Abstract: A method for producing a mixture of short chain carboxylic acids from biomass includes adding biomass to a reactor vessel, heating the biomass to crack it, removing undesired and unreacted materials and light ends from the cracked biomass, and removing a mixture containing carboxylic acids having carbon chain lengths between C2 and C16. A composition includes a carboxyl group-containing compound derived by cracking biomass and having a carboxyl carbon chain length between C2 and C16.

Abstract: The invention provides devices and methods for end and side derivatization of carbon nanotubes. Also facile methods to attach moieties and nanoparticles on the side walls and both ends are described. The invention provides hybide materials for analytical, and optoelectronic purposes as well as materials applications. Materials have improved properties in the areas of tensile, electrical and thermal conductivity.

Abstract: Suspensions having additives for controlled dispersion including a solvent, an ion source, a particle source selected from a partially dissolving colloid or a non-dissolving colloid, and an additive where the additive is added to the solvent prior to the ion source and the particle source when the particle source is the partially dissolving colloid.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the preparation of 1,2-glycols by hydrogenation of 1,2-dioxygenated organic compounds in the presence of a catalyst composition comprising a ruthenium compound, a trivalent phosphorus compound selected from 1,1,1-tris(diarylphosphinomethyl)alkyl or substituted alkyl, and a promoter selected from Lewis acids, protic acids having an ionization constant (Ki) of 5×10?3 or greater, and onium salts. The process is useful for the hydrogenation of glycolic acid or derivatives thereof to ethylene glycol.

Abstract: Carbon nanotube, method for positioning the same, field effect transistor made using the carbon nanotube, method for making the field-effect transistor, and a semiconductor device are provided. The carbon nanotube includes a bare carbon nanotube and a functional group introduced to at least one end of the bare carbon nanotube.

Abstract: A refolding agent and refolding method which make it possible to produce high-purity proteins in high productivity. The refolding agent includes a phosphorus-containing compound (A) and an oxycarbonyl group-containing compound (B). The refolding method includes the step of treating the unfolded protein with the refolding agent. As the compound (A), there may be mentioned at least one species selected from inorganic phosphoric acids, alkyl phosphate esters, sugar phosphate esters, and salts of these, and as the compound (B), there may be mentioned at least one species selected from formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, and salts of these.

Abstract: There is provided a process for producing a fluorine-containing alkylsulfonylaminoethyl ?-substituted acrylate of the formula [3] by reaction of an aminoethyl ?-substituted acrylate of the formula [1a] with a fluorine-containing alkylsulfonic fluoride of the formula [2], or by reaction of an aminoethyl a-substituted acrylate salt of the formula [1b] with a fluorine-containing alkylsulfonic fluoride of the formula [2] in the presence of a base, wherein a fluorine-containing compound is used as a reaction solvent: where R1 is a hydrogen atom, methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, isopropyl group, n-butyl group, sec-butyl group, tertbutyl group, fluoromethyl group, difluoromethyl group, trifluoromethyl group or perfluoroethyl group; R2 is a fluorine-containing alkyl group having a carbon number of 1 to 6; Xn? is a counter anion (n is a positive integer); and Y is a fluorine atom, chlorine atom or bromine atom.

Abstract: The present application describes deuterium-enriched pregabalin, pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms thereof, and methods of treating using the same.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing an ?,?-unsaturated carboxylic acid in higher selectivity. The present invention resides in a method for producing an ?,?-unsaturated carboxylic acid from an olefin or an ?,?-unsaturated aldehyde in liquid phase by using a noble metal-containing catalyst and by causing a compound (A) having an acid dissociation exponent (pKa) of less than 4 to be present in the liquid phase.

Abstract: Carboxylic acids, ketones, and esters having improved color characteristics are produced by combining small quantities of water with these compounds. An amount of water ranging from about 100 ppm to about 50,000 ppm of the organic compound is combined to provide lighter color compounds in comparison to these same compounds to which no water is added. Additionally, the color characteristics of the organic compounds may be improved by introducing a stream of the organic compound into at least one distillation column maintained at a temperature of about 23° C. to about 250° C. and at a pressure of about 10.1 kPa to about 202.6 kPa. Subjecting the organic compound stream to distillation under these conditions allows precursors of color bodies, having boiling points lower than the boiling point of the product being produced, to thermally breakdown or to be removed in the overhead stream form the distillation column.

Abstract: Provision of an agent for preventing or treating a functional brain disease and/or inhibiting symptom development of the same. An agent for preventing or treating a functional brain disease and/or inhibiting symptom development of the same, which comprises (2R)-2-propyloctanoic acid or a salt thereof. The agent for preventing or treating a functional brain disease and/or inhibiting symptom development of the same, which comprises (2R)-2-propyloctanoic acid or a salt thereof, can be safely administered to patients of, for example, functional brain diseases such as depression, menopausal mood disorder, perimenopausal mood disorder, panic disorder, irritable bowel syndrome, social anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder or the like, and also can show excellent effects.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process of preparing an optically active ?-hydroxycarboxylic acid derivative comprising asymmetrically hydrogenating a ?-keto compound in the presence of a catalyst comprising a transition metal complex compound having a 2,3-bis(dialkylphosphino)pyrazine derivative as a ligand. The pyrazine derivative is preferably a quinoxaline derivative, and the transition metal is preferably ruthenium. Preferred examples of the quinoxaline derivative are (S,S)-2,3-bis(tert-butylmethylphosphino)quinoxaline, (R,R)-bis(tert-butylmethylphosphino)quinoxaline, (S,S)-bis(tert-adamantylmethylphosphino)quinoxaline, and (R,R)-bis(adamantylmethylphosphino)quinoxaline.

Abstract: Compositions and methods for improved delivery of macromolecules into eukaryotic cells are provided. Fusogenic peptides from fusion proteins of non-enveloped viruses enhance the efficiency of transfection of eukaryotic cells mediated by transfection agents such as cationic lipids, polycationic polymers such as PEI and dendrimers. These fusogenic peptides are used as part of a transfection complex that efficiently delivers a macromolecule, for example, a nucleic acid, into a eukaryotic cell. Novel cationic lipids and compositions of cationic lipids also are provided that may be used for the introduction of macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins and peptides into a variety of cells and tissues. The lipids can be used alone, in combination with other lipids and/or in combination with fusogenic peptides to prepare transfection complexes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel thiosulfonates derivatives. The present invention also provides methods for preventing, treating and/or reducing inflammation-associated diseases in the cardiovascular, connective tissue, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, respiratory, urogenital, nervous or cutaneous systems as well as infective and tumoral diseases employing said compounds.

Abstract: Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) forins are expressed in spinal cord whose inhibition induces a potent antihyperalgesia. PLA2 inhibitor compounds are provided that include a common motif consisting of a 2-oxoamide with a hydrocarbon tail and a four carbon tether. The compounds block Group IVA calcium dependent PLA2 (cPLA2) and/or Group VIA calcium independent PLA2 (iPLA2) and/or Group V secreted PLA2 (sPLA2).

Abstract: A method for quickly starting up a reactor and a reactor system therefor are provided. A shell-and-tube reactor in the system is adapted to circulate a heat medium having a solid point in the range of 50-250° C. to the outside of the reaction tubes and characterized by initiating temperature elevation of the reactor by introducing a gas of a temperature in the range of 100-400° C. to the reaction tubes' side and then circulating the heat medium in a heated state to the outside of the reaction tubes. By introducing a gas of an elevated temperature preparatorily to the reaction tubes, it is made possible to prevent the heat medium after circulation from being solidified again and enable the reactor to be quickly started up.

Abstract: It relates to an endogenous repair factor production accelerator which comprises one or at least two selected from prostaglandin (PG) 12 agonist, EP2 agonist and EP4 agonist. Since prostaglandin (PG) 12 agonist, EP2 agonist or EP4 agonist has various endogenous repair factor production accelerating action, angiogenesis acceleration action and stem cell differentiation induction action, it is useful as preventive and/or therapeutic agents for ischemic organ diseases (e.g., arteriosclerosis obliterans, Buerger disease, Raynaud disease, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, diabetic neuropathy, spinal canal stenosis, cerebrovascular accidents, cerebral infarction, pulmonary hypertension, bone fracture, Alzheimer disease, etc.) and various cell and organ diseases.

Abstract: A process for oxidizing a hydrocarbon, which comprises subjecting the hydrocarbon to a liquid phase catalytic oxidation reaction in the presence of at least one oxidation catalyst to form an oxidized product.

Abstract: Lipoic acid derivatives and pharmaceutical formulations containing lipoic acid derivatives are useful in the treatment and prevention of disease characterized by disease cells that are sensitive to lipoic acid derivatives.

Abstract: A process for charging a longitudinal section of a catalyst tube with a homogeneous fixed catalyst bed section whose active composition is at least one multielement oxide or comprises elemental silver on an oxidic support body and whose geometric shaped catalyst bodies and shaped inert bodies have a specific inhomogeneity of their longest dimensions.

Abstract: The chemistry of [13C]methyl phenyl sulfide is exploited to produce new isotopically labeled precursors that allow for the facile assembly of a wide range of labeled molecules from simple and relatively inexpensive starting materials. These compounds are applicable to a variety of research areas such as quantum computing, metabolism and materials science.

Abstract: A process for the production of carboxylic acids and their derivatives comprising the steps of: (c) reacting a derivative of an unsaturated fatty acid with an oxidizing compound in the presence of a catalyst capable of catalysing the reaction of oxidation of the double olefinic bond of the derivative of the unsaturated fatty acid so as to obtain as intermediate product of reaction a vicinal diol; and (d) reacting said intermediate compound with oxygen, or a compound containing oxygen, in the presence of a catalyst capable of catalysing the reaction of oxidation of the hydroxyl groups of the vicinal diol to carboxylic groups, characterized in that both of the steps (a) and (b) are carried out in the absence of added organic solvent and in that the water/diol ratio in the reaction of step (b) is less than 1:1.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of 3-aminocaprolactam derivatives for preparing a medicament intended to prevent or treat inflammatory disorders, and uses compounds of general formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; wherein X is —CO—R1 or —SO2—R2, and R1 and R2 are carbonaceous substituents.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for purifying a hydroxycarboxylic acid, comprising: a crystallization step of subjecting a hydroxycarboxylic acid aqueous solution to crystallization for purification, a separation step of separating a hydroxycarboxylic acid crystal from a mother liquid, and a washing step of washing the hydroxycarboxylic acid crystal for further purification with a washing liquid, wherein the washing liquid is a hydroxycarboxylic acid aqueous solution. The purified or refined hydroxycarboxylic acid obtained through the above process is suitably used as a starting material for production of a polyhydroxycarboxylic acid. The above process is suitably included in a process for producing a cyclic ester and a process for producing a polyhydroxycarboxylic acid.

Abstract: The instant invention relates to a combination of an alpha-2-delta ligand and a PDEV inhibitor for use in therapy, particularly in the treatment of pain, particularly neuropathic pain. Particularly preferred alpha-2-delta ligands are gabapentin and pregabalin. A particularly preferred PDEV inhibitors is sildenafil.

Abstract: This invention relates to the use of compounds of the general formula (I): R?—CONH—X—NR2R3—R4—Y in which R1 represents an alkyl moiety containing 11 to 21 carbon atoms, X stands for a (CH2)n— group and n is an integer from 1 to 6, R2 and R3 independently represent an alkyl moiety with 1 to 4 carbon atoms or an hydrogen atom, Y stands for a COO— group, in cosmetic compositions, characterized in that the compound of formula (I): is prepared by reacting the oil from Theo-broma grandiflorum with an amine of the formula (II): H2N—X—NR2R3 and subsequently reaction with sodium monochloroacetic acid.

Abstract: The present invention provides antigen delivery compositions and methods of using same to prevent or to treat cancers and other infectious diseases.

Abstract: A new process is described for synthesising cyclohexanediacetic acid monoamide, a key compound in the synthesis of grabapentin precursors. The process of the invention is characterised by reacting cyclohexanone with cynoacetamide and immediately after, with a suitable malonic acid ester. A new intermediate (5-cyano-2,4-dioxo-3-azaspiro[5,5]undecane-1-carboxylic acid ester) is obtained which is convertible, under mild reaction conditions, into cyclohexanediacetic acid monoamide.

Abstract: Ketomethionine ketals and hemiketals and derivatives thereof are useful as feed additives, in particular for the nutrition of ruminants.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of ?-Difluoromethylornithine, analogs and derivatives is described from ornithine hydrochloride or from N?-phthaloyl ornithine hydrochloride, conversion to an alkyl ester, conversion to solid derivatives through the formation of Schiff bases, subsequent halomethylation using suitable bases and hydrolysis.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel hydroxyl compounds, compositions comprising hydroxyl compounds, and methods useful for treating and preventing a variety of diseases and conditions such as, but not limited to aging, Alzheimer's Disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, a disorder of glucose metabolism, dyslipidemia, dyslipoproteinemia, hypertension, impotence, inflammation, insulin resistance, lipid elimination in bile, obesity, oxysterol elimination in bile, pancreatitis, pancreatitius, Parkinson's disease, a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-associated disorder, phospholipid elimination in bile, renal disease, septicemia, metabolic syndrome disorders (e.g., Syndrome X), thrombotic disorder. Compounds and methods of the invention can also be used to modulate C reactive protein or enhance bile production in a patient.

Abstract: An integrated process for making methanol, acetic acid, and a product from an associated process is disclosed. Syngas (120) is produced by combined steam reforming (109) and autothermal reforming (118) of natural gas (102) where a portion (112) of the natural gas bypasses the steam reformer (109) and is blended with the steam reformer effluent for supply to the autothermal reformer (ATR) (118) with CO2 recycle (110). A portion of the syngas is fed to CO2 removal (122) to obtain the recycle CO2 and cold box (130) to obtain a hydrogen stream (131) and a CO stream (135). The remaining syngas, hydrogen stream (131) and CO2 from an associated process are fed to methanol synthesis (140), which produces methanol and a purge stream (124) supplied to the CO2 removal unit. The methanol is supplied to an acetic acid unit (13)6 with the CO (135) to make acetic acid, which in turn is supplied to a VAM synthesis unit (148).

Abstract: Novel ester compounds having formulae (1) to (4) wherein A1 is a polymerizable functional group having a carbon-carbon double bond, A2 is oxygen, methylene or ethylene, R1 is a monovalent hydrocarbon group, R2 is H or a monovalent hydrocarbon group, any pair of R1 and/or R2 may form an aliphatic hydrocarbon ring, R3 is a monovalent hydrocarbon group, and n is 0 to 6 are polymerizable into polymers. Resist compositions comprising the polymers as a base resin are thermally stable and sensitive to high-energy radiation, have excellent sensitivity and resolution, and lend themselves to micropatterning with electron beam or deep-UV.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel ketone compounds, compositions comprising ketone compounds, and methods useful for treating and preventing cardiovascular diseases, dyslipidemias, dysproteinemias, and glucose metabolism disorders comprising administering a composition comprising a ketone compound. The compounds, compositions, and methods of the invention are also useful for treating and preventing Alzheimer's Disease, Syndrome X, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-related disorders, septicemia, thrombotic disorders, obesity, pancreatitis, hypertension, renal disease, cancer, inflammation, and impotence. In certain embodiments, the compounds, compositions, and methods of the invention are useful in combination therapy with other therapeutics, such as hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycemic agents.

Abstract: The invention relates to compounds of the formula I in which the radicals are defined as specified, and also to their physiologically tolerated salts. The compounds are suitable, for example, as medicaments for preventing and treating type 2 diabetes.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method of treating a disorder selected from OCD, agoraphobia, agoraphobia without history of panic disorder, specific phobia, social phobia, PTSD, restless legs syndrome, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, hot flashes, and fibromyalgia by administering a compound of the formula 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R1 is hydrogen, straight or branched alkyl of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or phenyl; and R2 is straight or branched alkyl of from 4 to 8 carbon atoms, straight or branched alkenyl of from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of from 3 to 7 carbon atoms, alkoxy of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, -alkylcycloalkyl, -alkylalkoxy, -alkyl OH, -alkylphenyl, -alkylphenoxy, or -substituted phenyl. The invention also relates to a method of treating the above disorders by administering the compound (3S,5R)-3-Aminomethyl-5-methyl-octanoic acid.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of treating tinnitus by administering an alpha2delta ligand such as, for example, a compound of Formula and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein R1 is hydrogen or straight or branched lower alkyl, and n is an integer of from 4 to 6.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of R- and S-lipoic acid and R- and S-dihydrolipoic acid comprising (a) reaction of where MS is SO2—R? and R and R? independently of one another are C1–C6-alkyl, C3–C8-cycloalkyl, C3–C8-cycloalkylalkyl, aryl or aralkyl, with sodium sulfide and sulfur in methanol. The invention especially relates to processes for preparing pure R- or S-dihydrolipoic acid, which is either used directly or processed further to give R- and S-lipoic acid. The process also serves for the production of pharmaceuticals. The present invention further relates to a solution of sodium sulfide trihydrate and sulfur in methanol, the sulfur being present in a molar excess over the sodium sulfide trihydrate, and a kit which comprises the solution according to the invention.

Abstract: A synthetic reaction to produce [2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethoxy] acetic acid (AEEA) derivatives. This synthetic reaction does not require isolation and purification of intermediates. The AEEA derivatives can be used to synthesize high load polystyrene-polyethylene glycol-like resins having excellent swelling characteristics.

Abstract: A metal chelating composition having the formula: wherein Q is a carrier; S1 is a spacer; L is -A-T-CH(X)— or —C(?O)—; A is an ether, thioether, selenoether, or amide linkage; T is a bond or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or alkenyl; X is —(CH2)kCH3, —(CH2)kCOOH, —(CH2)kSO3H, —(CH2)kPO3H2, —(CH2)kN(J)2, or —(CH2)kP(J)2, preferably —(CH2)kCOOH or —(CH2)kSO3H; k is an integer from 0 to 2; J is hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl; Y is —COOH, —H, —SO3H, —PO3H2, —N(J)2, or —P(J)2, preferably, —COOH; Z is —COOH, —H, —SO3H, —PO3H2, —N(J)2, or —P(J)2, preferably, —COOH; and i is an integer from 0 to 4, preferably 1 or 2.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of treating tinnitus by administering an alpha2delta ligand such as, for example, a compound of Formula and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein R1 is hydrogen or straight or branched lower alkyl, and n is an integer of from 4 to 6.

Abstract: This invention provides compounds of Formula I having the structure or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, which are useful in treating metabolic disorders related to insulin resistance or hyperglycemia.

Abstract: Polymers of a poly(meth)acrylic acid main chain in which, based on the main chain, 0 to 30% by weight of the (meth)acrylic acid basic building blocks may be replaced by maleic acid (anhydride) basic building blocks, fumaric acid basic building blocks or mixtures thereof and 0 to 10% by weight of the (meth)acrylic acid basic building blocks may be replaced by other copolymerizable ethylenic basic building blocks, and C1-30-alkylpoly-C2-4-alkylene glycols, bonded to the main chain via ester groups, having an average molecular weight of from 250 to 10 000 as side chains, where, based on the polymer, 1 to 19% by weight of the main chain and 81 to 99% by weight of the side chains are present and this ratio and the average molecular weight of the side chains are chosen such that free carboxyl groups are present in the polymer, are used as controllable dispersants for detergents or cleaners or constituents thereof.

Abstract: A method for producing a compound represented by the general formula (I-A) or the general formula (I-B), comprising the following step: wherein R1 is an optionally substituted lower alkyl, and the like; R2 is a lower alkyl or an optionally substituted aralkyl, and the like; R3 is a lower alkyl, characterized in that a compound represented by the general formula (II-A) or the general formula (II-B) is treated with thionyl chloride.

Abstract: A process for preparing N,N-Dimethyl Glycine Hydrochloride, comprises treating a chloroacetic acid with aqueous dimethylamine, and then dropping by hydrochloric acid to obtain N,N-dimethyl glycine as well as its hydrochloride salt, wherein decompression process is utilized to assure the product purity and active carbon is employed for cost saving aspect.

Abstract: The present invention provides an improved process for the production of carboxylic acids by the carbonylation of alcohol. The process involves contacting an alcohol with carbon monoxide in the presence of a nickel compound, a heterocyclic organic compound and an iodide promoter to produce the corresponding carboxylic acid. The improvement relates to the use of heterocyclic organic compound as a promoter containing at least two heteroatoms of which at least one is selected independently from S or N, which provides an inexpensive and stable catalyst system.

Abstract: A process for producing a lower aliphatic ester by catalytically reacting a lower olefin and a lower aliphatic carboxylic acid in a gas phase, where the lower aliphatic carboxylic acid is gasified at a relatively low temperature and thereby a mixed gas of the lower olefin and the lower aliphatic carboxylic acid is produced.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxypropionic acid. This process includes the step of (a) bringing a 1,1-dihalogeno-3,3,3-trifluoroacetone into contact with a basic aqueous solution. The obtained 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxypropionic acid may be reacted with a C1-C6 lower alcohol under an acidic condition, thereby producing a 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxypropionate. This propionate may be reacted with a hydride reducing agent (e.g., sodium borohydride), thereby producing 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxypropanol. These products (i.e., 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxypropionic acid and its derivatives) are important intermediates for medicines and liquid crystals.

Abstract: A method of solvating metal ions in an aromatic organic liquid. The method includes adding an ammonium salt having an organic acid reagent to the aromatic organic liquid. The organic acid reagent comprises a carboxylate having eight (8) or less carbon atoms. Thereafter, an aqueous solution comprising a metal salt is added to the aromatic organic liquid comprising the ammonium salt and the organic acid reagent. As a result, at least 10% by weight of metal ions is solvated in the aromatic organic liquid.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process of cleaving lactones optionally having functional groups to give carboxylic acids, where the corresponding lactone is reacted with hydrogen with catalysis by a compound of a metal of group VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements which has been modified with organophosphines. The process is preferably carried out in a two-phase system using catalysts which have water-soluble phosphine ligands. The reaction is particularly suitable for cleavage 2-ethylidene-6-hepten-5-olide to give ethylidene-6-heptenecarboxylic acid or isomers thereof. This carboxylic acid can be hydrogenated in a manner known per se to give 2-ethylheptanoic acid.