Abstract: A system for injecting and guiding millimeter-waves through a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) including at least two laminas belonging to a PCB, an electrically conductive plating applied on the insulating walls of a cavity formed perpendicularly through the laminas, and optionally a probe located above the cavity printed on a lamina belonging to the PCB. Optionally, the cavity guides millimeter-waves injected by the probe at one side of the cavity to the other side of the cavity.

Abstract: An antenna is provided. The antenna may include at least one open-ended structure extending from a surface of a waveguide. The open-ended structure may have a cross section of many different shapes. The walls of the structure may be movable. The antenna structure may be rotated. The antenna may incorporate a number of different wave feeds. The antenna may provide two-dimensional beam steering.

Abstract: An antenna employed in a base station is provided. The antenna comprises a feed antenna configured to feed power, and a superstrate configured to be located on an upper portion of the feed antenna and have a conductive pattern for increasing a gain and beam width control on a surface of a dielectric substrate. Accordingly, gain increase and beam width control of the antenna can be simultaneously realized.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a low profile antenna according to the present invention comprises a balanced transmission line, electronic circuitry, and a parasitic element. The electronic circuitry is coupled to an interconnecting end of the transmission line and operable to direct electromagnetic energy through the transmission line to a terminating end. The parasitic element has a surface that is disposed at a predetermined distance from the terminating end and normal to the central axis such that the surface of the parasitic element covers an opening formed by the terminating end.

Abstract: Provided are Circular Polarized Helical Radiation element and its Array Antenna operable in TX band and RX band. The circular polarized helical radiation element and its array antenna and the antenna with double reflection boards using that array can operate at TX/RX dual band which is high frequency such as Ka band by operating the helical antenna in axial mode and implementing dual feeding structure. The array antenna having a number of radiation elements operable in the both of TX band and RX band, wherein the radiation elements are arrayed on predetermined column lines, each radiation element comprising: a helix for radiating orthogonal circular polarized waves in the different frequency bands wherein the helix is fed at its beginning point and its terminating point; and a wave guide for accommodating the helix.

Abstract: A modular system is for assembling a fill-level radar antenna, a fill-level radar antenna, and o a fill level radar. The modular system comprises several modules that can be interconnected. In this way a host of different fill-level radar antennae may be produced that are optimally adapted to the corresponding conditions.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a microwave horn antenna in which a thermoplastic sacrificial layer is mounted to a thermoplastic horn layer. A heated horn embossing plate having at least one horn shaped embossing element is then moved into the horn layer so that the horn element penetrates through the horn layer and extends partially into the sacrificial layer thus forming a horn opening in the horn layer complementary in shape to the horn element. The horn layer and sacrificial layer are then separated from each other and the horn opening and at least a portion of the back surface of the horn layer is covered with a metal coating. A thermoplastic wave guide layer formed by embossing wave guide channels into the layer is covered with metal and attached to the back side of the horn layer to form the antenna. Alternatively, a portion of the horn and the remaining portion of a microwave channel are formed in both a first and second thermoplastic section.

Abstract: Planar antenna device (100) aimed to be integrated onto a common substrate (30) preferably for millimeter wave applications. The antenna device (100) comprises a reflector frame (10) with at least partially metallised sidewalls (12) and a lateral opening (14) for the feedpoint (24) of a mode conversion element (20). The mode conversion element (20) is mounted on a support structure (13) provided by said reflector frame (10). The feedpoint (24) enables the mode conversion element (20) to be connected to other components. An adaptor with a lower portion designed to be connectable to the upper horizontal opening (11) of the antenna device (100) may be used to accommodate various testing and tuning equipment.

Abstract: In a waveguide structure (8), a movable waveguide component (10) and an immovable waveguide component (12) are opposed at a predetermined interval. Further, at least either the movable waveguide component (10) or the immovable waveguide component (12) includes grooves (13, 29) opened towards the waveguide component opposed thereto (10, 12). Protrusions (44) are formed outside of at least one of the grooves (13, 29). The protrusions (44) respectively have a height of roughly ?/4 (where ? is a wavelength of radio waves to be used).

Abstract: A polarizer includes a waveguide channel having a substantially square cross section and a septum disposed within the waveguide channel. The septum includes a stepped edge and two opposite stepped surfaces. The stepped surfaces are sectionally recessed toward each other along the direction pointing toward the interior of the waveguide channel, wherein the number of the steps of the stepped surface is greater than two, but smaller than the number of the steps of the stepped edge. In one embodiment, the square cross section may include a plurality of rounded corners and a plurality of edges extending correspondingly between the rounded corners, wherein the ratio of the radius of the rounded corner to the distance between two opposite edges is in a range of from 0.05 to 0.3.

Abstract: A plane wave antenna including: a horn antenna; a waveguide at least partially inside the horn antenna, wherein the waveguide includes: a central dielectric slab increasing in width toward the horn antenna and with a first dielectric constant, an upper slab above the central dielectric slab with a second dielectric constant, and a lower slab below the central dielectric slab with the second dielectric constant; wherein the central dielectric slab has a substantially constant thickness less than a quarter of a wavelength at a highest frequency of operation of the plane wave antenna.

Abstract: An antenna (and concomitant method of making and communications method) comprising a conical radiating element and a circular radiating element surrounding a base of the conical radiating element.

Abstract: A low-cost, compact circular waveguide array antenna which improves an antenna reflection loss characteristic and enables an improvement in radiation characteristics, particularly radiation gain. The circular waveguide array antenna includes feeding portions which feed electromagnetic waves to one ends of circular waveguides and radiation apertures which radiate the electromagnetic waves at the opposite ends. Each circular waveguide includes a conical horn, with a diameter of a feeding side aperture at the feeding portion end being a, a diameter of the radiation aperture being d, which is larger than the diameter a of the feeding side aperture, and an opening angle being 2?. If a wavelength of a central frequency of an employed frequency band is ?, then a value of ?, which is half of the opening angle 2?, is set between 0.8×Arcsin(0.1349114/(d/?)) and 1.2×Arcsin(0.1349114/(d/?)).

Abstract: An antenna apparatus utilizing an aperture of transmission line, which is connected to a first transmission line having a predetermined characteristic impedance, includes a tapered line portion, and an aperture portion. The tapered line portion is connected to one end of the transmission line, and the tapered line portion includes a second transmission line including a pair of line conductors. The tapered line portion keeps a predetermined characteristic impedance constant and expands at least one of a width of the transmission line and an interval in a tapered shape at a predetermined taper angle. The aperture portion has a radiation aperture connected to one end of the tapered line portion. A size of one side of the aperture end plane of the aperture portion is set to be equal to or higher than a quarter wavelength of the minimum operating frequency of the antenna apparatus.

Abstract: An antenna system includes a reflector having a modified-paraboloid shape; and a multi-beam, multi-band feed array located at a focal point of the reflector so that the antenna system forms a multiple congruent beams that are contiguous. The system has a single reflector with non-frequency selective surface. The reflector is sized to produce a required beam size at K-band frequencies and is oversized at EHF-band frequencies. The synthesized reflector surface is moderately shaped and disproportionately broadens EHF-band and Ka-band beams compared to K-band beams. The synthesized reflector surface forms multiple beams each having a 0.5-degree diameter at K-band, Ka-band, and EHF band. The multi-beam, multi-band feed array includes a number of high-efficiency, multi-mode circular horns that operate in focused mode at K-band and defocused mode at Ka-band and EHF-band by employing “frequency-dependent” design for the horns.

Abstract: Methods and systems for configuring a leaky wave antenna (LWA) utilizing micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) are disclosed and may include configuring a resonant frequency of one or more LWAs in a wireless device utilizing MEMS actuation. RF signals may be communicated using the LWAs. The LWAs may be integrated in metal layers in a chip, an integrated circuit package, and/or a printed circuit board in the wireless device. The LWAs may include microstrip waveguides where a cavity height of the LWAs may be dependent on a spacing between conductive lines in the microstrip waveguides. The LWAs may be configured to transmit the wireless signals at a desired angle. The integrated circuit package may be affixed to a printed circuit board and an integrated circuit may be flip-chip-bonded to the integrated circuit package. An air gap may be integrated adjacent to one or more of the metal layers for the MEMS actuation.

Abstract: Methods and systems for dynamic control of output power of a leaky wave antenna (LWA) are disclosed and may include configuring one or more LWAs in a wireless device to transmit RF signals at a desired frequency. The LWAs may be integrated in support structures, including an integrated circuit, an integrated circuit package, and/or a printed circuit board. Impedances that are coupled to the LWAs and to a power amplifier enabled to amplify the RF signals may be dynamically configured. A resonant frequency of the LWAs may be tuned, which may be configured to transmit the RF signals at a desired angle from a surface of the support structure. The LWAs may include microstrip or coplanar waveguides where a cavity height of the LWAs may be configured by controlling spacing between conductive lines in the waveguides. The impedances may include capacitor arrays and/or inductors in the support structures.

Abstract: Methods and systems for converting RF power to DC power utilizing a leaky wave antenna (LWA) are disclosed and may include receiving RF wireless signals utilizing one or more LWAs in a wireless device, and generating one or more DC voltages from the received RF signals utilizing cascaded rectifier cells. A resonant frequency of the LWAs may be configured utilizing micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) deflection. The LWAs may be configured to receive the RF signals from a desired direction. The LWAs may comprise microstrip or coplanar waveguides, wherein a cavity height of the LWAs is dependent on a spacing between conductive lines in the waveguides. The LWAs may be integrated in one or more integrated circuits, integrated circuit packages, and/or printed circuit boards. The packages may be affixed to one or more printed circuit boards and the integrated circuits may be flip-chip-bonded to the packages.

Abstract: Methods and systems for an on-chip leaky wave antenna (LWA) are disclosed and may include communicating RF signals using one or more LWAs in a wireless device. The LWAs may be integrated in metal layers in an integrated circuit (chip) in the wireless device. The RF signals may be communicated to devices external to the chip via a desired angle from the surface of the chip, or may be communicated between regions within the chip. The LWAs may comprise microstrip waveguides where a cavity height of the LWAs may be controlled by configuring a spacing between conductive lines in the microstrip waveguides. The LWAs may include coplanar waveguides where a cavity height of the leaky wave antennas may be controlled by configuring a spacing between conductive lines in the coplanar waveguides. The chip may be flip-chip-bonded to an integrated circuit package which may be affixed to a printed circuit board.

Abstract: Methods and systems for cascaded leaky wave antennas (LWAs) on an integrated circuit, integrated circuit package, and/or printed circuit board are disclosed and may include communicating RF signals using one or more cascaded LWAs in a wireless device. The cascaded LWAs may include a plurality of cavity heights integrated in metal layers in a multi-layer support structure which may include an integrated circuit, an integrated circuit package, and/or a printed circuit board. The cascaded LWAs may be configured to transmit the wireless signals at a desired angle from the surface of the multi-layer support structure. The cascaded LWAs may include microstrip and/or coplanar waveguides, where the cavity heights of the cascaded LWAs may be dependent on distances between conductive lines in the waveguides. A beam shape of the RF signals may be configured utilizing a frequency of a signal communicated to the cascaded LWAs.

Abstract: Methods and systems for a 60 GHz leaky wave high gain antenna are disclosed and may include communicating RF signals using one or more or more leaky wave antennas (LWAs) in a wireless device. The LWAs may be integrated in metal traces on a chip, a package, and/or a printed circuit board (PCB). The metal traces may supply voltage signals to one or more circuits on the chip, package, and/or PCB. The voltage signals may include DC bias voltages, and/or signals at a frequency that is lower than a resonant frequency of the LWAs. The LWAs may include microstrip or coplanar lines where a cavity height of the LWAs is dependent on a spacing between the lines. An angle of the wireless signals with a surface of the chip, package, and/or PCB may be dynamically configured. The LWAs may be configured via switches in the chip, package, and/or PCB.

Abstract: Methods and systems for a leaky wave antenna LWA on an integrated circuit (IC) package are disclosed and may include communicating RF signals using one or more LWAs in a wireless device. The LWAs may be integrated in metal layers in an IC package, and a resonant frequency of the LWAs may be dependent on cavity heights associated with the metal layers. The cavity heights may be configured utilizing micro-electro-mechanical systems deflection. The RF signals may include 60 GHz signals. The LWAs may include microstrip and/or coplanar waveguides where a cavity height of the LWAs may be dependent on a spacing between conductive lines in the waveguides. The LWAs may be configured to transmit the wireless signals at a desired angle from a surface of the IC package. The IC package may be affixed to a printed circuit board, and an IC may be flip-chip-bonded to the IC package.

Abstract: Methods and systems for communicating via leaky wave antennas (LWAs) on high resistivity substrates are disclosed and may include communicating RF signals using one or more LWAs that may be integrated in an integrated circuit (chip) comprising a high resistivity substrate, which may include a silicon-on-sapphire substrate. The LWAs integrated in the chip may be configured to transmit the RF signals at a desired angle from the surface of the chip. The RF signals may be communicated between regions within the chip. The LWAs may include microstrip or coplanar waveguides where the cavity height of the one or more of the LWAs may be configured by controlling spacing between conductive lines in the waveguides. The RF signals may be communicated from the LWAs integrated in the chip to LWAs in a package to which the chip is bonded or in a printed circuit board to which the package is bonded.

Abstract: An integrated antenna and reflector feed is provided which is structured as a waveguide cavity antenna or array having a curved reflector coupled to a sidewall of the waveguide cavity. A radiation source is situated facing the curved reflector and one or more radiating elements are provided on a top surface of the waveguide cavity. Several curved reflector feeds may be used, operating in the same or different frequencies.

Abstract: A protection device comprises a covering including at least a layer of ballistics material, and a layer of an electromagnetic screening material.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a microwave horn antenna in which a thermoplastic sacrificial layer is mounted to a thermoplastic horn layer. A heated horn embossing plate having at least one horn shaped embossing element is then moved into the horn layer so that the horn element penetrates through the horn layer and extends partially into the sacrificial layer thus forming a horn opening in the horn layer complementary in shape to the horn element. The horn layer and sacrificial layer are then separated from each other and the horn opening and at least a portion of the back surface of the horn layer is covered with a metal coating. A thermoplastic wave guide layer formed by embossing wave guide channels into the layer is covered with metal and attached to the back side of the horn layer to form the antenna. Alternatively, a portion of the horn and the remaining portion of a microwave channel are formed in both a first and second thermoplastic section.

Abstract: In a millimeter waveband transceiver using an antenna and a waveguide for a connection line, it is necessary to perform transmission mode line conversion between TEM waves of a microstrip line and VTE01 mode waves of the waveguide. There is a limit to reducing the conversion loss using only a matching box for connecting the microstrip line with the waveguide. In a transmission mode line transducer for converting between the TEM waves of the microstrip line and the VTE01 mode waves of the waveguide, if the cross-sections are substantially the same size, in the case of a 50? microstrip line when the characteristic impedance of the waveguide is about 80%, i.e., 40?, the line conversion loss can be optimized. Therefore, the microstrip line is connected with the waveguide using a ?/4 matching box via a ridged waveguide having a low impedance and a length of ?/16 or less.

Abstract: An antenna structure and a method of propagating an electromagnetic (EM) wave with the antenna structure. The antenna structure comprises a first aperture antenna element and a second element inside the first element adapted to strengthen the directivity of the wave.

Abstract: Provided is a wide band antenna having ultra-wide band and high performance at a low cost. An antenna element constituting a part of an opening cross section structure of a double cylinder ridge waveguide is spread on a plane. The antenna element has a ridge element portion (21) for adjusting antenna characteristic corresponding to a ridge portion and a radiation element portion (22) for electromagnetic wave radiation. Substantially at a leading end portion of the ridge element portion (21), a feeder terminal (24) is formed. Ground portions (23a and 23b) are maintained at a ground potential and the feeder terminal (24) is guided to an outside as a coplanar waveguide.

Abstract: A leaky wave antenna has electrically conductive surfaces in parallel to each other. At one place a two-dimensional array of slots is provided in one of the surfaces. Elsewhere a feed structure is realized comprising one or more electrically conductive elements coupled between the first and second electrically conductive surface and configured to direct an electromagnetic wave pattern travelling between surfaces towards the array. In an embodiment the feed structure comprises a waveguide formed between walls connecting the surfaces. One of the walls is made to leak in order to feed the array of slots. In an embodiment the feed structure comprises a reflector comprising connections between the surfaces, to direct waves between the surfaces to the array of slots.

Abstract: Heretofore, a plurality of packages were used in a high frequency module in which a plurality of waveguide terminals were positioned resulting in problems, such as degradation of characteristics in the connection lines between packages, lower ease of assembly when mounting and connecting the connection lines, increased cost, and so forth. To solve these problems, a plurality of cavities having a part or the entire side metallized is formed in a multi-layer dielectric substrate. The multi-layer dielectric substrate is provided with a plurality of waveguide terminals, microstrip line-waveguide converters, RF lines, bias and control signal wiring, and bias and control signal pads. A high frequency circuit is mounted within the cavity and sealed with a seal and cover. This is intended to reduce the number of package, improve performance, improve fabrication, and lower the cost.

Abstract: A feed horn with a horn body and a waveguide body, each with a front end and a back end, respectively. The horn body and the waveguide body coupled together, the waveguide body front end to the horn body back end. The waveguide body provided with a waveguide bore between the front end and the back end. At least one slot formed in the waveguide bore parallel to a longitudinal axis of the body bore, the at least one slot extending to the front end. The horn body provided with a horn bore between the front end and the back end. The horn body and the waveguide body formable via injection molding methods such as die casting.

Abstract: An antenna system for transmitting and/or receiving radio frequency (RF) signals in multiple frequency bands includes a horn antenna and a feed network. The horn antenna may transmit and/or receive RF signals in multiple frequency bands that are spread over more than an octave bandwidth with at least a 2.44-to-1 bandwidth ratio. The horn antenna includes a throat, an aperture, and an interior surface. The feed network includes a first waveguide section, a first junction, one or more first filters, and a first step-down waveguide section. The first waveguide section can provide a matching network and transmit and/or receive the RF signals in the multiple frequency bands. The first junction can transmit and/or receive the RF signals in first selected band(s) of the multiple frequency bands. The first step-down waveguide section may transmit and/or receive the RF signals in second selected band(s) of the multiple frequency bands.

Abstract: In an exemplary embodiment, a dual-band four-port orthomode transducer (OMT) is molded or cast. The OMT may be external to a transceiver housing or included as an integrated portion of the transceiver housing or a drop-in module. In an exemplary embodiment, a four-port OMT is formed from two pieces, the two pieces having a joint adjacent to or aligned to the axis of the common port. In an exemplary embodiment, the OMT is substantially planar and formed of a split-block embodiment. The two OMT pieces are joined and held together with a plurality of discrete fasteners. Furthermore, the OMT is configured to switch polarizations. The polarization switching is initiated using a remote signal and can facilitate load balancing.

Abstract: A probe and an antenna reduces the multiple reflection of electromagnetic waves. The probe includes: a waveguide; and a resonance unit entirely or partially disposed in the inside of the waveguide and comprising a conductor.

Abstract: An antenna device including a reflectarray with array antenna elements, and an outer feed provided with a waveguide and a widening funnel which in a widened end carries a waveguide aperture for illumination of the reflectarray. The antenna device eliminates or at least reduces a position dependence of an antenna lobe with respect to frequency. Furthermore, the antenna device presents a low monostatic radar cross section and compactness. To this end the antenna device is fed offset and is provided with a device for movement of a phase center of the antenna with a frequency relative to the waveguide aperture of the feed in the vicinity of the waveguide aperture.

Abstract: An antenna may be formed from conductive regions that define a gap that is bridged by shunt inductors. The inductors may have equal inductances and may be located equidistant from each other to form a scatter-type antenna structure. The inductors may also have unequal inductances and may be located along the length of the gap with unequal inductor-to-inductor spacings, thereby creating a decreasing shunt inductance at increasing distances from a feed for the antenna. This type of antenna structure functions as a horn-type antenna. One or more scatter-type antenna structures may be cascaded to form a multiband antenna. Antenna gaps may be formed in conductive device housings.

Abstract: A multi-band antenna is provided that operates in at least two non-harmonically related frequency bands. The antenna includes a ground plane, a cone-shaped relatively high frequency antenna element with a tip of the high frequency antenna disposed adjacent to but electrically isolated from the ground plane with a base of the cone-shaped antenna element extending away from the ground plane, and at least three relatively low frequency antenna elements electrically connected to and extending between the base of the cone-shaped antenna element and the ground plane.

Abstract: An apparatus for an antenna system comprising one or more blades for splitting the electromagnetic field received by an antenna into a plurality of sections corresponding to separate beams and redirecting said plurality of sections for detection by a plurality of detectors. The apparatus may comprise a plurality of blades for splitting the field into successively smaller and smaller portions. The plurality of detectors can be positioned outside the focal region of the antenna system. The apparatus may further comprise focusing means for focusing the sections of the field onto another blade or a detector. There is also provided an antenna system comprising a plurality of feed horns for producing a plurality of beams; and a plurality of elements for redirecting said beams towards a focal region of the antenna system so as to form a group of closely packed beams for transmission by the antenna system.

Abstract: A device comprises a housing and antenna elements. The housing has an outer surface portion and a plurality of projection portions. The projection portions dissipate heat and are disposed to extend to a first height from the outer surface portion. The antenna elements are disposed below the first height at a position of the outer surface portion and in between the projection portions. Accordingly, the antenna elements are protected by the projection portions.

Abstract: An aperture antenna includes an outer conductor with substantially fixed inner diameter; and an inner conductor, an end thereof receding from an aperture of the outer conductor in a direction of electromagnetic radiation.

Abstract: An flat antenna ground plane supporting body including a longitudinal channel defining a waveguide for the antenna and two rectangular grooves which extend along the length of the channel and which are arranged on either side of the channel so as to define a double quarter-wave trap. The part of the body between the channel and each groove is machined such that when the ground plane is mounted on the body, the part of the body is separated from the ground plane by an air cushion of a controlled dimension (b). The invention also relates to a flat antenna including a substrate, a substrate-supporting ground plane and a body as described above, to which the ground plane is applied or secured.

Abstract: An EBG (Electromagnetic Bandgap) structure includes a magnetic material portion at least in part. It is preferable to arrange the magnetic material portion close to or, if possible, in contact with a conductor forming the EBG structure, for example, at least a portion of a ground conductor, a conductor producing a capacitance, and/or a conductor producing an inductance, such as a via. Examples of the magnetic material portion include a ferrite plating film, a composite magnetic material layer including magnetic powder and resin binder, and the like.

Abstract: The disclosure discloses a triple-band antenna including a feed line, a first radiating body, a second radiating body and a grounding sheet. The first radiating body is a rectangular sheet. One end of the first radiating body is electrically connected with the end of the feed line. The second radiating body includes three parallel bar shape sheets extending from the first radiating body and surrounded by the first radiating body, and both share the feed line. The grounding sheet is disposed beside the feed line. The first radiating body and the second radiating body of the triple-band antenna generate three resonance frequencies according to the radio frequency received by the feed line to allow the triple-band antenna work under three different operating frequencies.

Abstract: An RF antenna structure (e.g., a planar array) includes at least one radiation cell (and typically many, e.g., 16 or 32 or 64, etc.) having a conductive enclosure and an upper probe and a lower probe located at different heights within the enclosure. The enclosure between the upper probe and a bottom of the cell has at least two different cross-sectional areas. The upper and lower probes are preferably oriented at substantially 90° relative to each other. An upper portion of the enclosure beneath the upper probe may have a larger dimension than a lower portion such that the upper portion allows propagation of waves generated by the upper probe in a predetermined frequency band while the lower portion (e.g., above the lower probe) does not substantially allow propagation of waves generated by the upper probe, in the predetermined frequency band.

Abstract: The invention discloses a dual frequency feed assembly for receiving signals of both a first band and a second band lower than the first band, or transmitting signals of one of the first band and the second band while receiving signals of the other band. The dual frequency feed assembly includes an orthogonal-mode transducer, which includes: a core unit having an inner waveguide, an outer waveguide with a diameter larger than that of the inner waveguide and the two waveguides being concentric, a first band output/input port connected to the inner waveguide, and a second band output/input port; and two or four detachable branch waveguides connected to the core unit. An O-ring is provided at each connection between the core unit and the branch waveguides. The dual frequency feed assembly further comprises a first band polarizer made of a metal septum and/or a second band polarizer made of dielectric slabs, when receiving circularly polarized signals.

Abstract: It is an object of the invention to provide an antenna with small side-lobe while narrowing the beam width to a desired one without the antenna increased in weight. Besides, it is also an object of the invention to decrease the manufacturing process less than ever before and reduce the cost. Furthermore, it is also an object of the invention to improve stability when the antenna is turned. In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the antenna of the invention is characterized by comprising a radiator which is configured to radiate electromagnetic wave inside of an antenna housing, at least one dielectric which is configured to be contributory to directivity angle of the electromagnetic wave in the vertical direction, and characterized in that the dielectric is attached to the antenna housing ahead of the radiator.

Abstract: An antenna is provided which is structured to operate at two frequency bands simultaneously. The antenna is structured as a waveguide cavity having two types of radiating elements provided on its top surface, symmetrically about the diagonal of the cavity. One group of radiating elements is optimized to operate at one frequency band, while the other group is optimized to operate at a first frequency band. In one implementation, two groups of holes of different diameter are provided on the top surface of the cavity and the radiating elements are two groups of cones of different diameter coupled to different diameter holes. The different diameter holes act as a filet between the two frequency bands.

Abstract: An RF feed is provided which is structured as a curved reflector coupled to a sidewall of a waveguide cavity. A radiation source is situated facing the curved reflector. The RF feed may be coupled to a waveguide cavity having radiation elements coupled to top surface thereof, to thereby feed an antenna array. When an antenna array is used, several curved reflector RF feeds may be used, operating in the same or different frequencies.

Abstract: A balun, generally including a substrate, a microstrip conductor, and a parallel strip conductor is described, where a characteristic impedance of the balun is substantially constant at each cross-sectional point along a length of the balun. A transverse electromagnetic horn antenna can transmit and receive ultra-wide band pulses, and includes a first metal conductor and a second metal conductor, where a characteristic impedance of the first and second conductor varies over a length of the antenna in a controlled means.