Abstract: A method that improves the training of predictive models. Better trained predictive models make better predictions, and can classify transactions with reduced levels of false positives and false negative. Included is an apparatus for executing a data clean-up algorithm that harmonizes a wide range of real world supervised and unsupervised training data into a single, error-free, uniformly formatted record file that has every field coherent and well populated with information.

Abstract: Certain aspects involve optimizing neural networks or other models for assessing risks and generating explanatory data regarding predictor variables used in the model. In one example, a system identifies predictor variables. The system generates a neural network for determining a relationship between each predictor variable and a risk indicator. The system performs a factor analysis on the predictor variables to determine common factors. The system iteratively adjusts the neural network so that (i) a monotonic relationship exists between each common factor and the risk indicator and (ii) a respective variance inflation factor for each common factor is sufficiently low. Each variance inflation factor indicates multicollinearity among the common factors. The adjusted neural network can be used to generate explanatory indicating relationships between (i) changes in the risk indicator and (ii) changes in at least some common factors.

Abstract: A system and method for generating a submittal register for various construction projects or other items is disclosed. Among other things, the system and method include inputting the construction project specifications in a file format, such as PDF, into a web application interface to convert the specification to a text file, applying an algorithm to the text file based on a set of rules, that are iteratively revised using machine learning, to identify all required submittals, generating a final submittal register, and delivering the final submittal register.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for detecting certain online activities associated with a digital identity. A Digital Identity Network may be monitored for potentially fraudulent activities (such as new account openings and certain transactions) related to an enrolled User identification (User ID) without requiring personally identifying information (PII). Corresponding alerts may be generated and sent to inform the associated user of such suspicious activity so that fraudulent account access or transactions may be prevented.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed relating to improving machine learning classification using both labeled and unlabeled data, including electronic transactions. A computing system may train a machine learning module using a first set of transactions (of any classifiable data) with label information that indicates designated classifications for those transactions and a second set of transactions without label information. This can allow for improved classification error rates, particularly when additional labeled data may not be present (e.g., if a transaction was disallowed, it may not be later labeled as fraudulent or not). The training process may include generating first error data based on classification results for the first set of transactions, generating second error data based on reconstruction results for both the first and second sets of transactions, and updating the machine learning module based on the first and second error data.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for generating alerts in association with a request for credit data or an update to credit data. For example, information identifying an individual may be received from a credit bureau when an individual applies for a product or service from a requesting entity. The requesting entity may be a product or service provider that requests credit data of potential purchasers of its products. An electronic notification may then be sent in association with an event object generated by a notification system that is broadcast for delivery to one or more other systems, where the event object may be broadcast substantially in real time, such as via an enterprise server bus, relative to the requesting entity's initial request.

Abstract: Aspects for international remittances are disclosed herein. A sender initiates a request to remit funds to a recipient. The sender has an account with a first financial institution and the recipient has an account with a second financial institution. The request is communicated to specific bidders that have accounts with both the first and second financial institutions. The bidders submit bids for satisfying a request. When a bid is selected, funds are transferred from the sender's account with the first institution to the bidder's account with the first institution, and from the bidder's account with the second institution to the recipient's account with the second institution.

Abstract: Proposed is an operationally independent clash loss event triggering risk transfer system and a method for risk sharing for a variable number of risk exposure components through the provision of independent risk protection for the risk exposure components by means of a risk transfer structure implemented by circuitry, which captures risk transfers of the exposure to multiple retentions of the components that may occur when two or more of the associated risk exposure components suffer a loss from the occurrence of the same risk event. The system triggers clash loss events simultaneously impacting various layers an/or segments of the risk transfer structure. Furthermore, an event-driven switching device may be deployed for the complementary switching of two coupled, autonomously operated resource-pooling systems, where the operation of the systems remains stable under particularly large losses triggered by the same measurement of a risk event.

Abstract: This application relates to apparatus and methods for automatically determining and providing prices for items for sale in stores or online such as to clear inventor of the items. In some examples, a computing device employs artificial intelligence, such as machine learning models, to determine the pricing of the items. For example, the computing device may employ a forecasting model that determines a forecasted demand for an item based on store inventory and experimental sales of the item. The computing device may also employ an item pricing optimization model that determines a clearance price for the item based at least on the forecasted demand as well as historical data indicating previous price adjustments and sales of the item. In some examples, the item pricing optimization model determines a time period to apply the clearance price to the item. The item may then be placed on sale for the clearance price.

Abstract: Certain embodiments provide a method including obtaining data at a first time using at least one sensor associated with a mobile computing device, the at least one sensor arranged to gather data regarding at least one operating factor for the mobile computing device, the mobile computing device configured to receive market data and execute a trading application. The example method includes analyzing the data obtained from the at least one sensor to determine the at least one operating factor. The example method includes determining a first operating state of the mobile computing device based on the at least one operating factor. The example method includes altering a function of the mobile computing device with respect to the trading application based on the first operating state.

Abstract: System and methods perform identity freezing. A user input requesting halting of operations related to a plurality of accounts or profiles of the user at different local systems is received. In response, a token mapping database is accessed to identify a personally identifiable information (PII) token for the user. A freeze message with the PII token is transmitted to the different local systems to halt operations associated with the plurality of accounts or profiles of the user. Thereafter, at the different local systems, the operations associated with the plurality of accounts or profiles of the user are halted to freeze an identity of the user. More efficient communication and operations to freeze the user accounts and profiles thereby result.

Abstract: Systems and methods for crowdsourcing a condition of collateral are disclosed herein. An example system may include a set of crowdsourcing services by which a crowdsourcing request is communicated to a group of information suppliers and by which responses to the crowdsourcing request are collected and processed to provide a reward to at least one successful information supplier. The example system may further include an interface to the set of crowdsourcing services that enables configuration of parameters of the crowdsourcing request, wherein the crowdsourcing request and the parameters are configured to obtain information related to a condition of a set of collateral for the loan. The example system may further include a set of publishing services that publish the crowdsourcing request.

Abstract: Proposed are concepts for identifying OLAP dimensions from a spreadsheet. Such a concept may determine contents and structure of an OLAP dimension from a spreadsheet using position, formatting, data and formulae. This may, for example, facilitating creation of an OLAP mode in a manner that would otherwise not be possible with the existing tools.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on computer storage media, for machine learning. One of the methods includes receiving an image; providing the image to a neural network model, wherein the neural network model is trained to output predictions of one or more locations within the image and corresponding classifications; extracting text content within one or more of the one or more locations; analyzing the extracted text content using the corresponding classifications to evaluate one or more of external consistency with other data records or internal consistency with content from one or more of the particular locations; and generating one or more outputs based on the analyzing.

Abstract: A system, method and computer program product for receiving information relating to a financial account of an individual from at least one first data provider; receiving information relating to at least one of an identity theft expense reimbursement insurance policy of the individual, a public information relating to the individual, an identity theft risk score of the individual, a credit card registry of the individual, a backup data relating to the individual, a background information of the individual, and a business report relating to the individual, from at least one second data provider; and preparing a report relating to the individual's identity theft based on the information.

Abstract: Multi-graphic display method and computer-readable storage medium are disclosed. In the multi-graphic display method, a processor is used to execute instructions to perform the step of, within a display window, determining the position of each financial graphic, determining a plurality of rectangular sub-regions in the display window so that the financial varieties of the financial graphics contained in the single rectangular sub-region are the same, and setting the financial characteristics of each financial graphic, and setting a financial variety of financial graphics within each of the rectangular sub-regions. In the case where two or more rectangular sub-regions within the display window contain a plurality of periodic financial graphics, the financial characteristics of at least two of the periodic financial graphics between at least two of the rectangular sub-regions are identical.

Abstract: A method can include obtaining a physical commodity that is divided into one or more physical units. The method can further include storing the physical commodity in a secure vault. Additionally, a map can be utilized to subdivide each of the one or more physical units into a plurality of segments. Each of the plurality of segments can be tangible portions of the physical unit that are distinct and identifiable. Subdividing each of the one or more physical units can render the physical units unaltered. Further, the map can be utilized to assign ownership of the plurality of segments to one or more owner users. The method can additionally include receiving an instruction to transfer ownership of a particular segment of the plurality of segments from a particular owner user to a buying user, and assigning in the map ownership of the particular segment to the buying user.

Abstract: In an example embodiment, an item characteristic is received, the item characteristic pertaining to an item being listed for sale, by a seller, via an ecommerce service. Then, a plurality of past transactions of items having the item characteristic are analyzed. Based on this analysis, a first set of one or more optimal listing configuration parameters are identified in accordance with a first set of listing criteria. Then, the first set of one or more identified optimal listing configuration parameters to the seller in a user interface that permits the seller to change one or more listing configuration parameters based on the presentation.

Abstract: Computing devices, systems, and methods for automatically prompting a foreign currency transaction by detecting a trip end condition associated with a registered user with respect to travel to a foreign location associated with a foreign currency. The methods and system may further determine that the registered user has a remaining foreign currency balance, and, as a result, may identify and send to the registered user's mobile device at least one option for using the remaining foreign currency balance. The at least one option may be a merchant offer from a merchant located in the area of the mobile device or may include an option to exchange the foreign currency for another currency. The trip end condition may be detected by determining that the registered user and/or user's mobile device is at an international departure location. The currency exchange may be with another registered user.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described for using data collected by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to generate insurance claim estimates that an insured individual may quickly review, approve, or modify. When an insurance-related event occurs, such as a vehicle collision, crash, or disaster, one or more UAVs are dispatched to the scene of the event to collect various data, including data related to vehicle or real property (insured asset) damage. With the insured's permission or consent, the data collected by the UAVs may then be analyzed to generate an estimated insurance claim for the insured. The estimated insurance claim may be sent to the insured individual, such as to their mobile device via wireless communication or data transmission, for subsequent review and approval. As a result, insurance claim handling and/or the online customer experience may be enhanced.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a computation device. The computation device is configured to perform a machine learning computation, and includes an operation unit, a controller unit, and a conversion unit. The storage unit is configured to obtain input data and a computation instruction. The controller unit is configured to extract and parse the computation instruction from the storage unit to obtain one or more operation instructions, and to send the one or more operation instructions and the input data to the operation unit. The operation unit is configured to perform operations on the input data according to one or more operation instructions to obtain a computation result of the computation instruction. In the examples of the present disclosure, the input data involved in machine learning computations is represented by fixed-point data, thereby improving the processing speed and efficiency of training operations.

Abstract: In a method of preventing fraudulent online financial transactions, a request to authorize an online, financial transaction may be received, where the transaction is associated with a debit or credit card account. A computing device at which information associated with the debit or credit card account was entered for the transaction may be identified, and a first geographic location at which the computing device resides may be determined. Based upon geolocation data indicating one or more geographic locations of the authorized cardholder, it may be determined that the authorized cardholder was at a second geographic location at a time of the transaction. If the second geographic location does not correspond to the first geographic location, the financial transaction may be prevented from being executed.

Abstract: A provider-based platform analytics engine provides real-time analytics to online services for providers. The analytics are integrated into customer-facing interfaces of the online services for providing meaningful real-time information and recommendations to consumers during customer order processing.

Abstract: A browser extension application is configured to collect data relating to the user's browsing activity and display notifications on a user interface. A user can instruct a web browsing application to navigate to a website. The browser extension application can detect a type of the webpage, and based on the type of the webpage, collect certain information relating to what the webpage is asking the user to provide and what the user is providing to the webpage. The browser extension application can transmit this information to a browser extension server. The browser extension server can determine a likelihood that the website is associated with instances of hacking online accounts. The browser extension server can transmit a signal to the browser extension application of the user's computing device. The browser extension application can take an action, e.g., direct the user to another website or log out of the user's account.

Abstract: Apparatus and associated methods relate to presenting for selection services comprising at least one bundled set of healthcare services to be performed separately by respective providers, determining a bundle price for the at least one bundled set of healthcare services, and in response to receiving payment in an amount of the bundle price, generating a purchase data record selectively redeemable to receive each of the at least one bundled set of healthcare services, and transmitting a unique confirmation number generated for the purchase data record. One or more service of the bundled set may be a dental or veterinary service. The bundle price may be based on a location or time at which at least one service will be performed and may be determined using a user's remaining insurance deductible. Payment may be disbursed to multiple providers of the bundled set of healthcare services. A payment may be virtual funds.

Abstract: A device receives comment information that is associated with users and includes comments provided by the users, about an entity, via social media sources, and receives transaction information that is associated with the users and includes financial transactions of the users with the entity. The device determines correlations between the comment information and the transaction information, where the correlations between the comment information and the transaction information provide weights to the comment information to generate weighted comment information. The device generates a prediction about a future stock price of the entity based on the weighted comment information, the transaction information, and the correlations between the comment information and the transaction information, and provides the prediction about the future stock price of the entity for display.

Abstract: In a data processing method executed by a computer: inputting, in a third trained model, first output data corresponding to first input data for a first trained model to obtain second output data, the third trained model being acquired through training in which (i) output data of the first trained model is used as training data, and (ii) output data of a second trained model acquired by converting the first trained model is used as label data; obtaining first label data of the first input data; and retraining the first trained model using first differential data corresponding to differences between the second output data and the first label data.

Abstract: An apparatus for generating an application document is provided. The apparatus retrieves a plurality of candidate questions from at least one database, each of the plurality of candidate questions corresponding to one of a plurality of entities, and each of the plurality of entities being different from each other, removes substantively similar candidate questions among the plurality of candidate questions from the different entities; and generates a graphical user interface by aggregating remaining candidate questions among the plurality of candidate questions after the removal of the substantively similar candidate questions as application questions.

Abstract: A method of detecting whether electronic fraud alerts are false positives includes receiving data detailing a financial transaction, inputting the data into a rules-based engine that determines whether to generate an electronic fraud alert for the financial transaction based upon the data, and, when an electronic fraud alert is generated, inputting the data into a machine learning program trained to identify one or more facts indicated by the data. The method may also include determining whether the identified facts can be verified by customer data and, in response to determining that the facts can be verified, retrieving or receiving first customer data. The method may further include verifying that the electronic fraud alert is not a false positive based upon analysis of the first customer data, and transmitting the verified electronic fraud alert to a mobile device of the customer to alert the customer to fraudulent activity.

Abstract: The disclosed embodiments generally relate to techniques for tailoring messages for network communication. More specifically, the disclosed embodiments relate to systems and methods to provide customized information updates based on recipient preferences. For example, a recipient may prefer receiving updates less frequently than the system creates updates and/or may prefer to receive different levels of data in the updates. In some embodiments, a deltasnap technique is provided which allows for more efficient tailoring of the rate that update messages are provided. In some embodiments, a partitioning technique is provided which allows for more efficient tailoring of the content of update messages. In some embodiments, the deltasnap technique is provided in combination with the partitioning technique which allows for more efficient tailoring of the rate and content of the update messages.

Abstract: Computer-implemented systems and methods enhance a user's sophistication as she/he reviews complex information sources using specialized detective tools provided by a user interface of the computer system. The specialized investigative inquiries are stored in a database and are particularly tailored a priori by a subject-matter content designer for the type of documents being reviewed for risk and opportunity. The investigative scripts are organized into to a path of risk-related subjects or topics, and within each path of subjects/topics the investigative scripts are organized into a specialized inquiry or flow chart.

Abstract: A system and method of managing chargeback risk may include: receiving one or more projected transaction data elements, each comprising information pertaining to projection of future transactions among nodes of a computer network; receiving a plurality of actual transaction data elements, each comprising information pertaining to a respective plurality of actual transactions among nodes of the computer network; receiving one or more merchant profile data elements, each pertaining to a profile of one or more merchants, associated with nodes of the computer network; computing a distribution of chargeback risk for each actual transaction, based on the one or more actual transaction data elements and respective one or more merchant profile data elements; computing a clearance-period (CP) chargeback overage based on distribution of chargeback risk of actual transactions and the projected transaction data elements; and producing a suggestion for managing chargeback risk based on the CP chargeback overage.

Abstract: Systems and techniques are disclosed for accessing accounts associated with a user and estimating a value of an attribute associated with the user based upon the retrieved account information. Transaction data associated with an account at an external user account system is received. The transactions are categorized into transaction groups. For each transaction group, a confidence value that the group is associated with the attribute is estimated, based at least in part upon a distribution of transaction amounts for the transactions of the group over a time period associated with the group. An attribute value is estimated for each group, based at least in part upon the transaction amounts of the transaction of the group. In addition a value of the attribute for a future time period may be predicted based upon the transaction groups.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for carrying out an update management for updating application software on data processing units. The method includes: providing an error model, which indicates a number of errors across software versions of the application software; determining an update sequence for data processing units, depending on their particular software version; and updating the application software or providing an update prompt to update the application software in the data processing units according to the update sequence.

Abstract: According to certain embodiments, a user device comprises a communication interface, an input/output (I/O) interface, and processing circuitry. The processing circuitry is configured to obtain a maximum pre-approval amount, generate a graphical user interface comprising an adjustable pre-approval field that enables a user to select up to the maximum pre-approval amount to include in a pre-approval letter, display the graphical user interface via the I/O interface, and receive an input associated with the adjustable pre-approval field via the I/O interface. The input indicates an adjusted pre-approval amount selected by the user. The processing circuitry is further configured to facilitate generating the pre-approval letter indicating that a customer has been pre-approved for the adjusted pre-approval amount, the pre-approval letter including a pre-authorized signature of a lender and generated without sending the lender the adjusted pre-approval amount.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method for assessing damage to a plurality of properties is provided. After an occurrence of an event that is a potential cause of insured losses, image data depicting an aerial view of the properties may be received from an aerial platform. The image data may be processed to determine a subsequent condition of each property after occurrence of the event. Further, a damage severity level may be determined for each property, and used to display a map depicting different regions having properties with different respective damage severity levels.

Abstract: Machine learning systems and methods are described in regard to automating and acting upon evaluations of hypothetical composite project sites of 2+ disparate land parcels so as to allow a developer, owner, or other stakeholder to see and act upon potential land uses that are not reflected in conventional valuations. Some variants include a feature augmentation protocol for speciating one or more detailed structures feasible for development, a pattern matching protocol for identifying viable composite project sites that might suit a developer's requirements, technologies for accommodating latent preferences, proactive virtual development of co-owned disparate parcels, a notification protocol implementing offers to numerous potential sellers whose responses might affect project viability, wise virtual development and prioritization, or other such innovative configurations.

Abstract: The invention relates to systems and methods for behavioral modification of users in an online community where users store or share data to help one another reach informed decisions. One aspect of the invention provides a method for encouraging active participation in an online community. The method includes: receiving information from a first user regarding a topic, receiving a request from a second user for additional information desired from the first user, and sending a personalized message to the first user requesting the additional information. Another aspect of the invention provides a computer-readable medium whose contents cause a computer to perform a method for encouraging active participation in an online community. The method includes: receiving information from a first user regarding a topic; identifying additional information desired from the first user; and sending a personalized message to the first user requesting the additional information.

Abstract: A method for peer-to-peer prepaid card accounts can create a prepaid card that can receive donations through a QR code disposed on the physical card. Restrictions can also be placed on the card to control where or how the funds may be used. The method can, in response to receiving a request at a card management service to create an account, obtain account information, wherein the account information comprises a user name, an account number, a QR code image, and optionally a biometric data. The account information can be stored as a card account for the user, which is funded by receiving a payment from a second party using the QR code. Then, when a card holder uses the card for a transaction, the card management service can function as an issuer to authorize its use.

Abstract: Techniques to help reduce latency and improve computer performance including managing latency between client computers over a network with server computers including determining configurable time period, communicating quote data to client computers, determining most recent quote data from a cache and determining whether to execute quote data based on quote version data and time data associated with the quote data and based on the configurable time period.

Abstract: A system generates electronic alerts through predictive analysis of resource conversions. The system may continuously monitor executed resource transfers to generate historical resource transfer data. Based on the historical resource transfer data, the system may generate a predicted outcome of executing transfers of resources in a first format compared to transfers of resources in a second format. The predicted outcome may then be implemented by the system to select a resource format for transfers occurring in the future and/or at specified intervals.

Abstract: Methods provide cognitive management of multiple subaccounts wherein processors are configured to determine an expense type for an input of an expense event to a linked account structure that links subaccounts that are each associated to different respective ones of a plurality of group members. In response to determining that the input expense event expense type most-strongly matches an expense type of a nearby in time calendar expense, methods allocate expense costs of the input expense to member subaccounts pursuant to a first expense allocation rule utilized in the nearby calendar event for allocating expenses. In response to determining that the input expense event expense type does not match the expense types of a nearby calendar events, methods further allocate the input expense event costs pursuant to a second expense allocation rule selected as a function matching the input event expense type to behavior data of a member.

Abstract: A payment intermediary vaults credit card data of a consumer for regular, simplified payments to one or more merchants. Consumer authorizes intermediary to charge the credit card so that intermediary can, in turn, pay a selected merchant. Intermediary tracks the interchange fees incurred on the first card transaction (between consumer and intermediary) and then automatically selects a payment card account with a higher interchange rate than that incurred on the first card transaction to pay merchant.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and computer program products are provided for determining an event parameter are provided. Event data can be matched to a grid comprising gridlines and cells defined by the gridlines. The grid can be mapped to a predetermined area. Each cell can comprise a number of events per predetermined time interval. The cells can be sorted into classes based on the number of events occurring during the predetermined time interval to produce a classified data set. Features can be extracted from the classified data set. The extracted features can be processed using a classifier to determine the event parameter for a future time interval in at least one cell of the cells, for example, crime events. The classifier can comprise a neural network. Systems can comprise one or more of a processor, a neural network, and a user interface.

Abstract: There are provided systems and methods for automatic adjustment of limits based on machine learning forecasting. An entity, such as company or other entity, may purchase items utilizing a payment instrument or card provided to the company by a credit provider system or entity. In order to provide proper underwriting for credit extensions, such as balances and limits of extendable credit, the credit provider system may utilize a forecasting machine learning (ML) model trained to predict a future global balance of funds or a likelihood of repayment of the extended credit limit. This may be based on information retrievable balances from a banking system and a staleness of this data. When the data is stale and has not been updated, the forecasted balance may have a wider range, and thus risk factors may designate less risky and lower limits.

Abstract: The present invention provides a system, method, software and data structure for independently predicting attitudinal and message responsiveness, using a plurality of attitudinal or other identification classifications and a plurality of message content or version classifications, for a selected population of a plurality of entities, such as individuals or households, represented in a data repository. The plurality of predictive attitudinal (or identification) classifications and plurality of predictive message content (ore version) classifications have been determined using a plurality of predictive models developed from a sample population and applied to a reference population represented in the data repository, such as attitudinal, behavioral, or demographic models. For each predictive attitudinal (or identification) classification, at least one predominant predictive message content or version classification is independently determined.

Abstract: A system for data collection is disclosed. The system may include a data collection circuit to monitor a status of a loan and the loan's collateral, and a smart contract circuit automatically initiate at a substitution, a removal, or an addition of one or items from the collateral for the loan based on a smart lending contract in response to one of the status of the loan or the status of the collateral for the loan. The system may also include a blockchain service circuit to interpret a plurality of access control features for at least one party associated with the loan and record the substitution, removal, or addition in a distributed ledger for the loan.

Abstract: A computer system receives an indication from a user that the user wishes to perform a mobile wallet transaction to transfer funds to a recipient using a mobile device. The transaction is authenticated by the computer system. The authentication includes receiving login credentials manually entered by the user and determining that the login credentials match stored login credentials for the user. The authentication further includes determining that the mobile device has a device token stored thereon that matches a device token stored in a database of the computer system. The device token uniquely identifies the mobile device in the computer system. The authentication further includes determining that the mobile device has a customer token stored thereon that matches the customer token stored in the database. The customer token uniquely identifying the customer in the computer system. The computer system transmits the funds to the recipient responsive to the authenticating step.

Abstract: A specialized computer matching system programmed to match orders for financial instruments of any type; where orders are matched at a price equal to the best available price or within the best available prices in the market; where priority of matching orders is ranked by price; where orders at the same price may be further ranked based on other attributes; where orders may optionally specify that the order sender is willing to pay a fee to (or receive a rebate by) an Order Matching Entity (i.e., a fee/rebate contingency (FRC)); where an order's optional FRC must be met in order to match the order; and where an order which cannot be matched solely because its FRC rate prevents it from matching with another order temporarily yields priority—other than price priority—to other orders ranked below to permit those orders to be matched.

Abstract: The present invention provides, among other aspects, methods, systems, devices and software products (computer program products) for creating and maintaining a transactional platform and network for offering, providing, selling and purchasing services, content and time.