. The insert is particularly useful in metal cutting applications generating high temperatures with improved crater wear resistance.

Abstract: A surface-coated cutting tool according to the present invention includes a base material and a coating film formed on the base material. The coating film includes at least one TiCN layer. The TiCN layer has a columnar crystal region. The columnar crystal region is characterized by having a composition of TiCxNy(in which 0.65?x/(x+y)?0.90), having a (422) plane having a plane spacing of 0.8765 ? to 0.8790 ? and having TC (220) showing a maximum value in an orientation index TC (hkl).

Abstract: A method of processing a polycrystalline diamond material is disclosed. According to the method, a metal-solvent catalyst is leached from a polycrystalline diamond material by exposing at least a portion of the polycrystalline diamond material to a leaching composition. The leaching composition includes water, a complexing agent, and hydrofluoric acid.

Abstract: The inventive chemical-mechanical polishing system comprises a polishing component, a liquid carrier, and a polyether amine. The inventive method comprises chemically-mechanically polishing a substrate with the aforementioned polishing system.

Abstract: An insert for a rolling cone drill bit includes a base portion having a central axis. The base portion is configured to be seated in a mating socket in a cone cutter of the rolling cone drill bit. In addition, the insert includes a cutting portion extending from the base portion. The base portion has a radially outer surface including a non-cylindrical axial retention feature configured to prevent the insert from moving axially out of the mating socket or a non-cylindrical torque holding feature configured to prevent the insert from rotating relative to the cone cutter.

Abstract: A high temperature bonded abrasive includes alumina abrasive grits, and a vitreous bond matrix in which the alumina abrasive grits are distributed, the vitreous bond matrix having a cure temperature not less than 1000° C.

Abstract: An abrasive particle having an irregular surface, wherein the surface roughness of the particle is less than about 0.95. A method for producing modified abrasive particles, including providing a plurality of abrasive particles, providing a reactive coating on said particles, heating said coated particles; and recovering modified abrasive particles.

Abstract: A method of making a polycrystalline diamond cutting element includes placing a body of polycrystalline diamond including a matrix phase of bonded together diamond grains and a plurality of empty interstitial spaces between the bonded together diamond grains adjacent a first substrate material to form an assembly and subjecting the assembly to high pressure/high temperature conditions that include an initial pressure ramping, a pressure hold, and a second pressure ramping.

Abstract: In an outer blade cutting wheel comprising an annular thin disc base of cemented carbide having an outer diameter of 80-200 mm, an inner diameter of 30-80 mm, and a thickness of 0.1-1.0 mm, and a blade section disposed on an outer periphery of the base, the blade section comprises diamond grains and/or CBN grains bound with a metal bond having a Young's modulus of 0.7-4.0×1011 Pa and has a thickness which is greater than the thickness of the base by at least 0.01 mm. The outer blade cutting wheel is capable of cutting a workpiece at a high accuracy and a reduced allowance, improves machining yields, and reduces machining costs.

Abstract: An abrasive article has a body including an abrasive portion with a bond material, abrasive particles contained in the bond material, and a reinforcing member contained in the body. The abrasive portion can have a fracture propagation toughness WOF of at least about 5 kJ/m2. The reinforcing member can have openings with an open area of not greater than about 100 mm2 within a major plane of the reinforcing member.

Abstract: A rolling cone drill bit for drilling a borehole in earthen formations includes a bit body having a bit axis. In addition, the rolling cone drill bit includes a rolling cone cutter mounted on the bit body and having a cone axis of rotation. The cone cutter includes a cone body, a plurality of teeth arranged in a first inner row, and a plurality of inserts. Each insert is disposed within one tooth in the first inner row.

Abstract: A polishing agent of the invention comprises tetravalent metal hydroxide particles, a cationized polyvinyl alcohol, at least one type of saccharide selected from the group consisting of an amino sugar, a derivative of the amino sugar, a polysaccharide containing an amino sugar and a derivative of the polysaccharide, and water. The method for polishing a substrate of the invention comprises a step of polishing the silicon oxide film 1 (film to be polished), formed on the silicon substrate 2 having the silicon oxide film 1, by relatively moving the silicon substrate 2 and a polishing platen, in a state that the silicon oxide film 1 is pressed against a polishing pad on the polishing platen, while supplying the polishing agent of the invention between the silicon oxide film 1 and the polishing pad.

Abstract: Shaped abrasive particles comprising a ceramic and comprising a first plate integrally joined to a second plate at a predetermined angle?.

Abstract: Polycrystalline compacts include smaller and larger hard grains that are interbonded to form a polycrystalline hard material. The larger grains may be at least about 150 times larger than the smaller grains. An interstitial material comprising one or more of a boride, a carbide, a nitride, a metal carbonate, a metal bicarbonate, and a non-catalytic metal may be disposed between the grains. The compacts may be used as cutting elements for earth-boring tools such as drill bits, and may be disposed on a substrate.

Abstract: An abrading tool includes a base member having a support portion defining a first level, and a plurality of integral raised islands extending upwardly above the first level. The base member may be formed of metal or a non-conductive material. The islands are spaced apart from one another. Each island includes a respective tip portion. The distance between adjacent islands may be greater than the width of a single island. An abrasive composite material, including a carrier material and particles of an abrasive material, is affixed to the tip portions of at least some of the islands. The abrasive material may be applied by electroplating, electroless plating, brazing or another method. The abrasive material is applied only to the tip portion of the islands, such that the first level of the support portion is substantially free of the abrasive material. Methods of making the abrading tool are also described.

Abstract: Polycrystalline compacts include a polycrystalline material comprising a plurality of inter-bonded grains of hard material, and a metallic material disposed in interstitial spaces between the inter-bonded grains of hard material. At least a portion of the metallic material comprises a metal alloy that includes two or more elements. A first element of the two or more elements comprises at least one of cobalt, iron, and nickel. A second element of the two or more elements comprises at least one of dysprosium, yttrium, terbium, gadolinium, germanium, samarium, neodymium, and praseodymium. The metal alloys may comprise eutectic or near-eutectic compositions, and may have relatively low melting points. Cutting elements and earth-boring tools include such polycrystalline compacts. Methods include the formation of such polycrystalline compacts, cutting elements, and earth-boring tools.

Abstract: A system for leaching a polycrystalline diamond (PCD) cutter element having a PCD table and a substrate, the system including a housing having an open first end and a closed second end and a lid removably and sealingly attached the first end of the housing. The housing and the lid define an inner chamber extending between the first end and the second end, and the inner chamber is configured to receive and hold a volume of liquid acid therein. In addition, the system includes a cutter element holder disposed within the inner chamber, wherein the PCD cutter element is suspended above the volume of liquid acid in the inner chamber with the holder.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a chemical mechanical polishing conditioner, comprising: (A) providing a non-planar substrate; (B) providing a binding layer disposed on the surface of the non-planar substrate; (C) providing a plurality of abrasive particles embedded in a surface of the binding layer, and (D) heat curing the binding layer, such that the non-planar substrate is deformed into a planar substrate during curing the binding layer, and the abrasive particles are fixed to a surface of the planar substrate by the binding layer; wherein, after step (D), tips of the abrasive particles have a leveled height. Therefore, the present can effectively improve the problem of thermal deformation of the substrate of the chemical mechanical polishing conditioner during a heat curing process, and enhance surface flatness of the chemical mechanical polishing conditioner.

Abstract: Abrasive compacts, in particular ultrahard polycrystalline abrasive compacts, are made under high pressure/high temperature conditions and are characterized in that they include a coarser grained fraction of ultrahard particles distributed non-percolatively throughout a finer grained fraction of ultrahard particles, which may be regarded as a finer grained ultrahard particle matrix, in such a way that the individual coarser grains are largely isolated from one another. It therefore performs as a matrix of highly wear resistant finer grained material interspersed with larger grains, offering a structure that has advantageous wear and impact performance over the behaviours of the two components individually or otherwise combined.

Abstract: A diamond construction may include a diamond body comprising a plurality of bonded-together diamond crystals forming a matrix phase, and a plurality of interstitial regions disposed between the bonded-together diamond crystals, the diamond body comprising: a first diamond region extending a depth from a surface of the diamond body being substantially free of a catalyst material used to form the diamond body, wherein the first diamond region comprises the matrix phase and in at least a portion of the plurality of interstitial spaces, the first diamond region comprises a metal carbide and an inert metal, wherein the metal carbide is formed as a result of reaction between the diamond crystals in the matrix phase and a carbide-forming metal; and a second diamond region adjacent the first diamond region comprising the matrix phase and a Group VIII metal in the interstitial regions.

Abstract: Wear resistance and chipping resistance are both highly established for a surface-coated cutting tool. The surface-coated cutting tool of the present invention includes a base material and a coat film formed on the base material. A first coat layer at a chamfer portion has residual stress that exhibits a minimal value at a depth A within 2 ?m from the surface, and that is greater than or equal to ?7 GPa and less than or equal to ?1 GPa.

Abstract: An abrasive article includes a body having abrasive grains contained within a bond material comprising a metal or metal alloy, wherein the body comprises a ratio of VAG/VBM of at least about 1.3, wherein VAG is the volume percent of abrasive grains within the total volume of the body and VBM is the volume percent of bond material within the total volume of the body.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to cutting tool edges that include on a rake face a superabrasive layer and a HPHT sintered or HPHT bonded cap layer. The cap layer improves adhesion between the superabrasive layer and an optional coating system for the cutting insert and acts as a thick anti-friction layer and/or a thermal barrier coating.

Abstract: An electroplated wheel comprises a metal base formed to a disc shape and rotationally driven about a rotational axis and a superabrasive grain layer formed to have numerous superabrasive grains fixed by plating on a belt section that extends in a predetermined width on an outer peripheral portion of the metal base. In the electroplated wheel, a plurality of masking portions having no superabrasive grains electrodeposited thereat are formed of gel adhesive fixed as dots to be larger than the superabrasive grains by a dispenser at intersection points of a plurality of concentric array circles imaginarily drawn concentrically of the rotational axis to divide the belt section at equal intervals and a plurality of width-direction array lines imaginarily drawn from one end toward the other end of the belt section to divide the belt section at equal intervals in a circumferential direction.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention relate to polycrystalline diamond compacts (“PDCs”) and methods of fabricating polycrystalline diamond tables and PDCs in a manner that facilitates removal of metal-solvent catalyst used in the manufacture of polycrystalline diamond tables of such PDCs.

Abstract: Diamond bonded constructions comprise a polycrystalline diamond body having a matrix phase of bonded-together diamond grains and a plurality of interstitial regions between the diamond grains including a catalyst material used to form the diamond body disposed within the interstitial regions. A sintered thermally stable diamond element is disposed within and bonded to the diamond body, and is configured and positioned to form part of a working surface. The thermally stable diamond element is bonded to the polycrystalline diamond body, and a substrate is bonded to the polycrystalline diamond body. The thermally stable diamond element comprises a plurality of bonded-together diamond grains and interstitial regions, wherein the interstitial regions are substantially free of a catalyst material used to make or sinter the thermally stable diamond element. A barrier material may be disposed over or infiltrated into one or more surfaces of the thermally stable diamond element.

Abstract: The invention relates to hard-metal body comprising a hard-metal, the hard-metal comprising tungsten carbide grains and metal binder comprising cobalt having a concentration of tungsten dissolved therein, the body comprising a surface region adjacent a surface and a core region remote from the surface, the surface region and the core region being contiguous with each other; the mean binder fraction of the core region being greater than that of the surface region; the mean carbon concentration within the binder being higher in the surface region than in the core region; to tools comprising same and methods of making same.

Abstract: The invention concerns a cutting tool comprising a main body and a multi-layer coating applied thereto. To provide improved cutting tools which have increased resistance to comb cracking, tribochemical wear and cratering caused thereby the main body comprises a hard metal which includes 5 to 8% by weight of Co, 0 to 2% by weight of TaC, 0 to 1% by weight of NbC and 89 to 95% by weight of WC with a mean grain size of 1 to 5 ?m, and the coating has a first layer of TiAlN having a layer thickness of 1 to 5 ?m, and a second layer of aluminum oxide having a layer thickness of 1 to 4 ?m, wherein the coating further additionally includes on the second layer of aluminum oxide n alternately mutually superposedly applied layers of TiAlN and layers of aluminum oxide respectively having a layer thickness of 0.1 to 0.5 ?m, wherein n relates to each individual layer and is an even number of 0 to 10, and wherein the total layer thickness of the coating is 2 to 16 ?m and the coating is produced in the PVD process.

Abstract: Thermally stable diamond bonded construction comprise a diamond bonded body including a thermally stable region, comprising a plurality of diamond grains bonded together by a reaction product of the diamond grains with a reactant such as Si, and a polycrystalline diamond region, comprising intercrystalline bonded diamond and a catalyst material. The body further comprises a ceramic compound formed by reaction of an Nb, Zr, Ti, or Mo getter material with a gaseous element generated during HPHT sintering of the diamond bonded body. The diamond bonded body may comprise from 0.1 to 15 percent by weight of the ceramic compound. The diamond bonded body can be formed during a single HPHT process operated at different temperatures when the reactant has a melting temperature above the catalyst material. The construction may include a metallic substrate attached to the diamond bonded body to facilitate use as a wear or cutting element.

Abstract: A method includes: providing a mold having a plurality of mold cavities, wherein each mold cavity is bounded by a plurality of faces joined along common edges; filling at least some of the mold cavities with a sol-gel composition that includes a release agent dispersed therein; at least partially drying the sol-gel composition thereby forming shaped ceramic precursor particles; calcining at least a portion of the shaped ceramic precursor particles to provide calcined shaped ceramic precursor particles; and sintering at least a portion of the calcined shaped ceramic precursor particles to provide ceramic shaped abrasive particles. A sol-gel composition, shaped ceramic precursor particles, and ceramic shaped abrasive particles associated with practice of the method are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to crystalline cerium oxide prepared in a simple, economical, and efficient manner, of which crystal structure, shape, and size can be easily adjusted and that exhibits excellent polishing properties, and a preparation method thereof. The crystalline cerium oxide can be prepared as sub-micron crystalline cerium oxide that has a mean volume diameter and a diameter standard deviation within a predetermined range.

Abstract: A method for hardfacing a drill bit includes applying a hardfacing material to a matrix metal forming the substrate of the drill bit. The hardfacing material is applied using a plasma arc welding process. A metallurgical bond is formed between the matrix metal and the hardfacing material. The matrix metal may include tungsten carbide and a braze filler metal.

Abstract: A self-bonded foamed abrasive article and a method of machining using such an article. The machining method includes providing a workpiece having a worksurface and removing material from the worksurface by moving an abrasive relative to the worksurface, wherein the abrasive comprises a foamed abrasive body consisting of abrasive grains and a porosity of at least about 66 vol %.

Abstract: A hard coating film formed on a surface of a predetermined member and having excellent wear resistance and adhesion resistance, the hard coating film includes: a three-layer structure composed of a third layer formed in contact with the surface of the predetermined member, a second layer formed on the third layer, and a first layer formed on the second layer to constitute the surface; the first layer being made of (Cr1-a-bBa(SiC)b)(CcOdN1-c-d) [provided that SiC is silicon carbide, and a, b, c and d are atomic ratios in ranges of 0?a?0.2, 0.01?b?0.2, 0?c?0.5 and 0?d?0.3, respectively; the second layer being made of AlCrN or AlCrDN [provided that D includes either one kind of elements of a Group IVa, a Group Va and a Group VIa (except Cr) of a Periodic Table of Elements and Y, or SiC (silicon carbide)]; and the third layer being made of nitride, carbon nitride or carbide of metals including elements of one kind or more kinds of Al, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr and W.

Abstract: A polishing slurry including an oxidant, a metal oxide dissolver, a metal inhibitor and water and having a pH from 2 to 5. The polishing slurry having a high metal-polishing rate, reducing etching rate and polishing friction, results in the production, with high productivity, of semiconductor devices reduced in dishing and erosion in metal wiring.

Abstract: A downhole cutting tool for drilling a borehole in an earthen formation may include a tool body having a tool axis and a direction of rotation about the tool axis; at least two blades attached to the tool body, the at least two blades having a leading face facing the direction of rotation of the tool body about the tool axis, a trailing face facing away from the direction of rotation of the tool body about the tool axis, and a formation facing surface extending between the leading face and the trailing face; and a plurality of cutting elements disposed on the at least two blades, each cutting element having a radial distance from the tool axis; wherein at least one blade, at its formation facing surface, comprises, between two radially adjacent cutting elements on the at least one blade, a raised depth of cut feature for each cutting element on the other of the at least two blades that are at radial distances from the tool axis intermediate the radial distances from the tool axis of the radially adjacent cutt

Abstract: The present invention relates to a thermally curable liquid resin composition capable of being used in the manufacture of abrasive articles, and to the resulting abrasive articles.

Abstract: The invention provides a laminate capable of polishing and grinding the surface of a material having a high hardness such as diamond, sapphire or hard carbon film, rapidly and in a simplified manner with high planarity and high accuracy, utilizing the high adhesiveness to substrates, the hardness and the surface planarity that a carbon film has, but using neither diamond abrasive grains nor alkali slurry. The laminate comprises a substrate and a carbon layer provided on the substrate, wherein the carbon layer comprises a diamond fine grain provided on the substrate and crushed by impact given thereto, a formation/growth inhibiting material that inhibits the formation of an impurity inhibiting the growth of a carbon grain and/or inhibits the growth of a carbon grain, and a carbon grain, and an amount (amount per unit volume) of the formation/growth inhibiting material decreases from a lower layer toward an upper layer on the substrate side.

Abstract: The invention relates to a cutting tool having a substrate base body and a single or multi-layered coating attached thereupon, wherein at least one layer of the coating is a metal oxide layer produced in the PVD process or in the CVD process and the metal oxide layer has a grain structure wherein there is structural disorder within a plurality of the existing grains that are characterized in that in electron diffraction images of the grains, point-shaped reflections occur up to a maximum lattice spacing dGRENZ and for lattice spacing greater than dGRENZ no point-shaped reflections occur, but rather a diffuse intensity distribution typical for amorphous structures.

Abstract: A coated wear-resistant member, as well as a method for making the same, includes a substrate and a coating scheme. The coating scheme has a region of alternating coating sublayers. One coating sublayer is TixAlySi100-x-yN wherein 40 atomic percent?x?80 atomic percent; 15 atomic percent?y?55 atomic percent; 4 atomic percent?100?x?y?15 atomic percent. The other coating sublayer is TipAl100-pN wherein 45 atomic percent?p?100 atomic percent. The method for making a coated wear-resistant member includes the steps of providing the substrate, and depositing the region of alternating coating sublayers.

Abstract: A superabrasive particle, such as cubic boron nitride, and method of making the same are disclosed. A cubic boron nitride particle may have an irregular surface, wherein the surface roughness of said particle is less than about 0.95. The method for producing abrasive particles having a unique surface morphology may comprise the steps of providing a plurality of abrasive particles; blending reactive metal powder with the abrasive particles; compressing the blended components into a pellet; heating said pellet; and recovering modified abrasive particles.

Abstract: Provided is a surface-coated cutting tool combining superior heat resistance, superior wear resistance, and superior lubricity. A surface-coated cutting tool of the present invention includes a substrate and a coating formed on the substrate, and the coating is characterized in that the coating is formed by physical vapor deposition and includes one or more layers, that at least one of the one or more layers is a first coating layer, and that the first coating layer contains aluminum and nitrogen, has a thermal effusivity of 2,000 to 5,000 J·sec?1/2·m?2·K?1, has a thickness of 0.2 to 5 ?m, and has a crystal structure including a hexagonal structure.

Abstract: Provided is a surface-coated cutting tool combining superior heat resistance, superior wear resistance, and superior lubricity with high adhesion between a substrate and a coating. A surface-coated cutting tool of the present invention includes a substrate and a coating formed on the substrate, and the coating is characterized in that the coating is formed by physical vapor deposition and includes one or more layers, that at least one of the one or more layers is a first coating layer, that the first coating layer contains aluminum and nitrogen, has a thermal effusivity of 2,000 to 5,000J·sec?1/2·m?2·K?1, and has a thickness of 0.2 to 5?m, that the first coating layer includes an amorphous region and a crystalline region in order from the substrate side, that the amorphous region is amorphous and has a thickness of 0.01 to 2?m, and that the crystalline region has a crystal structure including a hexagonal structure.

Abstract: A drill bit that includes a bit body having a plurality of blades extending radially therefrom, at least a portion of the plurality of blades comprises a first matrix region comprising a plurality of first carbide particles separated by a first binder phase, each of the first carbide particles comprising a mixture of WC and W2C, and wherein the first matrix region has less than about 5 percent by volume, based on the total volume of the first matrix region, of complex metal carbides dispersed in the first binder phase; and at least one cutting element for engaging a formation disposed on at least one of the plurality of blades.

Abstract: In an embodiment, an abrasive compact includes ultra-hard particles which are sintered, bonded, or otherwise consolidated into a solid body. The compact also includes various physical characteristics having a continuous gradient, a multiaxial gradient, or multiple independent gradients.

Abstract: The present invention relates to PCBN compacts, more specifically, to a PCBN compact comprising cBN; a secondary hard phase selected from the transition metal carbides, nitrides, carbonitrides and mixtures thereof; a superalloy bonding phase; optionally an added transition metal aluminide; and optionally a small amount of a suitable oxide, preferably, aluminum oxide or yt-trium oxide. More particularly, the cBN compact comprises 30 to 70 volume % of a polycrystalline mass of cubic boron nitride particles; 70 to 30 volume % of a matrix phase, and a superalloy. The matrix phase comprises a secondary hard phase selected from a transition metal carbide, nitride, carbonitride and a mixture thereof.

Abstract: A body such as a cutting tool coated with refractory single- or multilayers, wherein specific layers are characterized by a controlled microstructure and phase composition with crystal planes preferably grown in a preferential direction with respect to the surface of the coated body. The coating includes one or several refractory layers of which at least one layer is a dense, fine-grained layer of ?-Al2O3 preferably textured in the (104) direction. The coated tool exhibits excellent surface finish and shows much improved wear and toughness properties compared to prior art objects when used for machining steel, cast iron and, particularly, when machining nodular cast iron. REEXAMINATION RESULTS The questions raised in reexamination proceedings Nos. 90/009,410 and 90/009,666, filed May 5, 2009 and Feb. 24, 2010 respectively, have been considered, and the results thereof are reflected in this reissue patent which constitutes the reexamination certificate required by 35 U.S.C. 307 as provided in 37 CFR 1.