Abstract: A method forward Ethernet frames at a node in a network supporting an implementation of shortest path bridging (SPB) protocol is disclosed. The method starts with a shortest path computation for the node (referred to as the computing node). The shortest path computation selects at least a shortest path to each destination node in the network, where a neighboring node on the shortest path to reach each node is recorded. Then it computes a downstream loop-free alternate (LFA) node for a destination node, where the LFA node is downstream of the computing node but not on the selected shortest path to the destination node from the computing node. Then when connectivity to the neighboring node on the computed shortest path is detected to be abnormal, the node forwards an Ethernet frame with a destination media access control (MAC) address corresponding to the destination node through the LFA node.

Abstract: A source processor can divide each packet of a data stream into multiple segments prior to communication of the packet, allowing a packet to be transmitted in smaller chunks. The source processor can process the segments for two or more packets for a given data stream concurrently, and provide appropriate context information in each segments header to facilitate in order transmission and reception of the packets represented by the individual segments. Similarly, a destination processor can receive the packet segments packets for an ordered data stream from a source processor, and can assign different contexts, based upon the context information in each segments header. When a last segment is received for a particular packet, the context for the particular packet is closed, and a descriptor for the packet is sent to a queue. The order in which the last segments of the packets are transmitted maintains order amongst the packets.

Abstract: A network switch includes a plurality of ports, a parser coupled to the plurality of ports, and a processor coupled to the ports and configured to process a received packet via one of the ports. The received packet includes a first header field, a second header field, and a destination header field, each of the first, second, and destination header fields including a TTL field. The parser is configured to decide a valid bit for each of the first header field, the second header field and the destination header field, based on an availability for each of the first header field, the second header field and the destination header field. The processor is configured to execute an instruction to cause, based on the valid bits of the first and second header fields, content of a select one of the first or second header field's TTL field to be copied to the destination header field.

Abstract: Method and system are provided for assessing response routes in a network of connected nodes wherein a querying node propagates a query through multiple routes of intermediate nodes to a data source node and the data source node returns data to the querying node. The method at a data source node may include: receiving a query instance including metadata with route information of the route of intermediate nodes in the network that the query instance has travelled through from a querying node to the data source node; comparing the route information to a route policy; and responding to a query instance which meets the route policy by returning the query response via the route of intermediate nodes of the query instance.

Abstract: Internet routers are a key component in today's Internet. Each router forwards received packets toward their final destinations based upon a Longest Prefix Matching (LPM) algorithm select an entry from a routing table that determines the closest location to the final packet destination among several candidates. Prior art solutions to LPM lookup offer different tradeoffs and that it would be beneficial for a design methodology that provides for low power large scale IP lookup engines addressing the limitations within the prior art. According to embodiments of the invention a low-power large-scale IP lookup engine may be implemented exploiting clustered neural networks (CNNs). In addition to reduced power consumption embodiments of the invention provide reduced transistor count providing for reduced semiconductor die footprints and hence reduced die cost.

Abstract: Included are systems and methods for providing dual network address translation. Accordingly, some embodiments include translating, via a processor at a network operations center (NOC), a public source address and a public destination address to and from assigned unique private addresses for data to be communicated across a wide area network, while including gateway functions to manage an application with an imbedded IP address. Some embodiments include communicating, via the processor at the NOC, the data to a ReNAT virtual private network (VPN) with packets wrapped in a private ReNAT defined protocol that includes the public source address and the public destination address. Still some embodiments include mapping, via the processor at the NOC, a unique private address in the data to customer defined private IP addresses.

Abstract: A packet forwarding node includes a storage unit to store a packet forwarding table used for forwarding a packet based on an identifier which identifies a link between nodes on a packet forwarding path and a forwarding unit to receive an incoming packet including a plurality of the identifiers, and to forward the incoming packet based on an identifier corresponding to the packet forwarding node.

Abstract: IP Multinetting on a local area network is simulated by performing VLAN translation at a port connecting to the local area network. This allows IP addresses from multiple subnets to be associated with a single VLAN on the Local Area Network (LAN), while allowing the core switch to process the packets with a one-to-one correspondence between IP Subnet and VLAN. When a packet is received from the local area network at an IP multinetting port, the VLAN ID will be read to determine if the packet contains the IP Multinetting VLAN ID. The IP Subnet address will also be checked to see if the packet is associated with an IP Subnet that is part of the Multinetting. If so, the multinetting VLAN ID will be changed to an IP Subnet specific VLAN ID before the packet is processed by the core switch.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method of packet classification and a device thereof. A method for packet classification according to one embodiment of the present invention comprises the steps of: partitioning the entire rule set by using key values corresponding to packet fields, into a plurality of rule subsets; generating recursive flow classification (RFC) tables for each of the plurality of partitioned rule subsets; loading, in the same cache line, both partition information and RFC table information commonly corresponding to key values of received packets; searching for a rule subset by using the partition information on the key values of the received packets, which are loaded in the cache line; and searching for an RFC table for a rule by using the RFC table information on the key values of the received packets, which are loaded in the cache line.

Abstract: Method and system for reduction of time variance of packets received from bonded communication links. Embodiments of present inventions can be applied to bonded communication links, including wireless connection, Ethernet connection, Internet Protocol connection, asynchronous transfer mode, virtual private network, WiFi, high-speed downlink packet access, GPRS, LTE, X.25 and etc. The present invention presents methods comprising the steps of determining latency difference among bonded communication links, receiving one or more packets from the bonded communication links, and delivering the one or more packets according to the latency difference.

Abstract: A network system includes a signaling network configured to perform signaling information exchange with client nodes, determine a data information transfer route, and generate setting information, and a data network configured to construct the data information transfer route according to the setting information from the signaling network and perform data exchange between the client nodes.

Abstract: A switch includes network ports and a network processor with a fabric interface that provides SerDes (Serializer/Deserializer) channels. The network processor divides each packet received over the network ports into cells and distributes the cells across the SerDes channels. Fabric ports of the switch communicate with the fabric interface to transmit cells to and receive cells from the fabric interface. The switch is selectively configurable as a standalone switch by connecting each fabric port of the switch to another of the fabric ports of the switch, as a member of a switch stack by connecting each fabric port of the switch to a different other switch through one fabric port of that other switch, or as a member of a distributed fabric system by connecting each fabric port of the switch to a different scaled-out fabric coupler (SFC) chassis by an SFC fabric port of that SFC chassis.

Abstract: Flow control of data packets in a network may be enabled to at least one side of a virtual switching interface to provide a lossless environment. In some embodiments, wherever two buffer queues are in communication with at least one buffer queue being connected to a virtual switching interface, flow control may be used to determine if a threshold has been exceeded in one of the buffer queues. When exceeded, the transmission of data packets may cease to one of the buffer queues to prevent packet dropping and loss of data.

Abstract: A packet switch for switching variable length packets, wherein each of output port interfaces includes a buffer memory for storing transmission packets, a transmission priority controller for classifying, based on a predetermined algorithm, transmission packets passed from a packet switching unit into a plurality of queue groups to which individual bandwidths are assigned respectively, and queuing said transmission packets in said buffer memory so as to form a plurality of queues according to transmission priority in each of said queue groups, and a packet read-out controller for reading out said transmission packets from each of said queue groups in the buffer memory according to the order of transmission priority of the packets while guaranteeing the bandwidth assigned to the queue group.

Abstract: A part of a non-default multitenant device context (MDC) is located on a member device of that forms part of a logical network device. The non-default MDC part assigns a first downlink port to a first downlink port group, assigns a first uplink port to a first uplink port group, and monitors a stacking port to another part of the non-default MDC on another member device that forms part of the logical network device. When the stacking port changes to the down state, the non-default MDC part determines if the first downlink port group and the first uplink port group are in the up state. If so, the non-default MDC part maintains the states of the ports in the first downlink port group and the first uplink port group. Otherwise the non-default MDC part makes changes so the ports in the first downlink port group and the first uplink port group are in the down state.

Abstract: A method and system for a multi-rate Media Access Control layer (MAC) to Physical layer (PHY) interface is provided. The method to provide a multi-rate Media Access Control layer (MAC) interface comprises receiving a first set of signals, sampling the first set of signals to determine a type of interface to be used to transmit or receive the first set of signals or a subset of the first set of signals, generating a select signal indicating type of interface to be used based on the sampling step and transmitting the first set of signals or a subset of the first set of signals using the interface indicated by the select signal.

Abstract: A system and method are provided that allow WiGig protocol adaptation layers (PALs) to operate differently from the proposed WiGig standard on top of an Internet protocol (IP) layer in order to enhance routing options for communication of the data traffic between a transmitting (source) device and a receiving (sink) device. A layering architecture is provided that allows WiGig PALs, such as WDE, to operate on top of an IP layer. A signaling mechanism is also provided that allows a negotiation, or at least an indication, of the underlying layering structure for specific data communications. Recognizing that the next generation wireless display requires technology such as WiGig WDE to support the driving demand for a cable replacement user experience and richer wireless display use cases, this PAL over IP architecture optimizes alignment of the WiGig data communication technology with other data communication technologies.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a converter/multiplexer and associated method of use therefor or converting and multiplexing parallel inputs, a modem, a GPS, or even modem information into a single multimaster broadcast serial bus standard for connecting electronic control units, and more specifically, to a multiplexer for transforming analog, digital, frequency, GPS, or modem inputs into a CAN bus data transmittal over LAN and/or PAN and interrelation with a similarly equipped receiving module. Further, the converter/multiplexer is used alone or in a group as part of a larger system for multiplexing and demultiplexing signals for serial bus processing and also for guidance when the converters are cabled by operators using stored configurations.

Abstract: Scheduling of transmission opportunities to prevent collisions is contemplated. The transmission opportunities may be scheduled for terminal units where transmissions of one terminal unit may collide or otherwise interfere with transmissions of another terminal unit. The transmission opportunities may be scheduled according to a time-frequency grid to prevent collisions in a time domain and/or a frequency domain.

Abstract: In an embodiment of the invention, a method of performing a byte-rotate-merge on computer hardware is discussed. Byte-rotating is performed on first and second source operands and are byte-rotated by first and second rotation constants respectively. The first byte-rotate output and the second byte-rotate output are merged. Bytes from the first byte-rotate output are output to a byte-rotate-merge output when control bits from a byte-mask are logical ones. Bytes from the second byte-rotate output are output to a byte-rotate-merge output when control bits from the byte-mask are logical zeros.

Abstract: The disclosed method for coding data includes the exchange between the transmitter and the receiver, in the course of the session, of attributes of collaboration messages that are able to be used in said session and of indices associated with these attributes. In various implementations, the attributes and their indices may be used by these pieces of equipment for updating a shared dictionary of indexed attributes. Upon coding, the attributes of the collaboration messages may be substituted with their indices; and upon decoding, the inverse operation may be carried out. The shared dictionaries may be destroyed at the end of the session.

Abstract: Compact laser systems are disclosed which include ultrafast laser sources in combination with nonlinear crystals or waveguides. In some implementations fiber based mid-IR sources producing very short pulses and/or mid-IR sources based on a mode locked fiber lasers are utilized. A difference frequency generator receives outputs from the ultrafast sources, and generates an output including a difference frequency. The output power from the difference frequency generator can further be enhanced via the implementation of large core dispersion shifted fibers. Exemplary applications of the compact, high brightness mid-IR light sources include medical applications, spectroscopy, ranging, sensing and metrology.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for anisotropic pumping of a Kerr lens modelocked laser. Direct diode laser pumping of an ultrafast Kerr lens modelocked laser oscillator is accomplished. Diode lasers generate severely anisotropic beams, meaning the pump beam has a higher-beam-quality dimension and a lower-beam-quality dimension. By spatially overlap of the pump beam higher-beam-quality dimension and the KLM laser mode, KLM operation is accomplished. Multiple laser diode pump beams are combined in counterpropagating and same-side configurations.

Abstract: The invention relates to scanning pulsed laser systems for optical imaging. Coherent dual scanning laser systems (CDSL) are disclosed and some applications thereof. Various alternatives for implementation are illustrated, including highly integrated configurations. In at least one embodiment a coherent dual scanning laser system (CDSL) includes two passively modelocked fiber oscillators. The oscillators are configured to operate at slightly different repetition rates, such that a difference ?fr in repetition rates is small compared to the values fr1 and fr2 of the repetition rates of the oscillators. The CDSL system also includes a non-linear frequency conversion section optically connected to each oscillator. The section includes a non-linear optical element generating a frequency converted spectral output having a spectral bandwidth and a frequency comb comprising harmonics of the oscillator repetition rates.

Abstract: Seed pulse generators for fiber amplifier systems include a seed pump controller coupled to a seed pump laser diode. A photodetector is situated to detect seed pulse generation, and is coupled to the seed pump controller so that seed pumping is decreased upon pulse detection. For a laser diode pump source, a pump current can be pulsed to produce a seed pulse and then decreased to a bias level such as a DC bias current that is less than a pump laser threshold current. Single seed pulses can be generated with reduced pulse jitter.

Abstract: A system and method for high power parametric amplification based on performing amplification in a frequency domain after time domain pulses are optically Fourier transformed, to overcome bandwidth limitations. In a nutshell, a first optical Fourier transformation of a seed spectrum is performed and parametric amplification is carried out in this spatially dispersed frequency plane. As a consequence, individual parts of the spectrum can be amplified using an optical amplification medium comprising a series of optical amplification units, such as different narrowband crystals, placed one next to each other. Each crystal is tuned independently to optimize its corresponding spectral slice. A second optical Fourier transformation recovers the time domain laser pulses. This method enables scalability of amplified bandwidth and pulse energy at the same time.

Abstract: The invention relates to vertical cavity lasers (VCL) incorporating a reflectivity-modulated grating mirror (1) for modulating the laser output. A cavity is formed by a bottom mirror (4), an active region (3), and an outcoupling top grating mirror (1) formed by a periodic refractive index grating region in a layer structure comprising a p- and a n-doped semiconductor layer with an electrooptic material layer (12) arranged there between. The grating region comprises a grating structure formed by periodic perforations to change the refractive index periodically in directions normal to the oscillation axis. A modulated voltage (91) is applied in reverse bias between the n- and p-doped layers to modulate the refractive index of the electrooptic material layer (12) and thereby the reflectivity spectrum of the grating mirror (1).

Abstract: Embodiments are disclosed that relate to reducing inductive losses and controlling driver and laser diode temperatures in an optical assembly comprising a laser diode. For example, one disclosed embodiment provides an optical assembly comprising a printed circuit board, and a laser diode package and laser diode driver mounted to the printed circuit board. Further, a heat sink is coupled to the laser diode driver and configured to provide a first thermal path for conducting heat from the laser diode driver. Additionally, a coupler may further be coupled to the laser diode package and printed circuit board, wherein the coupler is configured to provide a second, different thermal path for conducting heat from the laser diode package.

Abstract: A semiconductor light emitting device includes a light emitting structure including a first conductivity type semiconductor layer, an active layer, and a second conductivity type semiconductor layer, a first electrode disposed below the light emitting structure, the first electrode being electrically connected to the first conductivity type semiconductor layer, a second electrode within the light emitting structure, the second electrode being electrically connected to the second conductivity type semiconductor layer, an insulating part electrically separating the second electrode from the first conductivity type semiconductor layer, the active layer, and the first electrode, a first pad electrode electrically connected to the first electrode, and a second pad electrode electrically connected to the second electrode, the second pad electrode being exposed to a top surface of the light emitting structure.

Abstract: A semiconductor light emitting device includes a conductive substrate, a light emitting laminate including a second conductivity type semiconductor layer, an active layer, and a first conductivity type semiconductor layer stacked on the conductive substrate, a first electrode layer electrically connected to the first conductivity type semiconductor layer, a second electrode layer between the conductive substrate and the second conductivity type semiconductor layer, the second electrode layer being electrically connected to the second conductivity type semiconductor layer, and a passivation layer between the active layer and the second electrode layer, the passivation layer covering at least a lateral surface of the active layer of the light emitting laminate.

Abstract: An edge-emitting optical semiconductor structure has a substrate, an active multiple quantum well (MQW) region formed on the substrate, and a ridge waveguide extending between first and second etched end facets. The first etched end facet is disposed in a first window, while the second etched end facet is disposed in a second window. The first etched end facet extends between a pair of alcoves in the first window, and the second etched end facet extends between a pair of alcoves in the second window. An integrated device in which two such structures are provided has an H-shaped window where the two structures adjoin each other. The structure can be fabricated using a process that involves a first mask to form the ridge waveguide and then a second mask and an etching process to form the windows.

Abstract: A multicolor photonic crystal laser array comprises pixels of monolithically grown gain sections each with a different emission centre wavelength. As an example, two-dimensional surface-emitting photonic crystal lasers comprising broad gain-bandwidth III-nitride multiple quantum well axial heterostructures were fabricated using a novel top-down nanowire fabrication method. Single-mode lasing was obtained in the blue-violet spectral region with 60 nm of tuning (or 16% of the nominal centre wavelength) that was determined purely by the photonic crystal geometry. This approach can be extended to cover the entire visible spectrum.

Abstract: A combined laser light source includes a substrate, a waveguide, a first laser source, a second laser source, and a Bragg grating. The substrate includes a top surface, a first side surface, and a second side surface. The waveguide is formed in the top surface and includes a first branch and a second branch connecting with the first branch. The first laser source connects with an entrance of the first entrance and emits a first laser beam into the first branch. The second laser source connects with an entrance of the second entrance and emits a second laser beam into the second branch. The Bragg grating is formed at an interaction of the first branch and the second branch and is configured to reflect the second laser beam into the first branch.

Abstract: A device is disclosed including a substrate; an infrared detector coupled to and thermally isolated from the substrate; and a heat shield coupled to the substrate by a plurality of contacts, the heat shield disposed above the infrared detector to block external thermal radiation from being received by the infrared detector. The heat shield is configured to receive a current through the contacts to heat the heat shield to a first temperature, and the infrared detector is configured to detect the first temperature and provide an output signal that is related to a vacuum pressure within the device. Methods for using and forming the device are also disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a calibrating apparatus which is adapted to remove a measurement deviation of a pyrometer, and more particularly, to an apparatus for calibrating a pyrometer, which calibrates a reference value so as to remove a deviation in a temperature measured in a pyrometer. The apparatus for calibrating a pyrometer includes a blackbody including a radiant space from which radiant energy is radiated, a body housing configured to receive the blackbody therein and including a light output wall having a light output port connected with the radiant space, a light output wall protecting cover configured to be coupled with the light output wall of the body housing so as to define a passage connecting the light output wall of the body housing and an outside environment, and a fixing member configured to fix the light output wall protecting cover to the light output wall of the body housing.

Abstract: Disclosed is a calibrating apparatus which is adapted to remove a measurement deviation of a pyrometer, and more particularly, to an apparatus for calibrating a pyrometer, which calibrates a reference value so as to remove a deviation in a temperature measured in a pyrometer. The apparatus for calibrating a pyrometer includes a blackbody including a radiant space from which radiant energy is radiated, a body housing configured to receive the blackbody therein and including a light output wall having a light output port connected with the radiant space, a light output wall protecting cover comprising a transparent blocking plate disposed at a position opposite to the light output port so as to transmit a long wavelength of approximately 5 ?m to approximately 20 ?m may and configured to be coupled with the light output wall of the body housing, and a fixing member configured to fix the light output wall protecting cover to the light output wall of the body housing.

Abstract: An automatic pipette assembly for an isothermal titration micro calorimetry system, comprising a pipette housing, a syringe with a titration needle arranged to be inserted into a sample cell for supplying titrant, and a linear activator for driving a plunger in the syringe, the titration needle is rotatable with respect to the housing and is provided with a stirring paddle arranged to stir fluid in the sample cell, wherein the automatic pipette assembly comprises a stirring motor for driving the rotation of the titration needle. There is also provided an isothermal titration micro calorimetry system.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a temperature measurement device is provided with: light collection means; extraction means; optical intensity calculation means; and temperature measurement means. The light collection means collects the emission spectrum of a measurement subject. The extraction means extracts beams having the wavelength of the atomic spectral lines and a beam having a wavelength in a wavelength region where there are no atomic spectral lines, from the emission spectrum collected by the aforementioned light collection means. The optical intensity calculation means calculates the optical intensities of the beams extracted by the aforementioned extraction means. The temperature measurement means calculates the temperature of the aforementioned measurement subject, based on the intensities of the beams calculated by the aforementioned optical intensity calculation means.

Abstract: A system and method for monitoring the operation condition of a wide variety of machinery is disclosed. A plurality of sensors, including temperature sensors and vibration sensors, are coupled to a controller. The controller receives input from the sensors and determines whether the temperature and vibration levels are within acceptable ranges with respect to baseline values. If the temperature and vibration levels fall outside the acceptable ranges, then respective visual indicators alert a user of such a condition. Multiple alarm levels are provided. A mounting arrangement is also provided in which a single threaded fastener can be used to attach the monitor to the machinery. The threaded fastener engages a through-wall metal recess in the monitor to efficiently conduct heat and vibration from the machinery to the temperature and vibration sensors within the monitor. The metal recess also serves to protect the monitor from damage during installation.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to a non-contact temperature monitoring device, wherein: temperature data and image data are simultaneously outputted to a monitoring unit by simultaneously photographing a temperature detection target and detecting the temperature of the temperature detection target in a non-contact manner, in which the temperature state of the temperature detection target and on-site conditions can be monitored in real time; the state of the temperature detection target is photographed using an image capturing unit only when the temperature state of the temperature detection target is abnormal, thereby simplifying an operation in a normal state and more accurately detecting on-site conditions using image information in emergency situations. Accordingly, quicker and more accurate responses are possible, thereby preventing fire accidents in industrial settings.

Abstract: A disclosed chemical detection system for detecting a target material, such as an explosive material, can include a cantilevered probe, a probe heater coupled to the cantilevered probe, and a piezoelectric element disposed on the cantilevered probe. The piezoelectric element can be configured as a detector and/or an actuator. Detection can include, for example, detecting a movement of the cantilevered probe or a property of the cantilevered probe. The movement or a change in the property of the cantilevered probe can occur, for example, by adsorption of the target material, desorption of the target material, reaction of the target material and/or phase change of the target material. Examples of detectable movements and properties include temperature shifts, impedance shifts, and resonant frequency shifts of the cantilevered probe. The overall chemical detection system can be incorporated, for example, into a handheld explosive material detection system.

Abstract: A temperature detection device is connected to a temperature sensor, and includes two resistors, a transistor and a microcomputer. The temperature sensor is connected to ground. The resistors are connected in series between the temperature sensor and a power supply line. The transistor is connected to the resistor, which is at the power supply line side. The microcomputer switches over a characteristic of a sensor voltage, which is developed at a junction between the resistor and the temperature sensor, to a first characteristic and a second characteristic by switching over the transistor to an on-state and an off-state. The microcomputer calculates a temperature based on the sensor voltage. When the transistor is in the on-state, the microcomputer detects a voltage developed at a low-potential side output terminal of the transistor and calculates the temperature based on the transistor output voltage and the sensor voltage.

Abstract: Methods for improving memory resource allocation at a base station of a wireless communications system, based on a virtual minimum spreading factor, may include computing a maximum traffic-to-pilot (T2P) power ratio for a UE, and sending a grant message to the UE specifying the maximum T2P power ratio. The base station may determine a largest minimum spreading factor (SF) for the UE based on the computed maximum T2P power ratio. The base station may allocate a memory buffer for storing minimum SF signal samples, receive one or more spread spectrum signals from the UE, and partially despread the received signals using the largest minimum SF, thereby preparing partially despread signal samples in the memory buffer. The base station may receive, from the UE, information about the actual SF used by the UE, and despread the partially despread signal samples stored in the memory buffer using the actual SF.

Abstract: A control station apparatus comprising a transmitter that is configured to transmit, to a terminal apparatus, information indicating an allocation method for allocating frequency signals to a plurality of subcarriers, where the information indicates a communication scheme which is one of Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) scheme and Clustered Discrete Fourier Transform-spread-OFDM (Clustered DFT-S-OFDM) scheme.

Abstract: A signal processing method, a connector and a memory storage device are provided. The signal processing method is for the connector which does not include a crystal oscillator. The signal processing method includes: receiving a first signal stream from a host system; tracking a transmission frequency of the first signal stream, and obtaining a frequency shift quantity of the first signal stream relative to the transmission frequency; determining if a spread spectrum operation is performed on the first signal stream according to the frequency shift quantity to generate a determination result; generating a second signal stream according to the determination result and the transmission frequency. Accordingly, the spread spectrum operation is handled under the situation without a crystal oscillator.

Abstract: An accumulation apparatus (230) for accumulating a number of data values comprises an adder (275) arranged, for each of the number of data values in turn, to add the data value to an adder sum present at an output (278) of the adder (275) for the preceding one of the data values. An asynchronous ripple counter (240) is coupled to the adder (275) for generating a ripple count by counting occurrences of overflow of the adder (275). The accumulation apparatus (230) provides an accumulated data value having the adder sum as its least significant part and the ripple count as its most significant part.

Abstract: Certain aspects of the present disclosure relate to a method for acquisition of a received spread spectrum signal transmitted over a wired or wireless medium.

Abstract: An IS-OFDM system for point-to-point wireless communications that suppresses narrow-band interference comprises an IS-OFDM transmitter and an IS-OFDM receiver, wherein a transmitted signal comprises a plurality of subcarriers, and further wherein each subcarrier contains more than one and potentially all symbols transmitted in a given frame. The IS-OFDM transmitted signal is at a data rate that is equal to the data rate of the input data stream via the use of P/S converters.

Abstract: A bus communication transceiver measures a delay time in response to a rising time of a signal and adjusts a falling waveform of the same signal based on the measurement result. A signal waveform, especially, a duty ratio can be adjusted in a predetermined standard range. Also, the bus communication transceiver realizes an excellent real-time operation, without receiving influence of a variation of the voltage supplied to the bus, and a variation of a total of loads connected with the bus. The bus communication transceiver measures the delay time by using the signal and adjusts the waveform of the signal.

Abstract: A system according to one embodiment includes a demodulator configured to receive an OFDM modulated signal over a channel, the signal including a sequence of symbols, each of the symbols including one or more pilot carriers and one or more data carriers; a time filtering and interpolation circuit coupled to the demodulator, the time filtering and interpolation circuit configured to estimate the frequency response of the channel based on time filtering and interpolation of the pilot carriers; a phase slope correction circuit configured to apply each of a plurality of phase slope corrections to the frequency response and to the data carriers; a frequency filtering and interpolation circuit configured to calculate frequency response estimates of the channel at data carrier frequencies based on frequency filtering and interpolation of the phase slope corrected frequency response; an equalization circuit configured to equalize the phase slope corrected data carriers based on the calculated frequency response estim