Abstract: Specified sulfur compounds such as N,N-diethylthiourea, N,N-dibutylthiourea, tetramethylthiuram monosulfide, tetrabutylthiuram monosulfide, tetraethylthiuram disulfide, tetrabutylthiuram disulfide are supplied as a coking inhibitor for preventing coking in equipment used in hydrocarbon treatment processes wherein a hydrocarbon is treated at a temperature of from about 250.degree. C. to 950.degree. C. to produce petroleum products, petrochemical products and/or their intermediate products.

Abstract: A process for hydrotreating carbonaceous materials is disclosed. The carbonaceous material is contacted with steam and with empirical hydrates of alkali metal hydrosulfides, monosulfides, or polysulfides. The process hydrocracks, hydrogenates, denitrogenates, demetallizes, and desulfurizes. In a preferred embodiment, hydrogen sulfide is co-fed to the reaction zone.

Abstract: A sour liquid hydrocarbon feedstock is desulfurized upon contact with a hydrogen gas in the presence of a catalyst to obtain a low sulfur product and a hydrogen sulfide gas by-product. The hydrogen sulfide gas is treated with an anthraquinone which is dissolved in a solvent having a polarity which is greater than 3 Debye units, to produce sulfur and oxygen. The oxygen is used to oxidize a hydrocarbon fuel and produce the hydrogen gas used in the initial desulfurization step.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for enhancing the removal of nitrogen and sulfur from oil-shale which process comprises heating the oil-shale with a basic solution comprised of one or more hydroxides of the alkali metal and alkaline-earth metals.

Abstract: A process is provided for substantially complete elimination of hydrogen sulphide from the organic phase of natural gas, crude oil or mixtures thereof, by reaction with aqueous hydrogen peroxide in the absence of any catalyst or organic compounds or of compounds that yield them at a pressure of at least 90 kPa gage. The process is particularly useful with crude materials as they are pumped directly from the earth.

Abstract: Basic nitrogen-containing compounds are removed from mineral oil, such as shale oil, by extraction with an immiscible aqueous phase containing an acid gas such as carbon dioxide. Effectiveness of the separation is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas. In one embodiment, a waste gas stream is used as the CO.sub.2 -containing gas.

Abstract: The reaction rate for the hydrolysis of carbonyl sulfide in liquid petroleum hydrocarbons over alumina, such as propylene, is greatly increased by maintaining water in the hydrocarbons in an amount of one mole of water per mole of carbonyl sulfide to an upper limit of about ten moles of water per mole of carbonyl sulfide or about 30% of saturation of the hydrocarbons, whichever upper limit provides the lesser amount of water.

Abstract: A method of minimizing the production of SO.sub.x and NO.sub.x in the burning of a fuel containing significant amounts of SO.sub.x and NO.sub.x precursors in which the fuel is treated to remove significant amounts of SO.sub.x precursors without the removal of significant amounts of NO.sub.x precursors and the fuel is thereafter burned in a two-stage, rich-lean burning step in which significant amounts of the NO.sub.x precursors are converted to N.sub.2. Treating the fuel to remove SO.sub.x precursors is preferrably carried out in the presence of an oxidizing agent, such as H.sub.2 O.sub.2, a reducing agent, such as hydrogen, and/or steam, and still more preferably, the oxidizing agent, the reducing agent and steam are generated by burning an auxiliary fuel and passing the effluent thereof to the step of treating the fuel to remove SO.sub.x precursors.

Abstract: A process for demetallation and desulfurization of resids by visbreaking an admixture of resids, particulate solids, and steam and/or hydrogen, and then subjecting the visbroken mixture to high temperature settling and separating to provide a first vapor product, a liquid product, and a recycled underflow solids stream. The process further comprises coking the liquid product to produce a second vapor product and coke and then distilling the combined first and second vapor products to yield a plurality of demetallized and desulfurized liquid hydrocarbon products. A fraction of the recycled underflow from the settler/separator is removed as a purge stream and burned for recovery of heat and metals. If hydrogen is used in the visbreaking step, the first vapor product is condensed to separate the hydrogen for recycling.

Abstract: Metals, nitrogen and/or sulfur, particularly vanadium, nickel and nitrogen, are removed from organic compositions, particularly heavy hydrocarbon oils, by contacting the organic composition with a methylating agent, preferably dimethyl sulfate, under conditions sufficient to form a precipitate, including the contaminants, and separating the precipitate from the organic composition as by filtration, decantation, and the like. In another embodiment of the present invention, the treatment with the methylating agent is carried out in conjunction with treatment with an acid gas and water or a solvent, such as a combination of carbon dioxide and water.

Abstract: Metals, nitrogen and/or sulfur, particularly vanadium, nickel and nitrogen, are removed from organic compositions, particularly heavy hydrocarbon oils, by contacting the organic compositions with a halogenating agent, preferably phosphorus oxychloride, under conditions sufficient to form a distinct phase including the contaminants, which is separable from the organic composition and separating the distinct phase from the organic composition as by filtration, decantation, and the like. In another embodiment of the present invention, the treatment with the halogenating agent is carried out in conjunction with treatment with an acid gas and water, as a combination of carbon dioxide and water, or a solvent.

Abstract: A process for upgrading oils is disclosed, in which the oil to be upgraded is contacted with liquid phase water and free oxygen at an elevated temperature and at a pressure sufficient to maintain at least part of the water in the liquid phase.

Abstract: Delayed coke is desulfurized by first contacting the coke with an active sulfur-bearing gas at a temperature high enough to produce a reaction between the sulfur in the coke and the active sulfur in the gas, and then holding the coke in contact with the gas at said high temperature for approximately one hour. An alternative process provides for desulfurization of delayed coke by modifying the second step of the prior process to dilute or replace the sulfur-bearing gas with an inert gas. In a third alternative, the foregoing process is further modified by lowering the temperature during the second or holding step to maintain the reaction between the sulfur-bearing gas and the coke.

Abstract: A process for the desulfurization of a hydrocarbon fraction having unsaturated hydrocarbons and sulfur compounds comprising the steps of contacting the hydrocarbon fraction with hydrogen gas and a fluorided platinum catalyst in the presence of an oxygen-containing hydrogenation moderator which is either water or an oxygen-containing material which is hydrogenatable to water and whose hydrogenation products will not poison the platinum catalyst. The oxygen-containing hydrogenation moderator should be present in sufficient quantity to substantially prevent the saturation of the unsaturated hydrocarbons without seriously affecting the desulfurization of the hydrocarbon fraction. A preferred oxygen-containing hydrogenation moderator is carbon monoxide.

Abstract: A cryogenic process for separating relatively pure fractions of methane and carbon dioxide from mixtures thereof which also contain other components. The process utilizes a lean oil as an absorbent which performs the additional functions of preventing the formation of solid carbon dioxide within the apparatus and preventing formation of an azeotrope of carbon dioxide with ethane and enhancing the separation of hydrogen sulfide from carbon dioxide.

Abstract: A process for removing undesirable elements, e.g. nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, from the light organic liquid product derived from a solvent refined coal liquefaction process, while preserving octane number, which comprises the steps of (1) subjecting the light liquids to an ion-exchange resin treatment and (2) contacting the resulting ion-exchanged liquids with a zeolite acting as an adsorbent under specified conditions of space velocity, temperature and pressure.

Abstract: Petroleum crude and certain liquid distillate fractions derived therefrom, and other sulfur containing fuels or residues are reduced in sulfur content by intimately contacting the fuel or residues with alkanol solutions of alkali metal hydrosulfides, at temperatures and pressures from ambient up to the critical temperature of the alkanol for from 1 to 20 minutes. Thereafter, the fuel is caused to separate from the alkanol solution by the addition of water. A liquid-liquid separation separates desulfurized fuel from the alkanol solution. Hydrogen sulfide formed in the process is used to re-generate alkali metal hydrosulfide for use in desulfurizing additional petroleum fuel.

Abstract: Crude shale oil produced by in situ retorting of oil shale can contain from about 1 to 2% sulfur by weight, the sulfur being distributed widely through the lower and higher boiling fractions of the shale oil. Substantially non-condensible sulfur containing gas such as hydrogen sulfide is evolved from such crude shale oil by maintaining such shale oil at an elevated temperature in the substantial absence of added reagent, with the maximum temperature below thermal decomposition temperatures of such shale oil for sufficient time to lower the sulfur content of the shale oil.

Abstract: Equipment used in a substantially water free, but corrosive environment is protected from corrosion by coating only certain welded parts thereof with a metal more base than the metal part coated.

Abstract: Resistance of iron, iron-chromium and iron-chromium-nickel alloys to corrosive attack by sulfur compounds at temperatures above 500.degree. F. is improved by pretreating the metal under controlled conditions to form an extremely thin submicroscopic oxide film which serves as a corrosion resistant barrier.

Abstract: A process for the conversion of a hydrocarbonaceous black oil, wherein the terminal heating of the black oil before conversion is performed by the admixture of said black oil with a gas comprising steam and having a temperature greater than the hydrocarbon conversion temperature.

Abstract: A process for upgrading a hydrocarbon fraction by contacting the hydrocarbon fraction with a dense-water-containing fluid at a temperature in the range of from about 600.degree. F. to about 900.degree. F. in the absence of an externally supplied catalyst and hydrogen and of pretreatment of the hydrocarbon fraction.

Abstract: A combination process is provided for residua demetalation and desulfurization and resulting coke gasification which comprises contacting said residua with a porous refractory oxide in the absence of added hydrogen, at a temperature of from greater than 700.degree.F to about 1100.degree.F and a refractory oxide to oil weight ratio of from about 0.1 to about 5 to produce upgraded residua of cracking feed quality, and contacting said refractory oxide after an amount of coke has formed thereon with steam and a free oxygen containing gas in which the mole ratio of steam to oxygen is from about 3 to about 5, at a temperature of from about 1000.degree.F to about 1500.degree.F to produce producer gas and regenerated porous refractory oxide for further contacting with residua.

Abstract: Seal oil contaminated with H.sub.2 S has air or N.sub.2 bubbled therethrough for reducing the H.sub.2 S content of the liquid. The bubbling of the gas through the contaminated liquid is achieved by way of a novel two-state sparger unit situated in a container which receives the contaminated liquid, this container being vented at an upper portion to the outer atmosphere and being connected with a pipe which withdraws decontaminated liquid from the container.

Abstract: A process for removing sulfur impurities from a fluid, such as flue gas or a petroleum fraction, comprises contacting the fluid with a solid, porous silver article under conversion conditions which cause said sulfur impurity to be removed from said fluid by said silver article.

Abstract: A process for reducing the sulfur content of hydrocarbon material by oxidizing the sulfur impurities contained in the hydrocarbon material, contacting the oxidized sulfur-containing hydrocarbon material with at least one of certain metal containing components at conditions to form a metal, sulfur-containing compound and recovering a hydrocarbon material of reduced sulfur content.