Abstract: A process is disclosed for improving the recovery of benzene from a reforming process by adding to the reformer effluent a heavy oil, then recovering the benzene in a flash drum.

Abstract: A device and method for improving the combustion characteristics of liquid fuels is shown. The device has an elongated casing with a hollow interior and inlet and outlet ports which are inserted in the fuel line of the fuel to be treated. An elongated metal bar is placed within the casing so that the exterior surfaces of the bar contact the fuel flowing within the casing. The metal bar is an alloy made of nickel, zinc, copper, tin, and silver which is generally triangular in cross-sectional area and substantially occupies the interior of the casing. Spaced-apart elevated ridges in the exterior surfaces of the metal bar promote turbulent flow in the fuel passing through the casing and over the surfaces of the metal bar.

Abstract: A process for selectively converting adsorbable hydrocarbon feeds containing straight-chain and slightly branched-chain hydrocarbons to olefins by contacting the feeds with crystalline silicates.

Abstract: A catalytic reforming process is disclosed in which substantially all of the heat requirements of the product stabilizer column is supplied by multiple indirect heat exchange.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method of reforming gasoline to raise the octane number thereof utilizing a novel catalyst comprising a low valence titanium, vanadium and/or chromium metallic component composited with a non-oxidizing high surface area support. The low valence metallic component is present in divalent form or as a combination of the metallic state and the divalent form-- preferably as a chloride and/or bromide. The preferred support is a high surface area coke.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon conversion processes with crystalline silicates surrounded by an alumina containing isostructural shell are claimed.

Abstract: Methylation of coal-derived liquids and other polynuclear aromatic distillate feed stocks for improving distillate fuel quality is achieved by contacting the feed stock with hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide over conventional sulfur-resistant hydrotreating catalysts. The resultant product comprises methylated aromatic and hydroaromatic molecules of increased diesel quality. Further hydrogenating of the methylated hydrocarbons further increases the cetane number of the methylated product. A major product of the methylation reaction is elemental sulfur.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon reforming process is controlled by manipulating the addition of halogen to the reforming catalyst responsive to an isopentane signal representative of the isopentane content in the reformate.

Abstract: A process for the catalytic reforming of a hydrocarbonaceous feedstock at reforming conditions including a pressure of from about 50 to about 250 psig. is disclosed. A portion of the hydrogen-rich vapor phase recovered from the reforming zone effluent at a relatively low pressure is compressed and recycled to the reforming zone without further purification. The balance of said hydrogen-rich vapor phase, or the net hydrogen, is compressed to a relatively high pressure and recontacted with at least a portion of the liquid hydrocarbon phase recovered from said low pressure separation to effect a further purification of said net hydrogen and to maximize the recovery of C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 + material in the liquid phase.

Abstract: This invention relates to a hydrocarbon conversion process effected in the presence of hydrogen, especially a hydrogen-producing hydrocarbon conversion process. More particularly, this invention relates to the catalytic reforming of a naphtha feedstock, and is especially directed to an improved recovery of the net excess hydrogen, and to an improved recovery of a C.sub.3 + normally gaseous hydrocarbon conversion product and a C.sub.5 + hydrocarbon conversion product boiling in the gasoline range.

Abstract: This invention provides a process for upgrading a heavy hydrocarbon oil to motor fuel products.The heavy hydrocarbon oil is admixed with a metal halide catalyst and a solvent component under supercritical conditions to form (1) a dense-gas solvent phase which contains refined hydrocarbon crackate, and which is substantially free of metal halide catalyst content; and (2) a residual asphaltic phase.

Abstract: A new porous zeolite, a method of making same and the use thereof in catalytic conversion of organic compounds. The new product has a composition, expressed in terms of moles of anhydrous oxides per 100 moles of silica as follows:(0-2.5)M.sub.2/n O:(0- 2.5)Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 :(100)SiO.sub.2wherein M is at least one cation having a valence n and wherein the zeolite is characterized by the distinctive X-ray powder diffraction pattern as shown in Table 1 herein. The new zeolite is prepared from a reaction mixture comprising a source of silica, a source of organic compounds of Group VB, alkali metal cations, water and with or without a source of alumina.

Abstract: A process for the isomerization of acyclic hydrocarbons and alkylaromatic hydrocarbons is disclosed. The mixed-phase feed stream is heated and the liquid-phase portion of the feed stream is simultaneously vaporized by indirect heat exchange against the effluent of the reaction zone. Prior to this exchange, the effluent of the isomerization zone is heated in a fired heater to a temperature above that employed in the reaction zone. The inventive concept eliminates the need to pass mixed-phase feed streams through fired multi-pass heaters.

Abstract: A shaped catalyst and methods of use are provided. The catalyst has substantially the shape of a cylinder having a plurality of longitudinal channels extending radially from the circumference of the cylinder and defining protrusions therebetween, said protrusions having a maximum width greater than the maximum width of the channels.

Abstract: A process for the catalytic reforming of a hydrocarbonaceous feedstock, preferably to produce high quality gasoline boiling range products, is disclosed. Relatively impure hydrogen is separated from the reforming zone effluent, compressed, and recontacted with at least a portion of the liquid reformate product to provide relatively pure hydrogen, a portion of which is recycled to the reforming zone. The balance is further compressed and recontacted with at least a portion of the liquid reformate product in a plural stage absorption zone to provide an improved recovery of normally gaseous hydrocarbons as well as an improved recovery of purified hydrogen at a pressure suitable, for example, the relatively high pressure hydrotreating of sulfur-containing feedstocks.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the catalytic reforming of hydrocarbons in the presence of hydrogen, preferably to produce high quality gasoline boiling range products. An improved recovery of normally gaseous hydrocarbons from the net excess hydrogen is realized by chilling and contacting said hydrogen with a normally liquid hydrocarbon stream in a plural stage absorption zone at an elevated pressure.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the catalytic reforming of hydrocarbons in the presence of hydrogen, preferably to produce high quality gasoline boiling range products. An improved recovery of normally gaseous hydrocarbons from the net excess hydrogen is realized by chilling and contacting said hydrogen with a normally liquid hydrocarbon stream in a plural stage absorption zone at an elevated pressure.

Abstract: A process for the catalytic reforming of a hydrocarbonaceous feedstock, preferably to produce high quality gasoline boiling range products, is disclosed. Relatively impure hydrogen is separated from the reforming zone effluent, compressed, and recontacted with at least a portion of the liquid reformate product to provide relatively pure hydrogen, a portion of which is recycled to the reforming zone. The balance is further compressed and recontacted with at least a portion of the liquid reformate product to provide an improved recovery of normally gaseous hydrocarbons as well as an improved recovery of purified hydrogen at a pressure suitable for use in the relatively high pressure hydrotreating of sulfur-containing feedstocks.

Abstract: Steam dehydrocyclization of paraffinic hydrocarbons to aromatic hydrocarbons is effected in the presence of catalyst, typically a supported rhodium catalyst bearing copper.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon conversion in the presence of a low-sodium form crystalline silicate converts normal and slightly branched paraffins, at least in part, to olefins.

Abstract: A process for selectively converting adsorbable hydrocarbon feeds containing straight-chain and slightly branched-chain hydrocarbons to olefins by contacting the feeds with crystalline silicates.

Abstract: An improved aromatization process is disclosed for upgrading the octane of an aliphatic feedstream, increasing the hydrogen to methane mol ratio of the product and decreasing the C.sub.10 + aromatics production. In the process the feed is diluted with CO, CO.sub.2 or N.sub.2 at a mol ratio in the range of 1:1 to 1:20 of feed to diluent, and passed over a ZSM-5-type of aluminosilicate zeolite catalyst.

Abstract: Methods employing a catalyst system comprising a hydrogen fluoride solution of tantalum pentafluoride and/or niobium pentafluoride for the preparation of 2,6-dimethyldecalin from a 12 carbon atom-containing dicyclic naphthenic isomer thereof and for the preparation of a mixture of 2,6-dimethyldecalin and a 12 carbon atom-containing dicyclic naphthenic isomer thereof from methylcyclopentane and/or cyclohexane are disclosed.

Abstract: Heat transfer in a hydrocarbon conversion process utilizing a magnetically stabilized fluid bed reactor and a magnetically stabilized catalyst regenerator is improved by the use of a fluidizable solids mixture comprising substantially inert heat carrier particles and magnetizable catalyst particles wherein the inert particles have settling rates higher than the settling rates of the catalyst particles. The heat carrier particles and the magnetizable catalyst particles are completely or partially separated in settling zones associated with the reactor and regenerator. The separated heat carrier particles and catalyst particles are independently circulated between the reactor and regenerator so that the heat carrier particles can be passed through one or more heat exchangers to provide the desired temperature levels in the system.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon conversion process wherein a hydrocarbon feedstock is contacted with a magnetically stabilized fluid bed of particulate solids comprising a mixture of separate, discrete (a) magnetizable substantially non-catalytic particles, and (b) non-magnetizable catalytic particles. The particulate solids mixture is withdrawn from the magnetically stabilized, fluidized bed and separated into magnetizable, substantially non-catalytic particles and non-magnetizable catalyst particles. The non-magnetizable catalytic particles are thereafter regenerated and returned to the hydrocarbon conversion zone. The separated magnetizable, substantially non-catalytic particles are subjected to heat transfer prior to their return to the conversion zone.

Abstract: A new crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite product is provided having a structure intermediate that of ZSM-5 and ZSM-11, having a characterizing X-ray diffraction pattern and having a unit cell parameter of at least about 40 Angstroms. There is also provided a method for synthesizing the new zeolite and a process for using the same as a catalyst in effecting conversion of organic compounds.

Abstract: Petroleum refinery operations involving catalytic reactions are improved by subjecting hydrocarbon reactants in contact with catalytic material to the influence of wave energy in the microwave range.

Abstract: The catalytic reforming of a feedstock which contains at least one reformable organic compound or the hydrocracking of a feedstock which contains at least one hydrocrackable organic compound is carried out in the presence of a catalyst composition comprising zinc and titanium.

Abstract: The catalytic reforming of a feedstock which contains at least one reformable organic compound or the hydrocracking of a feedstock which contains at least one hydrocrackable organic compound is carried out in the presence of a catalyst composition comprising zinc, titanium and rhenium.

Abstract: Isomerization of xylenes in admixture with ethylbenzene by contact with a zeolite catalyst such as ZSM-5 is improved by use of zeolite which has been steamed at high temperature to reduce activity, the reaction being at a temperature above about 700.degree. F. At these conditions, conversion of ethylbenzene follows a different reaction path which permits high conversion of ethylbenzene to benzene without loss of xylenes of disproportionation.

Abstract: A process for catalytic reforming of hydrocarbons which comprises contacting aliphatic hydrocarbons with steam and a dehydrocyclization catalyst under dehydrocyclization conditions to form a vapor stream containing aromatics and nonaromatics, separating at least a portion of the vapor stream which is compressed, heated, and recycled to the dehydrocyclization reaction to minimize steam diluent requirements for the process.

Abstract: Isomerization of xylenes admixed with other alkyl aromatics of at least eight carbon atoms is conducted at essentially atmospheric pressure at 800.degree.-1000.degree. F. with a zeolite like zeolite ZSM-5 of reduced acid activity.

Abstract: Coronene deposits are removed from a heat exchange zone disposed in two parallel trains of heat exchangers in a reforming process by reducing the flow of reforming zone effluent in one of the trains of heat exchangers sufficiently to effect condensation of a portion of the reforming zone effluent in said one train of heat exchangers where the coronene is deposited while simultaneously increasing the flow of reforming zone effluent in the second train of heat exchangers. Control means are provided in each of the heat exchange trains.

Abstract: High-purity C.sub.7 and/or C.sub.8 aromatic hydrocarbons are produced by reforming a C.sub.7 or C.sub.8 full boiling carbon number naphtha feed fraction or combinations thereof under reforming conditions of sufficient severity to convert essentially all of the non-aromatic portion of the naphtha feed boiling in the C.sub.7 to C.sub.8 aromatic boiling range to C.sub.7 and/or C.sub.8 aromatics, and then separating the reformate by fractional distillation into high-purity fractions of C.sub.7 and/or C.sub.8 aromatic hydrocarbons. Preferably, the C.sub.7 and/or C.sub.8 full boiling carbon number naphtha feed fraction is reformed in a plurality of reformer reaction stages with increasingly more severe conditions in order to maximize the yield of the C.sub.7 and C.sub.8 aromatics.

Abstract: Coronene deposits are removed from a heat exchange zone of a reforming process by operating the reforming zone at conditions such that at least a portion of the reformer effluent condenses in the heat exchange zone where the coronene deposit occurs.

Abstract: The process for preparing butadiene (divinyl) according to the present invention comprises dehydrogenation of n-butane or a mixture thereof with n-butene at a temperature ranging from 550.degree. to 650.degree. C. in the presence of oxygen, an inert diluent and a catalyst having the following composition, percent by weight:antimony oxide: 5.0-20.0vanadium oxide: 2.0-10.0nickel oxide: 4.0-20.0thorium oxide: 0.1-1.0titanium oxide: 0.1-1.0carrier: the balance.The process of this invention makes it possible to increase simultaneously the yield and selectivity of the formation of divinyl.

Abstract: Benzene, toluene and xylene are prepared from mixtures of single ring alkyl aromatic compounds of eight or more carbon atoms concurrently with isomerization of xylenes by mixing xylenes from which at least one isomer has been separated with a mixture of alkyl benzenes of eight and more carbon atoms, e.g. heavy reformate, and contacting that mixture at 800.degree. to 1000.degree. F. with a zeolite catalyst of reduced activity such as zeolite ZSM-5 having a silica to alumina ratio of at least 200.

Abstract: Hydrocarbons are converted by contacting them at hydrocarbon conversion conditions with a novel superactive multimetallic catalytic composite comprising a combination of a catalytically effective amount of a pyrolyzed rhenium carbonyl component with a porous carrier material containing a uniform dispersion of a catalytically effective amount of a platinum group component which is maintained in the elemental metallic state. In a highly preferred embodiment, this novel catalytic composite also contains a catalytically effective amount of a halogen component. The platinum group component, pyrolyzed rhenium carbonyl component and optional halogen component are preferably present in the multimetallic catalytic composite in amounts, calculated on an elemental basis, corresponding to about 0.01 to about 2 wt. % platinum group metal, about 0.01 to abour 5 wt. % rhenium and about 0.1 to about 3,5 wt. % halogen.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon conversion process, such as catalytic desulfurization of a vaporized petroleum feedstock with hydrogen or catalytic reforming of a vaporized hydrocarbon feedstock, is carried out by passing the gaseous medium upwardly through a fluidized bed of magnetizable composite particles having catalytic activity for hydrocarbon conversion and which contain 2 to 40 volume % ferro- or ferrimagnetic material to a nontime varying (direct current) and substantially uniform applied magnetic field having a substantial component along the direction of gravity such that the composite particles have a component of magnetization along the direction of gravity.

Abstract: A process for the catalytic reforming of hydrocarbons wherein a hydrogen-rich gas stream passed through the reaction zone on a once-through basis is obtained by passing a hydrogen-containing feed gas stream through an absorber which removes light paraffins. The gas separated from the reaction zone effluent by partial condensation is passed into a stripper as the stripping media used to remove these same light paraffins from the liquid used in the absorber.

Abstract: An improved moving bed contacting design is disclosed, which is especially useful for moving bed reforming. A moving catalyst bed is contained in a single, downflowing annular bed. Multiple feed inlet and outlet locations, and baffles on screens containing the catalyst, permit radial flow operation through a single bed of catalyst to simulate several distinct catalyst beds. Some gas may flow up or down, instead of radially to increase or decrease the loading of the catalyst bed.

Abstract: Alkanes are catalytically converted employing a catalyst comprising at least one alkaline earth oxide together with a promoting amount of manganese oxide and/or rhenium oxide. When the catalyst is treated with an oxygen-containing gas, such as air, prior to contacting the alkanes conversion by cracking is favored. When the catalyst is treated with hydrogen prior to contacting the alkanes dehydrocyclization is favored. A composition of matter is disclosed suitable for use as a catalyst for converting alkanes.

Abstract: A process for performing endothermic catalytic reactions, consists of introducing the reaction stream into at least one catalysis zone, constituted by at least one zone containing dilute catalyst and which can itself be preceded by a zone containing an inert catalyst-support, said dilute catalyst zone being followed by a conventional catalysis zone proper. Each of said zones is also separable from neighbouring zones by intercalated zones containing no material. Along said zones are heating means capable of providing variable amounts of heat to the reaction stream moving in each of said zones. Elongated catalysis zones are used including at the most two zones of dilute catalyst, arranged before the pure catalyst zone, if the direction of the reaction stream introduced is considered.

Abstract: Deactivated or partially deactivated hydrocarbon conversion catalysts comprising (a) one or more Lewis acids of the formula MX.sub.n where M is a component selected from Group IIIA, IVB, V, VIB or VIII Elements of the Periodic Table or their mixtures, X is a halogen, and n is the atomic ratio of halogen to M and varies from 1 to 8, and (b) a strong Bronsted acid, may be regenerated by contacting said catalysts with a halogen selected from the group consisting of fluorine or chlorine. If a portion of the catalyst has been hydrolyzed, the catalyst may be regenerated via halogenation as above or by contact with a hydrogen halide selected from the group consisting of hydrogen fluoride or hydrogen chloride and then fluorine. The preferred Lewis acid is a metal halide, preferably tantalum pentafluoride, niobium pentafluoride or mixtures thereof. The preferred Bronsted acid is a hydrogen halide, preferably hydrogen fluoride.

Abstract: Nonaromatic hydrocarbons are converted to aromatic hydrocarbons by contacting with a molecular chromium trioxide-graphite intercalation catalytic compound under dehydrocyclization conditions of temperature and pressure. In one embodiment, normal hexane is converted to benzene in the presence of a graphite-chromium trioxide interlayered complex with good conversion and high selectivity.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon phase separated from a hydrocarbon conversion process is solvent extracted with anhydrous liquid HF to separate metal pentafluoride which is carried over into the hydrocarbon phase. The extract of HF and metal fluoride is then combined with the catalyst phase (HF and metal pentafluoride) and stripped with hydrogen to reduce the molar ratio of HF to metal pentafluoride to the level that HF + metal pentafluoride catalyst is utilized in the hydrocarbon conversion process. The metal pentafluoride is TaF.sub.5 and/or NbF.sub.5 and the hydrocarbon conversion may involve isomerization, alkylation with olefins and reactions of a paraffin with another paraffin.

Abstract: Tantalum and/or niobium pentafluorides may be recovered from a deactivated or partially deactivated hydrocarbon conversion catalyst comprising (a) a metal pentafluoride selected from the group consisting of tantalum pentafluoride, niobium pentafluoride and mixtures thereof and (b) hydrogen fluoride, by distilling said catalyst in the presence of a Lewis acid containing neither of these Group V metals, thereby displacing a pentahalide of tantalum and/or niobium into the vapor phase from which it can be condensed. Addition of hydrogen fluoride then converts the pentahalide to the pentafluoride.

Abstract: A process for the dealkylation of alkylaromatic hydrocarbons wherein a hydrogen-rich gas stream passed through the reaction zone on a once-through basis is obtained by passing a hydrogen-containing feed gas stream into an absorber to remove light paraffins, and the gas separated from the reaction zone effluent by partial condensation is passed into a stripper as the stripping media used to remove these same light paraffins from the liquid used in the absorber. Processes for removing and hydrotreating are also described.

Abstract: A crystalline metal organosilicate having the composition, in its anhydrous state, as follows:0.9.+-.0.2[xR.sub.2 O+(1-x)M.sub.2/n O]:<0.005 Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 :>1SiO.sub.2where M is a metal, other than a metal of Group IIIA, n is the valence of said metal, R is an alkyl ammonium radical and x is a number greater than 0 but not exceeding 1, said organosilicate being characterized by a specified X-ray diffraction pattern. Said organosilicate is prepared by digesting a reaction mixture comprising (R.sub.4 N).sub.2 O, sodium oxide, an oxide of a metal other than a metal of group IIIA, an oxide of silicon and water. The crystalline organosilicates are useful as adsorbents and in their catalytically active form as catalysts for organic compound conversion.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon conversion process, such as catalytic desulfurization of a vaporized petroleum feedstock with hydrogen or catalytic reforming of a vaporized hydrocarbon feedstock, is carried out by passing the gaseous medium upwardly through a fluidized bed of magnetizable composite particles having catalytic activity for hydrocarbon conversion and which contain 2 to 40 volume % ferro- or ferrimagnetic material .[.to.]. .Iadd.in .Iaddend.a nontime varying (direct current) and substantially uniform applied magnetic field having a substantial component along the direction of gravity such that the composite particles have a component of magnetization along the direction of gravity.