Abstract: A stationary or mobile process for the selective production of aromatics, olefins and saturates from commercially available light hydrocarbon fuels using a low temperature and pressure catalytic system is described. The reforming of these products occur when the hydrocarbon fuel is passed over a dissimilar metal catalyst, preferably containing nickel and copper at low temperature (i.e., about -50.degree. F. to 250.degree. F.) and pressure (i.e., about 10 to 100 psia). The dissimilar metal catalyst is housed in a non-electrical conducting chamber and is operated with fluid Reynolds Numbers over the catalyst surface of between 2.times.10.sup.3 and 20.times.10.sup.4. The hydrocarbon fuel is recirculated, by means of a constant speed pump, over the dissimilar metal catalyst between 1 and approximately 100 times. This process results in reformed hydrocarbon fuels having superior performance qualities than the base hydrocarbon fuel.

Abstract: The present invention relates to new crystalline zeolite SSZ-35 prepared by processes for preparing crystalline molecular sieves, particularly large pore zeolites, using conformationally constrained aza-polycyclic ring system templating agents.

Abstract: A combination downflow contaminant treatment and/or removal bed in combination with a radial flow bed of contaminant sensitive catalyst in a single reactor vessel eliminates unexpected deactivation of contaminant sensitive catalyst. The process of this invention also monitors the entrance of contaminants into the downflow contaminant treatment/removal bed to measure total contaminant loading to avoid unnecessary shut-downs of the reactor vessel during temporary contaminant loadings. This invention is particularly useful for highly sulfur sensitive reforming catalysts that are used in combination with a sulfur sorbent for removal of the sulfur contaminants.

Abstract: In an endothermic steam active catalytic process employing a fixed catalyst bed in a fuel fired reactor for the dehydrogenation of alkanes to alkenes, wherein a reaction temperature above about 500.degree. C. (932.degree. F.) is maintained for commercially feasible conversions, and wherein catalyst activity declines during a production period, apparatus for control of a process temperature so as to compensate for catalyst activity decline includes a temperature sensor mounted in the reaction effluent stream in combination with a temperature controller which automatically adjusts the quantity of fuel supplied to the fired reactor.

Abstract: A process for reforming a hydrocarbon which comprises treating the hydrocarbon, while at elevated temperature, with a transition metal catalyst while in the presence of an effective amount of gaseous oxygen to improve the selectivity of the catalyst to aromatic formation and reduce the hydrogenolysis activity of the catalyst. The transition metal may be tungsten, and the transition metal catalyst may be supported on an oxidic support, optionally with a ceramic passivation layer lying between the support and the transition metal catalyst. The amount of gaseous oxygen used may be from about 50 ppm to about 5000 ppm, based upon the weight of the hydrocarbon.

Abstract: There is provided a gallium-containing MCM-22 zeolite. There are also provided methods for making this zeolite and processes for using this zeolite as a catalyst for the conversion of organic molecules. Particular conversions are reforming and the dehydrogenation of methylcyclohexane to form toluene.

Abstract: A method of operating a continuous process employing solid catalyst particles by means of charging a feedstock to a reactor and contacting the feedstock with a dense-phase moving bed of catalyst particles at conversion conditions in a reactor. A hydrogen-rich gas containing unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds is recovered from the reactor effluent and at least a portion is contacted with a hydrogenation catalyst to hydrogenate the olefins. The resulting hydrogenated hydrogen-rich gaseous stream is heated and used to supply heat to a vessel containing solid catalyst particles which are preheated and subsequently introduced into the reactor.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon feedstock is catalytically reformed to effect dehydrocyclization of paraffins in a process combination comprising a first reforming zone containing a mixed reforming catalyst and sulfur sorbent and a sulfur-removal zone utilizing a manganese component to preclude sulfur from the feed to a second reforming zone. The process combination shows substantial benefits over prior art processes in achieving reforming-catalyst stability.

Abstract: A fluid solid-contacting device eliminates the accumulation of deposits behind distribution collection conduits, reduces the differential expansion between the conduits and a containment vessel, and improves fluid distribution by extending the perforations into a back side of a distribution conduit that abuts the vessel. This apparatus has greatest application to scallop-shaped conduits that are commonly used in radial flow reactors. The perforations, extended into the back side of the scallop, ventilate the area between the scallop and the vessel holding the scallops.

Abstract: A process is provided for catalytic reforming or dehydrocyclization of hydrocarbons using a catalyst comprising a noble metal, and an intermediate pore size crystalline silicate having a high silica to alumina ratio and a relatively low alkali content. Preferably, the crystalline silicate is in the form of small crystallite size, such as less than 5 microns. The reforming or dehydrocyclization process is sulfur tolerant so that the reforming can be carried out in the presence of sulfur or with periodic exposure to sulfur.

Abstract: A process for recovering hydrogen-rich gases and increasing the recovery of liquid hydrocarbon products from a hydrocarbon conversion zone effluent is improved by a particular arrangement of a refrigeration zone, a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) zone, and up to two separation zones. The admixing of at least a portion of the tail gas from the PSA zone with a hydrogen-rich gas stream recovered from a first vapor-liquid separation zone results in significantly improved hydrocarbon recoveries and the production of a high purity hydrogen product. The process is especially beneficial in the integration of the catalytic reforming process with vapor hydrogen consuming processes such as catalytic hydrocracking in a petroleum refinery.

Abstract: Low sulfur gasoline of relatively high octane number is produced from a catalytically cracked, sulfur-containing naphtha by hydrodesulfurization followed by treatment over an acidic catalyst comprising a zeolite sorbing 10 to 40 mg 3-methylpentane at 90.degree. C., 90 torr, per gram dry zeolite in the hydrogen form, e.g., ZSM-22, ZSM-23, or ZSM-35. The treatment over the acidic catalyst in the second step restores the octane loss which takes place as a result of the hydrogenative treatment and results in a low sulfur gasoline product with an octane number comparable to that of the feed naphtha. The use of the specified zeolite provides greater desulfurization, gasoline selectivity, and octane than obtained using ZSM-5.

Abstract: A catalytic composite comprising a combination of catalytically effective amounts of a platinum component, optionally a second metal component such as tin or rhenium, and a halogen component with a porous carrier support material is disclosed. The platinum, second metal (if present) and halogen components are present in the catalytic composite in amounts, calculated on an elemental basis, of about 0.2 to about 0.4 wt. percent platinum metal, about 0.2 to about 0.5 wt. percent the second metal, and 0.5 to about 1.5 wt. percent halogen. Moreover, the metallic components are substantially uniformly distributed throughout the porous carrier support material. The support material is spherical gamma alumina having a characteristic pore structure including "superpores" (200-10,000 nm or greater) interconnected with "mesopores" (5-20 nm), wherein 80% or more of the pore volume (N.sub.2) resides in pores of less than 150 .ANG..

Abstract: Method and apparatus are described whereby a caustic-treated hydrocarbon feed mixture having a contaminating concentration of water and sulfur compounds is treated by separating the hydrocarbon feed into a first stream and a second stream. The first stream is contacted with an adsorbent material to produce a reactor feed stream having a significant reduction in the concentration of the contaminating water and sulfur compounds. The reactor feed stream is thereafter contacted in the presence of hydrogen under suitable isomerization conditions with an isomerization catalyst to produce an isomerate product.

Abstract: Paraffins, especially paraffins in the C.sub.4 -C.sub.8 range, are isomerized to iso-paraffins over an isomerization catalyst comprising a noble metal such as platinum on a support material comprising an inorganic, non-layered, porous, crystalline phase aluminosilicate material with pores of at least 13 .ANG. and which exhibits, after calcination, an X-ray diffraction pattern with at least one peak at a d-spacing greater than 18 .ANG.. These materials have a high surface area and sorption capacity marked by a benzene adsorption capacity of greater than about 15 grams benzene per 100 grams at 50 torr and 25.degree. C. In its preferred form, the support material has a uniform, hexagonal arrangement of pores with diameters of at least about 13 .ANG. and a hexagonal electron diffraction pattern that can be indexed with a d.sub.100 value greater than about 18 .ANG. which corresponds to at least one peak in the X-ray diffraction pattern.

Abstract: A process for upgrading gasolines and other hydrocarbon mixtures. The hydrocarbon mixture is contacted with a large pore zeolite catalyst in order to crack n-paraffins to form olefins and lower molecular weight n-paraffins, to cause the olefins to react with benzene in order to form alkylbenzenes, and to catalyze the isomerization of the n-paraffins to form i-paraffins. Preferably, all of the above reactions occur in a single reactant mixture in the presence of a zeolite catalyst having ten and/or twelve membered ring-type structures. The process of the invention reduces the benzene quantity of the hydrocarbon mixture and increases its octane number.

Abstract: There is provided a crystalline oxide material with a characteristic X-ray diffraction pattern. This material may be a layered material, which is swollen or pillared. Upon calcination of the swollen material, the layers collapse and condense upon one another in a somewhat disordered fashion to form a non-swellable material. However, the swollen layered material may be intercalated with polymeric oxide pillars to maintain layer separation, even after calcination.

Abstract: A process for recovering hydrogen-rich gases and increasing the recovery of liquid hydrocarbon products from a hydrocarbon conversion zone effluent is improved by a particular arrangement of two refrigeration zones and an absorption vessel.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and apparatus for reforming a hydrocarbon feedstock in the presence of steam using a steam-active reforming catalyst The present invention can generally be used in conjunction with any steam-active reforming processes wherein the hydrocarbon reforming and catalyst regeneration operations are conducted simultaneously and the catalyst is regenerated using a steam-diluted oxygen (or air) regeneration medium. In the present invention, catalyst regeneration effluent gas is advantageously reused in the reforming operation to provide at least a portion of the steam environment required for reforming the hydrocarbon feedstock. Free oxygen is preferably removed from the regeneration effluent gas before the regeneration effluent gas is brought into contact with the hydrocarbon feedstock.

Abstract: A novel catalyst composition comprising a crystalline aluminosilicate having a molar ratio of silica to alumina of at least 5:1, the aluminosilicate carrying gallium and copper, is useful in the conversion at elevated temperature of a C.sub.2 -C.sub.12 hydrocarbon feedstock into aromatic hydrocarbons.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a process for increasing the selectivity of the production of isobutylene in an admixture of C.sub.4 olefins, in a process comprising producing isobutylene, with high selectivity, comprising catalytically producing a first composition comprising at least one C.sub.4 olefin selected from the group consisting of 1-butene, cis-2-butene, trans-2-butene, admixtures thereof and 2-methylpropene admixed with at least one of said 1-butene, cis-2-butene, and trans-2-butene, by passing paraffin containing feed, which feed is free of aromatics, and in which the paraffin contains 5 to 20 carbon atoms, in the vapor phase, over a first catalyst composition, wherein the catalyst comprises ZSM-5 or ZSM-12, and increasing the isobutylene content of the first composition by producing a second composition, by contacting the first composition with a second catalyst composition comprising ZSM-23 under conditions in which the second composition is in the vapor phase, while maintaining the total C.

Abstract: The invention relates to improving the selectivity of the production of isobutylene or 2-methylpropene during fluid catalytic cracking of heavy C.sub.9 + aromatic containing feeds including resids and/or gas oils by employing two catalyst components, one of which comprises ZSM-23, ZSM-22, ZSM-35 or similarly structured catalysts and the other catalyst component being effective under the fluid catalytic cracking conditions to produce high octane gasoline.

Abstract: Supports for catalytic reforming catalysts are prepared by doping ZrO.sub.2 with tantalum. The catalyst may contain a Group VII or Group VIII metal and/or an acidic component.

Abstract: A fluid solid-contacting device eliminates the accumulation of deposits behind distribution collection conduits, reduces the differential expansion between the conduits and a containment vessel, and improves fluid distribution by extending the perforations into a back side of a distribution conduit that abuts the vessel. This apparatus has greatest application to scallop-shaped conduits that are commonly used in radial flow reactors. The perforations, extended into the back side of the scallop, ventilate the area between the scallop and the vessel holding the scallops.

Abstract: Novel catalyst compositions comprising a metal hydrogenation component and a modified form of zeolite Y are found to be highly effective in the hydrocarbon conversion processes carried out in the presence of added hydrogen and involving hydrogenation as an essential reaction mechanism. The modified form of zeolite Y is prepared from a starting zeolite Y which has been ammonium cation exchanged to lower the alkali metal content to less than 3.0 weight percent. The starting composition is then steamed at temperatures above about 550.degree. C. to reduce the unit cell dimension and then contacted with an aqueous ammonium ion solution having a pH below about 4 to increase the bulk Si/Al.sub.2 ratio to the range of about 6.5 to 20.

Abstract: A reaction chamber (E) comprises a calender reactor (5) comprising a device (4) for introducing a feedstock; a device (6) for carrying off the treated feedstock; at least two elementary reaction cells (52), not contiguous to one another, each one consisting of an individual feedstock distributor, an individual collector of the treated feedstock, and a catalytic bed, the cells being separated from one another by a channel (51); at least one device (V) for circulating a heat-carrying fluid in each channel (51); at least n partitions (S) for separating the flow of the heat-carrying fluid, n being an integer greater than or equal to 1; and at least n+1 means (T) for heating the heat-carrying fluid. The chamber can be used for performing the catalytic reforming of naphtha under low pressure.

Abstract: The preferred reforming and/or benzene production catalyst is an intermediate pore size zeolite which has a high degree of crystallinity and a small crystallite size. The reforming or benzene production process using the catalyst is preferably run without added hydrogen, and at low pressures and temperatures.

Abstract: A process for recovering hydrogen-rich gases and increasing the recovery of liquid hydrocarbon products from a hydrocarbon conversion zone effluent is improved by a particular arrangement of a refrigeration zone and two separation zones.

Abstract: This invention relates to molecular sieve compositions and processes for using the molecular sieves. The molecular sieves have a three-dimensional microporous crystalline framework structure of tetrahedral oxide units of AlO.sub.2, SiO.sub.2, TiO.sub.2 and/or FeO.sub.2. These molecular sieves can be prepared by contacting a starting zeolite with a solution or slurry of a fluoro salt of titanium and/or iron under effective process conditions to extract aluminum from the zeolite framework and substitute titanium and/or iron. The molecular sieves can be used as catalysts in hydrocarbon conversion processes and other processes.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon feedstock is simultaneously distilled into two or more fractions while trace concentrations of contaminants in the feedstock are absorbed onto a sorbent packing material during distillation operation. The sorbent packings contain active metal components supported on porous refractory oxides. Such sorbent packings provide surfaces for mass transfer in the distillation process and concurrently absorb contaminants. Product boiling fractions from the absorption-distillation process are further processed over contaminant-sensitive catalysts such as reforming or isomerization catalyst.

Abstract: Processes are disclosed for the separation of hydrogen sulfide from feedstreams containing hydrogen sulfide and hydrocarbons by adsorption using a clinoptilolite adsorbent containing cations having ionic radii of from about 1.10 to 1.40 Angstroms. The processes can provide substantially enhanced adsorption capacities as compared with other adsorbents such as Zeolite 4A. As a result, a throughput of existing sulfur adsorption plants can be increased, e.g., by about 100%. The processes can be operated at elevated adsorption temperatures, e.g., greater than about 200.degree. F., and thus are particularly suitable when integrated with other processing steps such as hydrocarbon conversion reactions that utilize catalysts which are sulfur-sensitive. In addition, the clinoptilolite adsorbents of the present invention have a high tolerance to environments that comprise halides, e.g., HCl.

Abstract: There is provided a method for reducing the pour point of an alkyl aromatic lube base stock by hydroisomerizing alkyl side groups on alkyl aromatic compounds. The alkyl aromatic, compounds may be alkylated naphthalenes. The hydroisomerization reaction may take place over a catalyst comprising zeolite beta and platinum.

Abstract: Zeolites washed with aqueous solutions or water to exhibit pH in the range of 9.4 to 10.0 and preferably 9.6 to 10.0 which can be converted to reforming catalysts with enhanced activity, selectivity and activity maintenance. Also processes for washing the zeolite to the target pH range and processes for using catalysts made with the washed zeolite to reform naphtha feeds.

Abstract: This invention relates to a new form of crystalline material identified as zeolite ZSM-12, to a new and useful improvement in synthesizing said crystalline material and to use of said crystalline material prepared in accordance herewith as a catalyst for organic compound, e.g. hydrocarbon compound, conversion.

Abstract: A reforming process using a Supported Group VIII noble metal reforming catalyst which has been pretreated with an unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon at elevated temperatures, thereby lowering activity during initial reforming operations and reducing gas production during the initial operation.

Abstract: The concentration of aromatics in a hydrocarbon feedstock, preferably a diesel oil, is increased by contacting the feedstock in the presence of hydrogen at an elevated temperature and pressure with a catalyst devoid of Group VIB metal components and comprising nickel and/or cobalt components supported on a mixture of one or more amorphous, inorganic, refractory oxide components and an acidic, crystalline, intermediate pore molecular sieve, preferably a mixture of alumina and silicalite.

Abstract: Catalytic reforming processes using boron-containing large-pore zeolites.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for decreasing the energy consumption of a catalytic cracking process product recovery section while improving gasoline yield by integrating multistage vapor compression and product recovery with deacidification and conversion of C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 aliphatics to C.sub.5 + normally liquid hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A process is provided for catalytic conversion of organic compounds in a conversion zone containing a synthetic, non-composited microporous membrane comprising a continuous array of crystalline molecular sieve material.

Abstract: An aromatic-hydrocarbon solvent is utilized to purge contaminants, such as sulfur, from a conversion system. Complementary contaminant-removal steps may include oxidation, reduction, and contaminant removal with a sacrificial particulate bed. This solvent purge avoids deactivation of a subsequently loaded contaminant-sensitive catalyst, such as a reforming catalyst selective for dehydrocyclization.

Abstract: A zeolite, designated zeolite NU-86, having a molar composition expressed by the formula 100 XO.sub.2 : equal to or less than 10 Y.sub.2 O.sub.3 : equal to less than 20 R.sub.2/n O where R is one or more cations of valency n, X is silicon and/or germanium, Y is one or more of aluminum, iron, gallium, boron, titanium, vanadium, zirconium, molybdenum, arsenic, antimony, chromium and manganese and having an X-ray diffraction pattern including the lines shown in Table 1 is prepared from a reaction mixture comprising XO.sub.2 (preferably silica), Y.sub.2 O.sub.3 (preferably alumina) and a polymethylene alpha, omega-diammonium cation. This zeolite is a useful catalyst for a variety of reactions.

Abstract: A method is described for purifying an ultra-large pore crystalline material by contact with an aqueous solution having a hydroxyl concentration sufficient to solubilize an impurity phase but not the crystalline material. The purified crystalline material is also described, as is a hydrocarbon conversion process over the purified crystalline material.

Abstract: A process for producing gasoline components from a hydrocarbonaceous feed containing hydrocarbons comprising at least 4 carbon atoms is disclosed. The process comprises the following steps:a) separating feed into a heavy fraction containing hydrocarbons comprising at least 7 carbon atoms, an intermediate fraction containing mainly hydrocarbons comprising 6 or 7 carbon atoms, and a light fraction containing hydrocarbons comprising at most 6 carbon atoms,b) isomerizing at least part of the light fraction,c) combining effluent of step b) with the intermediate fraction, separating off a stream containing normal hydrocarbons and a stream containing branched hydrocarbons, andd) passing at least part of the stream containing normal hydrocarbons to isomerization step b).

Abstract: A process for the reforming of hydrocarbons is improved by the use of an enhanced nucleate boiling surface in a selected portion of the feed effluent heat exchanger. In a vertical type heat exchanger where the reforming feedstream enters at a lower end of the heat exchanger and is at least partially vaporized in the heat exchanger by contact with a reforming effluent stream that enters an upper end of the heat exchanger and is at least partially condensed therein, an enhanced nucleate boiling surface is formed on the heat exchange surface that is in contact with the entering liquid phase portion of the stream feed. The enhanced nucleate boiling surface increases the amount of condensing that takes place on the opposite side of the heat exchange surface in a boiling-condensing zone.

Abstract: This invention relates to a novel synthetic crystalline molecular sieve composition, MCM-37, which may contain framework +3 valence element, e.g. aluminum, and +5 valence element, e.g. phosphorus or with an addition +4 valence element, e.g. silicon, and to use thereof as a support and in catalytic conversion of organic compounds. The crystalline composition of this invention can easily be converted to catalytically active material.

Abstract: A reactor for low pressure catalytic reforming of gasolines with heating by smoke gases comprises: at least one device for introducing and removing the charge; at least one device for introducing and removing the catalyst; at least two elementary reaction cells spaced apart from each other are made of substantially vertical and parallelepipedic enclosures (an individual charge distributor, an individual processed charge collector, a catalytic bed); at least one general charge distributor; and at least one general processed charge collector.

Abstract: This invention relates to a new form of crystalline material identified as zeolite MCM-47, to a new and useful improvement in synthesizing said crystalline material and to use of said crystalline material prepared in accordance herewith as a catalyst for organic compound, e.g. hydrocarbon compound, conversion.

Abstract: The preferred reforming catalyst has a high silica to alumina molar ratio and a small crystallite size. The reforming process using the catalyst is preferably run without added hydrogen, and at low pressures and temperatures.

Abstract: AMS-1B crystalline borosilicate molecular sieve is prepared by reacting under crystallization conditions, in substantial absence of a metal or ammonium hydroxide, an aqueous mixture containing an oxide of silicon, an oxide of boron, an alkylammonium cation or a precursor of an alkylammonium cation, and ethylenediamine, and the product formed from such method.

Abstract: Organic compound conversion over catalyst comprising the product of a method for controlling the catalytic activity of a large pore molecular sieve which contains framework boron is provided. Control is effected by treatment with a solution of a metal salt under conditions such that metal is incorporated into the molecular sieve framework.