Abstract: Disclosed is a method of manufacturing an assembly of components joined by brazing, comprising the steps of: (i) forming the components of which at least one is made from a multi-layered brazing sheet product, the multi-layered brazing sheet product comprising a core sheet (a) having on at least one surface of the core sheet an aluminium clad layer (b), the aluminium clad layer being made of an aluminium alloy comprising silicon in an amount in the range of 2 to 18% by weight, a layer (c) comprising nickel on the outer surface of the aluminium clad layer, and a layer (d) comprising zinc or tin as a bonding layer between the outer surface of the aluminium clad layer and the layer comprising nickel; (ii) forming at least one other component of a metal dissimilar to the core sheet of the multi-layered brazing sheet product and selected from the group consisting of titanium, plated titanium, coated titanium, bronze, brass, stainless steel, plated stainless steel, coated stainless steel, low-carbon steel, plated

Abstract: A process and apparatus for supplying a soluble metal compound to an electrolyte solution uses a powder wetting device in a loop from a working tank. The powder wetting machine supplies the powdered metal compound directly into the electrolyte solution which rapidly dissolves to replenish the electrolyte compound during the treating process. The process and apparatus are particularly suitable for replenishing the metal salts consumed during an electroplating process.

Abstract: A surface-treated sheet for fuel tanks includes a cold-rolled steel sheet with a low carbon content, a zinc or zinc-based alloy plating layer formed on the steel sheet, and a chromate film coated on the zinc or zinc-based alloy plating layer. The chromate film is formed from a chromate solution. The chromate solution includes a subject solution and an aqueous silane solution in an amount ranging from 5 to 50% by weight of the subject solution. The subject solution contains a chrome aqueous solution where the concentration of chrome is in the range of 5-50 g/l and the ratio of trivalent chrome to the chrome content is in the range of 0.4 to 0.8.

Abstract: Provided are a substrate with a zinc oxide layer, in which at least a zinc oxide layer is provided on a support substrate, wherein the zinc oxide layer comprises a zinc oxide layer having the c axis perpendicular to the support substrate and a zinc oxide layer having the c axis slantindicular to the support substrate in the order from the side of the support substrate; and a photovoltaic device in which a semiconductor layer is formed on the substrate with the zinc oxide layer. Thus provided is the inexpensive photovoltaic device with excellent reflective performance and optical confinement effect and with high photoelectric conversion efficiency.

Abstract: The present invention is applicable to composite particles for composite dispersion plating used for forming a self-lubricating composite dispersion coating and a method of plating using such composite particles as well as a plating (coating) using the same. The purpose of the invention is to obtain a composite particle for composite dispersion plating which is comprised of a particle with an excellent capability of reducing the friction and a low or very low specific gravity, and a method of plating using such composite particles. In this invention, each of the composite particles includes a friction-reducing mother or core particle (1) encapsulated with shell particles (2) comprised of the same components as a base metal of a composite dispersion plating bath (5). This provides a composite particle for composite dispersion plating which is comprised of a particle with an excellent capability of reducing the friction and a low or very low specific gravity.

Abstract: A continuous layer of a metal is electrodeposited onto a substrate having both hydrodynamically inaccessible recesses and hydrodynamically accessible recesses on its surface by a twostep process in which the hydrodynamically inaccessible recesses are plated using a pulsed reversing current with cathodic pulses having a duty cycle of less than about 50% and anodic pulses having a duty cycle of greater than about 50% and the hydrodynamically accessible recesses are then plated using a pulsed reversing current with cathodic pulses having a duty cycle of greater than about 50% and anodic pulses having a duty cycle of less than about 50%.

Abstract: A smooth layer of a metal is electroplated onto a microrough electrically conducting substrate by immersing the substrate and a counterelectrode in an electroplating bath of the metal to be electroplated and passing a modulated reversing electric current between the electrodes. The current contains pulses that are cathodic with respect to said substrate and pulses that are anodic with respect to said substrate. The cathodic pulses have a duty cycle less than about 50% and said anodic pulses have a duty cycle greater than about 50%, the charge transfer ratio of the cathodic pulses to the anodic pulses is greater than one, and the frequency of said pulses ranges from about 10 Hertz to about 12000 Hertz. The plating bath is substantially devoid of levelers and may be devoid of brighteners.

Abstract: An electroplating installation for coating the conducting surface of a part. The installation includes electrodes submerged in a bath. The electrodes rest on a support device that serves as a support and a current supply. The electrodes and the support device form an interface defining a plurality of grooves opening into the bath. The grooves may be formed in the electrodes, in the support device, or in both the electrodes and the support device.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for supplying a soluble metal compound to an electrolyte solution uses a powder wetting device in a loop from a working tank. The powder wetting machine supplies the powdered metal compound directly into the electrolyte solution which rapidly dissolves to replenish the electrolyte compound during the treating process. The process and apparatus are particularly suitable for replenishing the metal salts consumed during an electroplating process.

Abstract: A process for electroplating metal on a resistive substrate and the article of manufacture produced therefrom are disclosed. The metal layer is electroplated onto the resistive substrate in an electroplating bath having a polarization parameter &xgr; less than approximately 10 such that the metal layer is of substantially uniform thickness. The polarization parameter &xgr; of less than approximately 10 for the electroplating bath can be achieved by numerous means, such as by providing a low metal ion concentration in the electroplating bath or by adding one or more additives to the electroplating bath. The present invention may be used with a variety of metals and resistive substrates.

Abstract: Before the application of an external coating having a base of polyester or epoxy resin, or of a mixture of the two by spraying with an electrostatic spray gun, the parts to be coated are subjected to an initial zinc coating treatment by electrolytic process and a layer of an acrylic paint is applied to the zinc coating and polymerized to define a bonding sublayer between the metal and the external coating.

Abstract: This invention provides a composite foil comprising an aluminum carrier layer and an ultra-thin copper foil having a protective layer disposed between them comprising a porous copper layer and an interpenetrating zinc layer. A process for producing such composite foils comprises the steps of preparing the surface of the aluminum carrier, electrodepositing a porous copper layer on the aluminum carrier layer followed by electrodepositing a zinc layer, and then electrodepositing two layers of copper to form the ultra-thin copper foil. The composite foil provides a uniform bond strength between the aluminum carrier and the protective layer which is adequate to prevent separation of the carrier and ultra-thin copper foil during handling and lamination, but which is significantly lower than the peel strength of a copper/substrate bond, so that the carrier can easily be removed after lamination of the composite foil to an insulating substrate.

Abstract: A bath of pH higher than 4 containing more than 1 mole/liter of Zn.sup.++ ions and at least one polyethylene glycol polymer of the general formula R.sup.1 --O(CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 --O).sub.n --R.sup.2, in which n.ltoreq.13 and in which the concentration of polymer in the bath is adapted to incorporate in the coat an organic compound having a content by weight greater than 0.1%, expressed as weight of carbon per unit weight of the coat. The bath is adapted to high current densities, and the coat applied on the steel sheet imparts both a leveling effect and an improvement of corrosion resistance.

Abstract: Grain oriented electrical steel sheet with a very low iron loss and a method for producing the same, wherein the surface of the iron substrate of the grain oriented electrical steel sheet is subjected to an enhancement treatment of crystal grain orientation or surface smoothing to a mean roughness of about 0.20 .mu.m or less, electroplating a chromium plating layer on the substrate with heterogeneous growth, and applying a tension coating film to the plating layer.

Abstract: Defects in metal strips in a continuous electroplating process caused by surface anomalies in the conductor roll are reduced and/or eliminated by spraying a large volume water on the electroplated surface before it contacts the conductor roll. The water must be sprayed in a volume of at least 0.01 gallon per inch of strip width per minute per conductor roll.

Abstract: An Mg based article excellent in plating adhesion which is produced with an Mg alloy base material regardless of its kind by forming a Zn layer of an average thickness of 0.60 .mu.m or more, or a Zn deposition of 0.43 mg/cm.sup.2 or more formed on the Mg alloy base material and a method of producing the article with good efficiency are provided.

Abstract: The invention discloses a new electrode suitable for use as an anode for oxygen evolution from electrolytes containing fluorides or fluoride-complex anions even in high concentrations.The anode of the invention comprises a titanium substrate provided with a protective interlayer resistant to the aggressive action of fluorides, and an electrocatalytic coating for oxygen evolution.The protective interlayer is made of tungsten, oxides or oxyfluorides, optionally containing metals of the platinum group in minor quantities, metallo-ceramic compounds and intermetallic compounds either per se or as mixed oxides.

Abstract: The invention is directed towards a CO-tolerant fuel cell electrode formed from a carbon supported, platinum dispersed, non-stoichiometric hydrogen tungsten bronze electrode catalyst. The electrode catalyst is capable of oxidizing CO at very low potentials, and is sequentially formed from stable precursors.

Abstract: An electrogalvanizing process, in which a strip is moved past an anode, plating solution is made to flow at a speed V with respect to the moving strip, and an electric current of current density J greater than 50 A/dm.sup.2 is passed between the strip and the anode, which comprises carrying out the deposition under conditions such that:J/J.sub.lim is less than or equal to 0.15;J.sup.2 /J.sub.lim is less than or equal to 22 A/dm.sup.2 ;where J.sub.lim is the limiting current density, corresponding to the current density plateau in the current versus potential curve characteristic of the plating solution flowing at the speed V in the vicinity of the strip. An electroplating cell of the radial type for implementing the process, in which cell the anode bed is continuous, is disclosed. The process facilitates the high-speed deposition of zinc which has low rugosity and is free of edge dendrites.

Abstract: A method for the production of zinc ammonium chloride complex salts for use as galvanizing fluxes by heating waste materials captured from industrial processes containing zinc in a reducing atmosphere, leaching the resultant captured waste materials in an ammonium chloride solution resulting in a first product solution and a first undissolved materials, adding zinc metal to the first product solution resulting in a second product solution and a second undissolved materials, and adding additional ammonium chloride and/or hydrochloric acid to the second product solution resulting in the production of zinc ammonium chloride complex salts for use as galvanizing fluxes.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell comprising bipolar electrodes is employed for electrochemical deposition of copper, zinc, lead, nickel or cobalt. An interior space is provided between the cathode side and the anode side of a bipolar electrode. The electrolyte can flow substantially without an obstruction through the interelectrode space between adjacent electrodes. The current densities in the interelectrode space amount to 800 to 8000 A/m.sup.2. Gas is evolved on the anode side of the bipolar electrodes and causes liquid to flow along the anode side. In the middle of the height of the anode side that liquid flow has a vertical component having a velocity of 5 to 100 cm/second. Electrolyte solution flows from the upper edge portion of the anode side to a return flow space, in which the solution flows downwardly. From the return flow space the solution is returned to the lower portion of the interelectrode space.

Abstract: A high current density electrogalvanizing process and composition are disclosed for reducing high current density dendrite formation and edge burn and controlling high current density roughness, grain size and orientation of a zinc coating obtained from a zinc sulfate aqueous acidic electrogalvanic coating bath. The composition comprises a high molecular weight polyoxyalkylene glycol grain refining agent in combination with a sulfonated condensation product of naphthalene and formaldehyde which is used as an antidendritic agent.

Abstract: The invention describes a process for the electrolytical coating of an object of steel on one or both sides. Preferably, the object is a steel strip with zinc or a zinc iron alloy. Zinc or a zinc iron alloy is deposited on the object when the object is connected to form the cathode of a galvanic cell in an aqueous solution of zinc chloride and iron chloride with a pH of 0.1 to 3.0. The zinc chloride solution has a concentration of 50 to 1000 g/l for the deposition of metallic zinc. A partial flow of electrolyte solution is past continuously into a column filled with metallic zinc, where the trivalent iron formed there during the electrolysis is reduced to a bivalent iron, and metallic zinc is dissolved simultaneously therewith. The invention also describes an apparatus for the electrolytical coating of an object of steel.

Abstract: A method of dissolving zinc oxide in which, to perform continuous zinc-system electroplating of a steel sheet using an insoluble anode, particularly continuous zinc-nickel alloy electroplating, a dissolution bath is provided in a circuit for a sulfuric acid plating liquid, and zinc oxide is dissolved in the plating liquid in the dissolution bath. The amount of zinc oxide thrown in is controlled during dissolution of zinc oxide so that the pH of the plating liquid at an outlet of the dissolution bath does not exceed 2.3.

Abstract: A metal surface, useful as an electrode in an electrolytic cell, is now described having enhanced adhesion of subsequently applied coatings combined with excellent coating service life. The substrate metal of the electrode, such as a valve metal as represented by titanium, is provided with a highly desirable rough surface characteristic for subsequent coating application. This can be achieved by various operations including etching and melt spray application of metal or ceramic oxide to ensure a roughened surface morphology. Usually in subsequent operations, a barrier layer is provided on the surface of enhanced morphology. This may be achieved by operations including heating, as well as including thermal decomposition of a layer precursor. Subsequent coatings provide enhanced lifetime even in the most rugged commercial environments.

Abstract: A metal surface is now described having enhanced adhesion of subsequently applied coatings. The substrate metal of the article, such as a valve metal as represented by titanium, is provided with a highly desirable surface characteristic for subsequent coating application. This can be initiated by selection of a metal of desirable metallurgy and heat history, including prior heat treatment to provide surface grain boundaries which may be most readily etched. In subsequent etching operation, the surface is made to exhibit well defined, three dimensional grains with deep grain boundaries. Subsequently applied coatings, by penetrating into the etched intergranular valleys, are desirably locked onto the metal substrate surface and provide enhanced lifetime even in rugged commercial environments.

Abstract: In a process for the electrolytic zinc coating of high-grade steel on one and two sides, the latter is connected as a cathode in the form of a high-grade steel strip in a galvanic cell, and metallic zinc is deposited on the high-grade steel strip from an aqueous solution of a zinc salt with a pH value of 1.0 to 2.5, preferably 1.5 to 2.0, as a result of which a contact corrosion with zinc-coated metal sheet is avoided, which is particularly important in the motor-car industry.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an electrogalvanized steel sheet excellent in spot weldability, which comprises the steps of: adding, into an acidic electrogalvanizing solution containing an oxidizer, a complexing agent, which is capable of forming a stable complex with zinc, in an amount within a range of from 0.001 to 10 moles per liter of the electrogalvanizing solution, or a pH buffer, which has a pH buffering effect in a solution having a pH value within a range of from 5 to 12, in an amount within a range of from 1 to 50 g per liter of the electrogalvanizing solution; and electrogalvanizing a steel sheet in the resultant acidic electrogalvanizing solution containing the complexing agent or the pH buffer in addition to the oxidizer, to form a galvanizing layer comprising zinc oxide or zinc hydroxide on the surface of the steel sheet.

Abstract: An electrolytic processing method for electrolytically processing the surface of a metallic member. A paste containing an electrolyte is prepared by mixing a paste-forming agent with a liquid electrolyte. The paste is placed between the metallic member and an opposing electrode. The metallic member and the opposing electrode are connected to an electrical power supply so that an electrical current is made to flow between the metallic member and the opposing electrode through the paste containing electrolyte, whereby the surface of the metallic member is electrolytically processed. Descaling, passivity treatment, coloring, polishing, plating and other electrolytic process can be performed on any type of metallic member at any desired place, by suitably selecting factors such as the compositon of the paste, condition of the electrical power supply and so forth.

Abstract: In the electroplating of certain metals, such as zinc, a metal build-up in the electroplating bath occurs due to a higher anode efficiency than cathode efficiency, in the cell, and also due to chemical dissolution of the anode in the electroplating bath. An electrowinning cell is provided to remove metal from the electroplating bath. The electrowinning cell is operated with a current sufficient to remove metal from the bath substantially equal to that chemically dissolved into the bath as well as the build-up due to the difference in the anodic and cathodic efficiencies.

Abstract: Disclosed is a steel sheet having an organic composite plating layer excellent in press workability, spot weldability, electrodeposition coatability and corrosion resistance which comprises a zinc plated, aluminum plated or zinc base composite alloy steel sheet, a first layer of an insoluble chromate film of 5% or less in the content of water-soluble matter formed on the surface of the steel sheet at a coverage of 10-150 mg/m.sup.2 in terms of chromium content and a second layer of a coating composition having the following composition coated at a thickness of 0.3-5 .mu.