Abstract: Red amorphous selenium is obtained by precipitating selenium from a solution of selenious acid in methanol or ethanol with hydrazine or a soluble salt thereof at a temperature between about -20.degree. C. and the freezing point of the solution. Furthermore, the stable red amorphous selenium may contain a halogen.

Abstract: In the fabrication of an electrophotographic recording material composed of a photoconductive layer of selenium, at least one selenium alloy, or at least one selenium compound applied to a conductive substrate, the quality and durability of the bond between the layer and the substrate is improved by initially vapor-depositing a thin layer of the photoconductive substance while the substrate temperature is above the glass transformation temperature of the substance, and then vapor-depositing the remainder of the intended layer at a substantially lower substrate temperature.

Abstract: A photosensitive polymeric material having photoelectric properties based on poly-N-vinylamines, which actually comprise poly-N-vinyldiphenylamine, its derivatives, and also copolymers of N-vinyldiphenylamine with N-vinylamines, poly-N-vinylphenothiazine and poly-N-vinylphenoxazine. The polymers are applied onto a electroconductive substrate to give an electrophotographic material. Said polymers are prepared by a method consisting in the interaction between secondary aromatic and heterocyclic amines or their mixtures with simple vinyl ethers in the presence of strong acids or with vinylacetate in the presence of salts of mercury (II) or lead (IV), strong acid and water.

Abstract: A migration imaging system including imaging members comprising a substrate overcoated with a softenable layer, and migration marking material, with the softenable layer having a thin surface skin of material having a higher viscosity than the remainder of the softenable material layer.

Abstract: Red amorphous selenium is obtained by precipitating selenium from a solution of selenious acid in methanol or ethanol with hydrazine or a soluble salt thereof at a temperature between about -20.degree. C. and the freezing point of the solution. Further, the stable red amorphous may contain thallium which may then contain a halogen.

Abstract: Method for achieving free radical initiated copolymerization of an addition monomer having pendant therefrom a strong donor group with an addition monomer having pendant therefrom a strong acceptor group. Copolymers prepared according to this method can be represented by the following formula: ##STR1## wherein R is hydrogen or methyl;R' is hydrogen or methyl;R" is hydrogen or methyl;R'" is selected from the group consisting of --NO.sub.2, halogen, --CN and --CF.sub.3 ;X and Y are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, chlorine, bromine, alkyl of 1 - 4 carbon atoms and phenyl;a and b can range from 0 - 4; andn and m can range from about 5 to about 95 percent.The polymeric compositions prepared according to this method are suitable for use in electrophotography either alone as the primary photoresponsive entity or in combination with other photoconductive materials.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrophotographic color process comprising the steps of: (a) charging an electrophotographic light-sensitive material by corona discharge, said material having at least two kinds of color-producing photoconductive particles disposed at random on an electroconductive support, said color-producing photoconductive particles consisting essentially of a photoconductive particle, a sensitizer and a leuco dye, (b) exposing said charged material to light, (c) developing said material by toner containing acid substance, and producing color in the leuco dye by the interaction of the leuco dye with the acid substance, and forming a color image by carrying out once the procedure of charging, exposing and developing.

Abstract: Process for preparation of a solid phase dispersion of photoconductive materials in an insulating binder matrix from a film forming insulating polymeric resin and an organo-selenium compound capable of undergoing selective decomposition in response to an appropriate stimulus; whereby, elemental selenium is extruded from said organo-selenium compound and deposited in the binder matrix. Because this extrusion/deposition of elemental selenium can be performed selectively, it is possible to prepare binder films having photoconductive image patterns which are suitable for use in range extended and conventional xerography.

Abstract: Disclosed is an improved process for the preparation of an electrostatographic photoreceptor which comprises:A. preparing a free-standing film of an unoriented, organic, active transport material by solvent coating the material onto a non-adherent base and removing at least part of the solvent;B. detaching the film from the base;C. annealing the film above its glass transition temperature to provide a film free of strains;D. vapor depositing a film of a photoconductive material onto the organic film; andE. attaching the film of photoconductive material at its exposed surface to a conductive substrate with an adhesive material.

Abstract: Photoconductive composition comprising an insulating polymeric matrix and a compound of the formula ##STR1## wherein R is hydrogen or nitrile; and R', R" and R'" are independently selected from an aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms; phenyl; or substituted phenyl, said phenyl substituents being capable of releasing electrons to relatively electron deficient centers within the compound; amino; diarylamino; dialkylamino or alkoxy; and n can range from 0 up to the potential number of positions of substitution on the aromatic ring system.These compositions have good spectral response in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum and are suitable for use in electrostatographic imaging members and methods.

Abstract: Disclosed is an improved electrostatographic photoreceptor comprising a conductive substrate covered with an insulating photoconductive material having an organic overcoating on its surface. The overcoating material is a crosslinkable polymeric composition comprised of a first polymer which is the addition polymerization product of methyl methacrylate, n-butylacrylate and acrylic or methacrylic acid and a second polymer which is the addition polymerization product of styrene and maleic anhydride.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive plate having, in order from the bottom up, an electrically conductive substrate, a photosensitizing layer composed of vitreous selenium and tellurium having a thickness of 0.1 to 3 microns, and a top organic layer including polyvinyl carbazole or a derivative thereof, the photosensitizing layer being composed of a first layer of 0.05 to 2 microns in thickness having 60 to 90 weight % of selenium and 40 to 10 weight % of tellurium and a second layer of 0.05 to 1 micron in thickness having a higher concentration of selenium than that of the first layer, and the second layer being positioned between the first layer and the top organic layer. This invention also provides a process of producing a latent electrostatic image on the plate by providing a negative electrostatic charge thereon and exposing the plate to a light image of visible light having a wavelength in the range of 4000 to 8000A.

Abstract: A recording material suited for the photographic production of a conductivity pattern, wherein said material contains a recording layer applied to the surface of a support the surface resistance of which is at least 100 times as small as that of the recording layer and wherein said recording layer contains in intimate admixture:I. at least one ultraviolet radiation-sensitive organic polyhalogen compound from which photolytically halogen-containing free radicals can be separated,Ii. a photoconductive polymer containing N-vinylcarbazole units andIii. as sensitizing agent increasing the conductivity of the recording layer during its photo-exposure an acylamino compound corresponding to the following general formula:R.sub.1 -- CO -- NH -- R.sub.2wherein:R.sub.1 represents an alkyl group or a cycloalkyl group, andR.sub.2 represents an aromatic group.

Abstract: An electrophotographic method comprising image-wise exposing the surface of a support having thereon (a) first photoconductive powders either positively or negatively electrically charged and (b) electroconductive powders having a surface resistivity of 10.sup.10 .OMEGA.sq or less or second photoconductive powders charged in a reverse polarity to that of the first photoconductive powders to form an electrostatic latent image, and then removing either the imagewise exposed or unexposed portion of the powders to form an image.

Abstract: A photoconductive element having at least two layers, namely a charge-generation layer and a charge transport layer, is disclosed. The charge-generation layer contains a finely divided co-crystalline complex of (i) at least one polymer having an alkylidene diarylene group in a recurring unit and (ii) at least one pyrylium-type dye salt. The charge transport layer contains an organic photoconductive charge transport material exhibiting both kinetic and thermodynamic stability. Either one or both of the charge-generation and charge-transport layers of the element also contains a protonic acid material. The resultant photoconductive element exhibits persistent conductivity.

Abstract: An electrostatic recording element suitable for use as a receiving sheet in an electrostatic transfer process, consisting essentially of: a translucent, non-conductive base selected from the group consisting of paper, a polyester film, and a polyvinyl fluoride film; a photoconductive layer on the surface of said base comprising a photoconductive zinc oxide and a dye sensitizer suspended in an insulating resin binder selected from the group consisting of a vinyl acetate - crotonic acid copolymer and epoxy esters; and a dielectric polymer resin film overlying said photoconductive layer selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl acetate, vinyl acetate - crotonic acid copolymer, and acrylonitrile - styrene copolymer.

Abstract: This invention relates to: an electrophotographic recording material consisting of an electroconductive support material and a photoconductive double layer of organic materials which consists of a homogeneous, opaque, charge carrier producing dyestuff layer of a compound corresponding to the general formula ##STR1## WHEREIN M IS 0 OR 1,n is 1 or 2,X is oxygen or imino nitrogen (=N-),R.sub.1 and R.sub.3 which may be the same or different, are hydrogen, an alkyl group with 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an anthra-quinone or benzanthrone group, or --CO--NH--R.sub.5, with R.sub.5 being an anthraquinone group,R.sub.2 and R.sub.4, which may be the same or different, are hydrogen or a single bond directed to the position of a radical in R.sub.1 or R.sub.3, or a single bond which, together with the imino nitrogen, forms part of a pyrazole or pyrimidine ring, andR.sub.1 and R.sub.

Abstract: A sheet feeding apparatus and process wherein a movable member having a sheet receiving surface on its outer periphery includes a cavity. A supply of sheet material is supported within the cavity and feeding means are provided for feeding the sheet material outwardly from the cavity for application to the surface of the movable member. Preferably the sheet receiving surface comprises an electrostatic imaging surface. The process and apparatus may be applied to reproducing machines and processes for forming images on a single side of a sheet; on both sides of a sheet in a single pass; or for forming plural images in superimposed registration on a sheet.

Abstract: An electrophotographic element comprised of a slightly conductive support and an insulating coating thereon comprised of an insulating resin and a substituted aniline photoconductor. An electron acceptor sensitizing agent can also be added to the insulating coating.

Abstract: Process for preparation of a solid phase dispersion of photoconductive materials in an insulating binder matrix from a film forming insulating polymeric resin and an organo-selenium compound capable of undergoing selective decomposition in response to an appropriate stimulus; whereby, elemental selenium is extruded from said organo-selenium compound and deposited in the binder matrix. Because this extrusion/deposition of elemental selenium can be performed selectively, it is possible to prepare binder films having photoconductive image patterns which are suitable for use in range extended and conventional xerography.

Abstract: Process for preparation of block copolymers having photoconductive segments derived from a vinyl monomer and segments derived from a second addition monomer; said addition polymer segment also possibly being photoconductive. A polymer is initially prepared from one of the above monomers whereby the terminal groups of the resultant polymer are capable of generation of free radicals. By the appropriate selection of reaction medium it is possible to use the above free radical generating polymer to initiate polymerization of the second monomer, the polymer of which thereafter precipitates. This polymerization continues in the solid phase thereby preventing free radical decay even after depletion of the second monomer. The free radicals of these "living" polymers are quenched by the addition to the reaction medium of a monomer preferably corresponding to the structural units of the free radical generating polymer.

Abstract: Laminated flexible photoreceptors exemplified by a core or base, a resilient elastomer layer covering the core or base, a shrunk resin film in compressive external contact with the elastomer layer, a charge conductive layer applied to the resin film and a photoconductive layer in blocking contact with the charge conductive layer. The photoreceptors are of generally improved quality producing fewer streaks or spots and with less charge migration in uniform solid areas.

Abstract: This invention relates to electrophotographic recording material comprising an electrically conductive carrier material having thereon a photoconductive multi-layer system of a charge carrier producing dyestuff layer or organic material and an insulating, organic, covering layer thereon with at least one charge carrier transporting compound, said dyestuff layer comprising at least two pigment dyes absorbing in different spectral regions, i.e. in the region of relatively long waves and in the region of relatively short waves.

Abstract: Electrophotographic recording material is disclosed comprising at least one polyphenylenevinylene having a molecular weight greater than 2,000 g/mol and at least one 1,4-bis (styryl) benzene derivative.

Abstract: An electromagnetic radiation sensitive copy medium and method for producing positive or negative copies electrostatically. In a first embodiment the copy medium includes a poled, radiation transmissive, pyroelectric insulative layer, an electrically conductive layer, and a photoconductive layer interposed between and electrically connected with the insulative and conductive layers. A second embodiment includes two insulative layers, a photoconductive layer that is interposed between the insulative layers, and an electrically conductive layer that is juxtaposed with one of the insulative layers. A third embodiment is basically similar to the first embodiment except that it includes a plurality of photoconductive layers, each being sensitive to a single, but different, color of light.

Abstract: In a photosensitive element including an electroconductive layer, a photoconductive layer manifesting persistent internal polarization and a highly insulative layer and utilized in the method of electrophotography wherein a first electric field is applied to deposit a charge of one polarity on the surface of the highly insulative layer, and a second field is applied to deposit a charge of the opposite polarity concurrently with the projection of a light image to form a latent image on the surface of the highly insulative layer, there is provided a vapor deposited layer at the interface between the photoconductive layer and the highly insulative layer which consists of a mixture of a first Se-Te alloy having a percentage of Te therein such that it is a highly photosensitive material and a second Se-Te alloy having a percentage of Te therein such that it has high charge trapping capability.

Abstract: An improved electroconductive resin composition is obtained by using a water-dispersible, film-forming acrylamide polymer as a binder and extender for a water-soluble quaternary ammonium electroconductive resin. Particularly useful is a self-binding blend of about 65-95 wt. % polyvinylbenzyltrimethylammonium chloride and about 5-35 wt. % nonhydrolyzed polyacrylamide which can be formulated as an aqueous dispersion with clay or other printing pigments. Applied to a nonmetallic substrate, such as paper or an organic polymer film, the improved electroconductive resin composition reduces the surface electrical resistivity of the substrate and also provides improved holdout to aromatic and aliphatic solvents.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for repairing an electrostatographic photoreceptor comprised of a conductive substrate with a uniform layer of selenium on its surface. Scratches in the selenium layer of a depth less than its total thickness are filled with a photoconductive composite as repair material. When the combination of materials forming the composite are selected so as to provide discharge characteristics similar to those of selenium, the repaired photoreceptor will provide copies in which printout in the repaired areas is of the same quality as in the non-damaged areas.

Abstract: This invention relates to an electrophotographic recording material consisting of an electroconductive support material and a photoconductive double layer of organic materials which consists of a homogeneous, opaque, charge carrier producing dyestuff layer and of a transparent top layer of insulating materials with at least one charge transporting compound.

Abstract: A photosensitive polymeric material having photoelectric properties based on poly-N-vinylamines, which actually comprise poly-N-vinyldiphenylamine, its derivatives, and also copolymers of N-vinyldiphenylamine with N-vinylamines, poly-N-vinylphenothiazine and poly-N-vinylphenoxazine.The polymers are applied onto an electroconductive substrate to give an electrophotographic material.Said polymers are prepared by a method consisting in the interaction between secondary aromatic and heterocyclic amines or their mixtures with simple vinyl ethers in the presence of strong acids or with vinyl acetate in the presence of salts of mercury (II) or lead (IV), a strong acid and water.

Abstract: The invention is an improved modulator, in the form of a screen, having the capability of selectively passing therethrough charged particles, such as gas ions, in accordance with a pattern that corresponds to the image and non-image areas of a graphic original. The apertured modulator is formed from a metal screen, such as a 200 mesh wire screen, having a wire cross section of 0.051 millimeter and is overcoated with a four-micron thickness of a photoconductor, such as selenium or an organic photoconductor, over which is next applied an equal thickness of an insulating layer, such as polystyrene. The three-layered modulator constructed in this manner is imparted a charge pattern corresponding to the graphic subject to be reproduced by the creation of a charge distribution system (CDS) on the insulating surface. The CDS created on the modulator in the environment of this invention is completely passive to electromagnetic radiation.

Abstract: A migration imaging system having a migration imaging member with a binder layer of softenable material wherein a mixture of electrically photosensitive and inert fusible particles is dispersed and an imaging process wherein the fusible particles are fused thereby fixing the migrated image of the two types of particles. The imaged member is used as a lithographic printing master.

Abstract: Photoconductive, film forming nitropyrene-formaldehyde resins characterized by a repeating structural unit of the formula: ##SPC1##And process for preparation, the photoconductive films themselves, and such films on an electrically conductive support.

Abstract: This invention relates to an article which comprises an electrically conductive carrier layer, a layer comprising a material selected from the group consisting of selenium or selenium-tellurium, and, on the side of the selenium or selenium-tellurium layer remote from the carrier layer, a layer comprising an oligomeric condensation product of 3-bromopyrene and formaldehyde having a degree of polycondensation of 6 to 10.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to an electrophotographic copying process suitable for use in a multiple copying system. The process is characterized by use of an electrophotographic medium comprising photosensitive organic compounds which are either (1) insulating prior to irradiation and substantially permanently conductive subsequent to irradiation or (2) conductive prior to irradiation and substantially permanently insulating subsequent to irradiation. The process comprises the steps of exposing the electrophotographic medium to a pattern of activating radiation to produce a latent image with a conductivity pattern that is irreversible and permanently altered and externally applying an electrical charge at any suitable time thereby forming an electrostatic pattern which can be developed by any of the known electrophotographic developing techniques.

Abstract: Improved toner particles each comprising an intimate mixture of a photoconductive pigment and an insulating binder capable of transporting charge carriers when the charge carriers are injected therein from the pigment, the proportion of the total volume of the pigment in the toner particle being 2 to 30 volume percent of the toner particle and the insulating binder being substantially transparent to the light in the region of the spectrum to which the pigment is sensitive. The toner particle may have therein a core or cores of a material which is substantially transparent to the light in the spectral-sensitive region of the pigment. The toner particles have improved surface durability and can be used repeatedly.

Abstract: A developer composition comprising (1) electroscopic toner particles (2) a friction-reducing material of a hardness less than said toner and having greater fricton-reducing characteristics than said toner material, and (3) a finely divided nonsmearable abrasive material of a hardness greater than said friction-reducing and toner materials. An imaging and development process utilizing the above-identified composition including the step of maintaining the buildup of friction-reducing material on an imaging surface in the submicron range without completely removing or preventing said buildup, by the combined action of a cleaning force wiping at least any residual developed image from at least a portion of said imaging surface.

Abstract: An imaging member comprising an overlayer of material preferably photosensitive, on a softenable, electrostatically deformable layer is imaged by frost or relief wrinkling the deformable layer. In a preferred mode, where the overlayer is photosensitive, wrinkling is caused by uniformly electrostatically charging the member, exposing said member to an imagewise pattern of radiation actinic to said overlayer of photosensitive material and softening the softenable, electrostatically deformable layer to cause it to wrinkle thereby effecting the overlayer in a variety of ways to produce a variety of imaged members.

Abstract: Images are formed with imaging members comprising one or more migration layers and a softenable layer which may be a circulation layer. An electrical latent image is created on the member with electrostatic charge having a density sufficient to cause migration of the marking material from the migration layer through the migration layer - softenable layer interface and into the softenable layer. When the migration layer and softenable layer comprise materials sufficiently dissimilar so as to retard or prevent penetration, the softenable layer is a circulation layer, the circulation of which enables penetration of the interface by marking material. In a multiple migration layer member, the migrated marking particles have their relative positions inverted.

Abstract: Photoconductive composition comprising a carbazole functional polymer wherein at least 0.1 percent of said carbazole function groups have the following structural formula ##SPC1##Wherein X is a structural unit of said polymer.Materials of the above structural formula can be readily polymerized or copolymerized with other addition polymers. These polymer compositions are useful in preparation of photoconductive insulating layers for electrophotography.

Abstract: A xerographic photoreceptor layer which comprises trigonal selenium particles dispersed in an insulating resin matrix, the trigonal selenium particles being present in an amount from about 1 to 25 percent by volume of the layer, and dispersed in a controlled manner to form a plurality of continuous paths through the thickness of said layer. Methods of making and imaging the photoreceptor layer are also disclosed.

Abstract: There is disclosed an imaging system for forming a plurality of images on the same surface, at least one of which is permanent and one of which is erasable. The imaging system includes an electro-optic imaging member which has a "built-in" master image.

Abstract: An imaging method is disclosed comprising providing an imaging member comprising a first layer of softenable material containing migration material overlying a second layer of softenable material which is substantially free of migration material wherein at least one of the layers of softenable material contains a surface skin located at the interface between the layer of softenable material. This member is latently imaged and developed by softening whereby the migration material migrates through the first layer of softenable material and the interface, where the surface skin is located, and in depth in the second layer of softenable material thereby forming an imaged member. Background of the migration material is then removed from the imaged member by splitting the member at the interface thereby obtaining an image with excellent imaging properties.

Abstract: New "duplo" quinoline compounds useful as photoconductors and having the formula: ##SPC1##Wherein:Z represents the atoms necessary to close an adjacent aromatic ring,R' represents a lower alkyl radical, andX represents an alkylene group or an alkylene group interrupted by a bivalent aromatic group.

Abstract: A photoconductive layer comprising a block copolymer which exhibits a lamellar morphology, said copolymer having lamellae of at least 2 phases, one phase comprising a photoconductive material and the other phase an elastomeric material, with said lamellae being disposed in a direction substantially normal to the horizontal plane of said layer. The method of making the block copolymer is also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrophotographic recording material consisting of an electroconductive support material with a photoconductive double layer of organic materials which consists of a homogeneous, opaque, charge carrier producing dyestuff layer and of a transparent top layer of insulating materials containing at least one charge transporting compound, which is characterized in that the organic dyestuff layer consists of a compound of the general formula ##EQU1## wherein --A-- is a diphenyl or azobenzene group which may be substituted by alkyl with 1 to 4 carbon atoms, alkoxy with 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and/or halogen,R and R.sub.1, which may be the same or different, are alkyl with 1 to 4 carbon atoms or carbalkoxyl, in which the alkyl groups have from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, andR.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are phenyl groups which may be substituted by alkyl with 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

Abstract: Photoconductive composition comprising a carbazole functional polymer wherein at least 0.1 percent of said carbazole function groups have the following structural formula ##SPC1##wherein X is a structural unit of said polymer; R is hydrogen; an aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having from 1 - 10 carbon atoms; phenyl; or substituted phenyl, said phenyl substituents being capable of contribution of electrons to relatively electron deficient centers with the structural unit.Materials of the above structural formula can be readily polymerized or copolymerized with other addition polymers. These polymer compositions are useful in preparation of photoconductive insulating layers for electrophotography.

Abstract: In a light actuated device such as an alternating current driven light valve or other display device requiring the photocapacitance of a light responsive layer in a photodiode to be modulated in response to changes in incident or writing light, sensitivity is an important factor, especially when a cathode ray tube phosphor image is the source of such light. This sensitivity can be improved by more than an order of magnitude by using a graded defect center (as defined hereinbelow) concentration, graded band gap layer in said diode which can produce a graded optical absorption coefficient between two regions of the layer so that most of the incident light is absorbed in the region near the semiconductor rectifying junction of the diode to store charge near this junction by this or any similar action.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for improving the photo-induced discharge characteristics of certain cadmium chalcogenides selected from the group of CdS, CdTe, CdAs, CdSe and CdSSe. The method involves calcining a mixture of the cadmium chalcogenide or a precurser thereof in the presence of cadmium oxide or a compound which decomposes upon heating to cadmium oxide in an amount sufficient to provide an excess of unreacted cadmium oxide after calcination.

Abstract: A repellent composition containing an oil of low volatility having a surface energy less than 27 dynes/cm. and a solid fluorinated polymer such as a polymer of a fluoroalkyl acrylate. In accord with certain embodiments of the invention, a resinous binder and/or a particulate fluorocarbon powder may be added to the repellent composition. The repellent composition may be used to prepare an ink repellent surface for a "waterless" lithoplate or as a coating on the surface of an electrographic element from which a liquid developed electrographic image is transferred.