Abstract: The present invention relates to soluble dimeric double metal salt compositions of (?)-hydroxycitric acid (“HCA”), as well as methods for making and using the same. The invention provides dimeric double metal salts of group IA and IIA of HCA (hereinafter, “DDM-HCAs”). The present invention provides methods to make DDM-HCAs of the invention which can be employed to alter the polar/ionic qualities of HCA salts and derivatives to improve solubility of HCA compositions. DDM-HCAs of the invention are soluble HCA-containing compositions useful as dietary supplements and suitable for manipulations under those conditions necessary for tabletting, encapsulation, and the production of dry powders, particularly for use as a beverage premix. Methods of use of the composition include treatment for suppression of appetite, for weight loss, for an increase in the rate of fat metabolism, for reduction in blood lipids and postprandial lipemia, and to increase the plasma level of (?)-hydroxycitric acid.

Abstract: The present invention provides novel stabilized crosslinked compounds having secondary structure motifs, libraries of these novel compounds, and methods for the synthesis of these compounds libraries thereof. The synthesis of these novel stabilized compounds involves (1) synthesizing a peptide from a selected number of natural or non-natural amino acids, wherein said peptide comprises at least two moieties capable of undergoing reaction to promote carbon-carbon bond formation; and (2) contacting said peptide with a reagent to generate at least one crosslinker and to effect stabilization of a secondary structure motif. The present invention, in a preferred embodiment, provides stabilized p53 donor helical peptides. Additionally, the present invention provides methods for disrupting the p53/MDM2 binding interaction comprising (1) providing a crosslinked stabilized ?-helical structure; and (2) contacting said crosslinked stabilized ?-helical structure with MDM2.

Abstract: A method for removing hydrocarbon impurities from acetic acid is disclosed. The method comprises extracting acetic acid with a hydrophilic imidazolium salt. The imidazolium salt preferably has the general structure of wherein X? is a counter ion and R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of C1-C6 hydrocarbon substitutes. The method is useful for removing hydrocarbon impurities from the alkane distillation bottoms stream of a methanol carbonylation process.

Abstract: In one aspect, a process for the preparation of a superabsorbent polymer is described herein. In some embodiments, the process comprises (I) preparing acrylic acid, wherein the process comprises (a1) provision of a fluid F1 having a composition comprising from about 5 to about 20 wt. % of hydroxypropionic acid, salts thereof, or mixtures thereof; from about 0.1 to about 5 wt. % of inorganic salts; from about 0.1 to about 30 wt. % of organic compounds which differ from hydroxypropionic acid; from 0 to about 50 wt. % of solids; and from about 20 to about 90 wt. % of water; (a2) dehydration of said hydroxypropionic acid to give a fluid F2 containing acrylic acid; and (a3) purification of said fluid F2 to give a purified acrylic acid phase comprising acrylic acid having a purity of at least 70 wt. %; and (II) polymerizing the acrylic acid of (I) to form a superabsorbent polymer.

Abstract: Methods, kits and apparatuses for chromatography purification of antibodies are provided. In some embodiments, antibodies are purified by mixed mode chromatography that does not comprise hydroxyapatite (HT) or fluorapatite (FT). The mixed mode chromatography step is then followed by a HT/FT chromatography step.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for effectively preventing the precipitation related to manganese acetate in the pipe for sending a polymerization inhibitor and the like, and the polymerization of (meth)acrylic acid. A first method of the present invention for producing (meth)acrylic acid, characterized in comprising steps of: producing a (meth)acrylic acid-containing gas by catalytic vapor phase oxidation reaction; and obtaining a (meth)acrylic acid-containing fluid by providing the (meth)acrylic acid-containing gas into a condensation column or an absorption column; wherein manganese acetate is used as a polymerization inhibitor; manganese acetate is dissolved into a (meth)acrylic acid aqueous solution containing not more than 10% by mass of (meth)acrylic acid, and the like, to obtain a manganese acetate aqueous solution; and the manganese acetate aqueous solution is provided into the condensation column or the absorption column.

Abstract: A system and process for separating methacrolein (MA) from methacrylic acid (MAA) and acetic acid in the gas phase product from partial oxidation of isobutylene (IB) in two oxidation steps is disclosed. The process and system maximize recovery of all three components at minimum capital and energy cost, under conditions that minimize polymerization conditions and plugging by solids deposition in compressors, columns, etc.

Abstract: A process for recovering a volatile carboxylic acid from an aqueous stream containing same comprising the steps of: (a) evaporating the aqueous stream to produce a vapour stream comprising the volatile carboxylic acid that has been vapourized and water vapour, which aqueous stream is produced by a conversion process using a lignocellulosic feedstock as a substrate; (b) contacting the vapour stream with an organic solvent so as to extract the volatile carboxylic acid present in the vapour stream, thereby producing a liquid stream comprising the organic solvent and the volatile carboxylic acid, and a water vapour stream, wherein the organic solvent has an atmospheric boiling point of at least about 150° C. and is insoluble in water; and (c) separating the volatile carboxylic acid from the organic solvent.

Abstract: A process for heterogeneously catalyzed partial gas phase oxidation of propylene to acrylic acid, in which the starting reaction gas mixture comprises cyclopropane as an impurity and the acrylic acid, after conversion from the product gas mixture into the condensed phase, is removed with the aid of a crystallative removal.

Abstract: Process for the production of saturated monocarboxylic acids and triglycerides of saturated carboxylic acids having more than one acid functionstarting from non-modified vegetable oils containing triglycerides of unsaturated fattyacids, comprising the oxidative cleavage of the unsaturated fatty acids.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of acrylic acid and a process for the preparation of polyacrylic acid comprising the process steps: (a1) preparation of 3-hydroxypropionic acid from a biological material to give a fluid, in particular aqueous, phase containing 3-hydroxypropionic acid; (a2) dehydration of the 3-hydroxypropionic acid to give a fluid, in particular aqueous, solution containing acrylic acid; (a3) purification of the solution containing acrylic acid by a suspension crystallization or a layer crystallization to give a purified phase; and corresponding devices for carrying out these processes, and acrylic acid and polyacrylates. The invention is distinguished in that acrylic acid and polyacrylates can thereby be prepared efficiently, inexpensively, and sustainably with simple means and with a high purity on the basis of regenerable raw materials.

Abstract: The present invention relates to salts of rasagiline and pharmaceutical preparations thereof. The invention further provides a method of preparing the salts of rasagiline.

Abstract: The present invention concerns an agent for prevention and treatment of pityriasis. The agent according to the present invention comprises at least one transaminase inhibitor effectively inhibiting the transamination process which is of pathogenetic relevance for the disease, prevents a recurrence of the disease and which protects the human skin flora. Upon release into the environment, no resistances are induced in other fungi.

Abstract: An improved apparatus and method of producing acetic acid includes condensing overhead vapor to provide reflux to the light ends column as well as condensing vapor from a central portion of the light ends column to increase capacity. Throughput or load on the light ends column is substantially reduced without compromising product quality.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compounds that can be used as metal-ion-chelating agents or as depolluting agents, corresponding to general formula (I) below: and also to precursor compounds of formula (II) and labelled compounds of formula (III) deriving from the compounds of formula (I). The present invention also relates to the use of the compounds (I), (II) or (III) as a medicament, and also the use thereof for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Wilson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract: A method of inhibiting gas hydrate formation in petroleum and natural gas production systems through the use of low dosage hydrate inhibitors which include reaction products of non-halide-containing inorganic acids, organic acids, and organic amines. The use of these non-halide-containing reaction products rather than chloride containing acids or alkylating agents avoids corrosion and stress cracking caused by residual inorganic chloride and other inorganic, halide-containing acids. The anti-agglomerate compositions can be administered continuously to effectively inhibit gas hydrate formation. In preferred embodiments, the anti-agglomerate compositions are mixtures of reaction products of non-halide-containing organic acids and organic amines.

Abstract: A tubular flow type reactor comprising: (1) inflow channels for respective inflow of at least two kinds of fluids to be used in a reaction, (2) an outer tube having a lumen that is capable of merging the fluids and of distributing the merged fluids for the reaction, (3) an outflow channel for outflow of a reaction product from the outer tube, and (4) an inner tube disposed in the lumen of the outer tube, wherein an annular flow channel is formed between the outer tube and the inner tube, and the inflow channels are connected to the outer tube along the direction tangential to the internal circumference of the outer tube in such a manner that the lumens of the inflow channels communicate with the lumen of the outer tube, i.e., the annular flow channel.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the production of L-carnitine, wherein a ?-lactone, which is a 4-(halomethyl)oxetane-2-one, is converted into carnitine with trimethylamine (TMA), wherein the ?-lactone is not subjected to a basic hydrolysis step before being contacted with the trimethylamine. The invention also relates to a carnitine having a unique impurity profile.

Abstract: Process for obtaining formic acid by thermal separation of a stream comprising formic acid and a tertiary amine (I), in which a liquid stream comprising formic acid and a tertiary amine (I) in a molar ratio of from 0.5 to 5 is produced by combining tertiary amine (I) and a formic acid source, from 10 to 100% by weight of the secondary components present therein are separated off and formic acid is removed by distillation in a distillation apparatus at a bottom temperature of from 100 to 300° C. and a pressure of from 30 to 3000 hPa abs from the liquid stream obtained, the bottom discharge from the distillation apparatus being separated into two liquid phases and the upper liquid phase being recycled to the formic acid source and the lower liquid phase being recycled for separating off the secondary components and/or to the distillation apparatus.

Abstract: The invention is a method of purifying acetic acid containing 15 to 100 ppb iodide compounds. The method comprises contacting the acetic acid in the liquid phase with a phosphine-functionalized support, and recovering a purified acetic acid product having 10 ppb, or less, iodide compounds.

Abstract: A method of improving flowability of adipic acid includes adding to the adipic acid at a relatively low temperature a flowability improving agent, such as an acyclic saturated monobasic acid containing 10 to 22 carbon atoms or an acyclic saturated dibasic acid containing 10 to 14 carbon atoms.

Abstract: Provided are crystalline forms of O-desmethylvenlafaxine fumarate, methods for their preparation, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a medicament which is useful for neurodegenerative diseases, which comprises about 1 to about 5 equivalents of a basic metal ion based on 1 equivalent of (2R)-2-propyloctanoic acid or a salt thereof, which is supplied from a metal salt of weak acid or a metal hydroxide, and optionally further comprises an additive. The medicament of the present invention is a medicament which a pH of suitable for intravenous administration, is resistant to fluctuations of the pH and is not clouded when it is dissolved in an infusion, and an injection and the like can be prepared therefrom by using any dissolving liquid and/or dilution liquid.

Abstract: Alkenes, unsaturated saturated carboxylic acids, saturated carboxylic acids and their higher analogues are prepared cumulatively from corresponding alkanes utilizing using a multi-staged catalyst system and a multi-stage process which comprises steam cracking of alkanes to corresponding alkenes at flame temperatures and at short contact times in combination with one or more oxidation catalysts for catalytically converting the corresponding alkenes to further corresponding oxygenated products using short contact time reactor conditions.

Abstract: A method for producing a fermentation product from a lignocellulose-containing material comprises pre-treating the lignocellulose-containing material; introducing a cationic polysaccharide to the pre-treated lignocellulose-containing material; exposing the pre-treated lignocellulose-containing material to an effective amount of a first hydrolyzing enzyme; and fermenting with a fermenting organism to produce a fermentation product. The cationic polysaccharide may be a cationic starch.

Abstract: In a process for recovering acetic acid from a wood extract, an aqueous wood extract is provided that contains acetic acid and dissolved hemicellulose containing uronic acid. A water insoluble solvent containing an extractant for the acetic acid is also provided. In a preferred embodiment, the solvent is undecane and the extractant is trioctylphosphine oxide. The wood extract is contacted with the solvent and extractant in order to extract the acetic acid from the wood extract. The acetic acid is then recovered from the solvent and extractant.

Abstract: An Amino Acid Compound is described. The Amino Acid Compound may comprise an Amino Acid and one of a Nitrate and a Nitrite. The Amino Acid may be one of Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glycine, Lysine, Methionine, Proline, Tyrosine, and Phenylalanine.

Abstract: A method for processing biomass comprising heating an aqueous slurry comprising biomass, water and a phosphate catalyst in a pressure vessel at a temperature of about 150° C. to about 500° C. to produce a mixture comprising a dispersion of an organic phase and an aqueous phase.

Abstract: The present invention provides compounds useful, for example, for treating metabolic disorders in a subject. Such compounds have the general formula I: where the definitions of the variables are provided herein. The present invention also provides compositions that include, and methods for using, the compounds in preparing medicaments and for treating metabolic disorders such as, for example, type II diabetes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the water soluble self fluorescent quantum carbon dots (C-dots). These C-dots are isolated from carbon soot in one embodiment a wax soot solvent washed and isolated from other larger material by filtration such as by membrane filtration. The C-dots can be varied in their color by change of their size and by the amount of oxidative groups' position on each C-dot.

Abstract: The instant invention provides an isocyanate trimerisation catalyst system, a precursor formulation, a process for trimerising isocyanates, rigid foams made therefrom, and a process for making such foams. The trimerisation catalyst system comprises: (a) a substituted iminium cation; and (b) an isocyanate-trimer inducing anion; wherein said trimerisation catalyst system has a trimerisation activation temperature in the range of equal to or less than 73° C. The precursor formulation comprises (1) at least 25 percent by weight of polyol, based on the weight of the precursor formulation; (2) less than 15 percent by weight of a trimerisation catalyst system, based on the weight of the precursor formulation, comprising; (a) a substituted iminium cation; and (c) an isocyanate-trimer inducing anion; wherein said trimerisation catalyst system has a trimerisation activation temperature in the range of equal to or less than 73° C.

Abstract: The present invention relates to processes for preparing alkyl (meth)acrylates, comprising the steps of transesterifying an alkyl ?-hydroxycarboxylate with (meth)acrylic acid to obtain alkyl (meth)acrylates and ?-hydroxycarboxylic acid, and dehydrating the ?-hydroxycarboxylic acid to obtain (meth)acrylic acid.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a high-yield method for preparing highly pure (3S,4S)-4-((R)-2-(benzyloxy)tridecyl)-3-hexyl-2-oxetanone using a metal salt of (2S,3S,5R)-2-hexyl-3,5-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid as an intermediate.

Abstract: The invention relates to agents for treating and/or avoiding fire blight in plants of the Rosaceae, in particular of the subfamilies Maloideae and Rosoideae, containing formiates as the active component.

Abstract: The invention relates to the compositions of synthetic oligo-?-(1?6)-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosides conjugated to carriers, and methods for making and use same.

Abstract: Provided herein are methods of decreasing a level of kynurenic acid in a cell and of treating a pathophysiological condition in a subject associated with an increase in kynurenic acid in a subject. In these methods the inhibitory action of dicarboxylic acids or derivatives or analogs thereof are effective to inhibit activity of kynurenine aminotransferase II. Also provided is a method of screening for potential inhibitory compounds for kynurenine aminotransferase II. The dicarboxylic acids or derivatives or analogs thereof may have the structural formula, where R1 is H, NH2 or NHCH3, R2 is H or CH3, n is 0 to 14, and X is —COOH, CH2OH, —PO3H2, —SO3H, or —SO3H; or a pharmacologically acceptable salt.

Abstract: The present invention provides a chemically functionalized submicron graphitic fibril having a diameter or thickness less than 1 ?m, wherein the fibril is free of continuous thermal carbon overcoat, free of continuous hollow core, and free of catalyst. The fibril is obtained by splitting a micron-scaled carbon fiber or graphite fiber along the fiber axis direction. These functionalized graphitic fibrils exhibit exceptionally high electrical conductivity, high thermal conductivity, high elastic modulus, high strength and good interfacial bonding with a matrix resin in a composite. The present invention also provides several products that contain submicron graphitic fibrils: (a) paper, thin-film, mat, and web products; (b) rubber or tire products; (c) energy conversion or storage devices, such as fuel cells, lithium-ion batteries, and supercapacitors; (d) adhesives, inks, coatings, paints, lubricants, and grease products; (e) heavy metal ion scavenger; (f) absorbent (e.g.

Abstract: A method of producing short chain carbon compounds from effluents that are rich in lignin-model compounds. The method is characterized by controlled photocatalytic degradation of lignin model compounds so as to produce short chain carbon compounds. The present invention provides converting recalcitrant and toxic organic compounds into chemicals which are of commercial value.

Abstract: The invention relates to preparing derivatives of formula (1), wherein, in particular R1 and R2, identical or different, represent a hydrogen, flourine or chlorine atom, a hydroxy group, an alkyl radical and an alkoxy radical, R3 is an alkyl radical, a hydroxy group, or a methoxy radical, R4 is a hydrogen atom or a methyl radical and R5 and R6, identical or different, represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl radical, an alkoxy radical, an alkylthio radical, and an alkylamino radical. The inventive method consists in reducing an amid of formula (9).

Abstract: Disclosed are novel oxylipins that are derived from ?-linolenic acid (GLA; 18:3n-6) and stearidonic acid (STA or SDA; 18:4n-3), and methods of making and using such oxylipins. Also disclosed is the use of such oxylipins in therapeutic and nutritional or cosmetic applications, and particularly as anti-inflammatory or anti-neurodegenerative compounds. Also disclosed are The invention novel ways of producing long chain polyunsaturated acid (LCPUFA)-rich oils and compositions that contain enhanced and effective amounts of SDA- and/or GLA-derived oxylipins.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of ionic liquids as flame retardants. The compounds of the invention may be used as flame retardants in various materials without causing damage to the environment and or health of humans or animals. Ionic liquid flame retardants maybe applied alone or in combination with traditional flame retardants. Ionic liquid flame retardants can be applied to finish textile, plastic, leather, paper, rubber, or as wild fire flame retardants.

Abstract: Disclosed are novel oxylipins, referred to herein as docosanoids, that are derived from C22 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and method of making and using such oxylipins. Also disclosed is the use of docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5n-6) (DPAn-6), docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5n-3) (DPAn-3), and docosatetraenoic acid (DTAn-6: C22:4n-6) as substrates for the production of novel oxylipins, and to the oxylipins produced thereby. Also disclosed is the use of DPAn-6, DPAn-3, DTAn-6, and/or the oxylipins derived therefrom, and/or novel docosanoids derived from the structures of C22 fatty acids, in therapeutic and nutritional or cosmetic applications, and particularly as anti-inflammatory or anti-neurodegenerative compounds. The invention also relates to novel ways of producing long chain polyunsaturated acid (LCPUFA)-rich oils and compositions that contain enhanced and effective amounts of LCPUFA-derived oxylipins, and particularly, docosanoids.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of gas-phase catalytic oxidation, in particular, a production method of (meth)acrylic acid, which enables stable continuous operation of gas-phase catalytic oxidation over a long term, maintaining high yield and suppressing increase in pressure loss. In the method a fixed bed reactor is used, in which a treating agent for removing organic substance and/or carbides, preferably a treating agent having an adsorption capacity of at least 0.05% by mass, as measured by crotonaldehyde as an indicator of organic substance, is disposed on the upstream side of the gas-phase oxidation catalyst layer in respect of the direction of the gas flow. It is desirable that at least a part of the treating agent is exchanged at a frequency of at least once a year.

Abstract: The present invention provides for a non-naturally occurring polyketide synthase (PKS) capable of synthesizing a carboxylic acid or a lactone, and a composition such that a carboxylic acid or lactone is included. The carboxylic acid or lactone, or derivative thereof, is useful as a biofuel. The present invention also provides for a recombinant nucleic acid or vector that encodes such a PKS, and host cells which also have such a recombinant nucleic acid or vector. The present invention also provides for a method of producing such carboxylic acids or lactones using such a PKS.

Abstract: A catalyst system which is suitable for catalyzing the production of polyurethane systems is provided. The catalyst system contains a metal salt of a carboxylic acid to whose carbonyl carbon a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon radical is bound, with the proviso that the carboxylic acid does not have exclusively a single ethyl or n-propyl branch in the 2 position.

Abstract: This invention relates to a lignin sorbent, a lignin removal unit, a biorefinery, a process for removing lignin, a process for binding lignin, and a renewable material. The lignin sorbent includes a substrate, and a lignin binding material dispersed with respect to the substrate. The lignin binding process includes the step of adding a lignin binding material to an input stream, and the step of converting the input stream into a renewable material.

Abstract: A refolding agent and refolding method which make it possible to produce high-purity proteins in high productivity. The refolding agent includes a phosphorus-containing compound (A) and an oxycarbonyl group-containing compound (B). The refolding method includes the step of treating the unfolded protein with the refolding agent. As the compound (A), there may be mentioned at least one species selected from inorganic phosphoric acids, alkyl phosphate esters, sugar phosphate esters, and salts of these, and as the compound (B), there may be mentioned at least one species selected from formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, and salts of these.

Abstract: An ammonia converter and method are disclosed. The reactor can alter the conversion of ammonia by controlling the reaction temperature of the exothermic reaction along the length of the reactor to parallel the equilibrium curve for the desired product. The reactor 100 can comprise a shell 101 and internal catalyst tubes 109. The feed gas stream enters the reactor, flows through the shell 101, and is heated by indirect heat exchange with the catalyst tubes 109. The catalyst tubes 109 comprise reactive zones 122 having catalyst and reaction limited zones 124 that can comprise inert devices that function to both separate the reactive zones, increase heat transfer area, and reduce the temperature of the reaction mixture as the effluent passes through the catalyst tube 109.

Abstract: Novel opiate intermediate compositions and methods of synthesis that include changing the substitution pattern on the aromatic ring of the pre-Grewe intermediate are provided. The intermediates are morphinane derivatives of formula (10), wherein X is a F or Cl and R is selected from the group consisting of an H, alkyl, aryl, acyl, formyl, COR?, CONHR?, COOR, Bn(benzyl), alkyl(methyl), and sulfonamide SO2CH2COPh.

Abstract: This invention relates to an enzyme recovery sorbent, an enzyme recovery unit, a lignocellulosic biorefinery, a process for recycling enzymes, and a renewable material. The invention includes a lytic enzyme recovery sorbent suitable for use in production of renewable materials. The sorbent includes a substrate, and an enzyme binding material dispersed with respect to the substrate.