Abstract: A method of stabilising frames of a captured video sequence. First reference patch alignment data is received for each of a plurality of reference patch locations. A first stable frame and a subsequent stable frame are determined from a first plurality of frames based on the first plurality of reference patch locations and reference patch alignment data. A second plurality of reference patch locations is determined using image data from the first stable frame, the second plurality of reference patch locations being determined concurrently with determining the subsequent stable frame from the first plurality of frames. Image data for the determined second plurality of reference patch locations is extracted from the subsequent stable frame. A second plurality of stable frames of the captured video sequence is determined with respect to the reference frame using the second plurality of reference patch locations and the extracted image data.

Abstract: A camera system for the exterior region of a building, comprising a camera for producing image data of surroundings of the camera system, comprising a motion detector to detect a movement of an object in the surroundings of the camera system, contains an evaluation module configured to detect a movement of an object in the surroundings of the camera system on the basis of a program-technical motion detection in the image data.

Abstract: A parking enforcement device can be secured to a surface adjacent to the area designated as NO PARKING. The enforcement device can include a camera aimed towards the area designated as NO PARKING and monitor this area for the entry of a vehicle. A parking violation is determined to have occurred upon determining that the vehicle has entered the area designated as NO PARKING, and image data of the entry of a vehicle into the NO PARKING area that was captured by the camera can be relayed to a remote computing system. The parking enforcement device can be provided as a bollard that includes a camera secured to a center pole extending vertically upwards inside of the bollard. The camera can be located along the center pole so that the camera views outward from the bollard via a window section of the bollard.

Abstract: An apparatus includes an interface configured to receive image data and position data from an aircraft. The image data is associated with a plurality of images of a scene including an object. The position data is associated with positions of a camera of the aircraft that captured the plurality of images. The apparatus further includes a processor configured to identify a first camera position corresponding to a first image of the plurality of images. The processor further configured to identify a first relative position of the object relative to the camera. The first relative position identified based on the first camera position, the first image data, and second image data corresponding to a second image of the plurality of images. The processor further configured to output an indication of a global position of the object based on the position data and the first relative position of the object.

Abstract: In a monitoring system, the management device causes a display device to display an image generated by capturing by the camera whose direction has been controlled; accepts designation of at least one tracking target, the at least one tracking target being designated from among moving objects in the displayed image by an operator; and performs tracking control comprising controlling a photographing range of the camera in such a way that the designated at least one tracking target is kept captured by the camera.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for communicating between an open network video interface forum (ONVIF) device and an open interconnect consortium (OIC) device is provided. An example includes an ONVIF thrift server. The ONVIF thrift server includes an ONVIF communications subsystem, a network communication subsystem, an ONVIF registrar to discover an ONVIF device through the ONVIF communications subsystem, and a thrift server application programming interface (API) to communicate with an ONVIF/OIC server through the network communication subsystem.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method includes receiving data including a plurality of objects. The data includes, for each of the plurality of objects, an activity, a location, a time period of interest, and a notify/suppress indicator associated with each of the plurality of objects. The method also includes receiving an indication of a specific object of the plurality of objects, receiving a video stream, and detecting, for the specific object, occurrence of the activity in the location during the time period of interest. The method further includes determining that the notify/suppress indicator is associated with notification and generating a notification related to the occurrence of the activity in the location during the time period of interest.

Abstract: A UAV comprises a camera and an image processor. The camera is operable to output captured image data corresponding to a first representation of a scene within a field of view of the camera. The scene includes an item. The image processor is configured to receive the captured image data. The image processor is configured, in response to recognising a predetermined object indicative of the presence of the item in the first representation, to generate image data corresponding to a second, different representation of the scene. A part of the scene that is associated with the item in the first representation is represented differently in the first and second representations. The image processor is configured to output the generated image data.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for acquiring image data, determining that the user's vehicle is traveling in a left lane of a roadway having at least two lanes for travel in a first direction, detecting that a second vehicle is traveling within a predetermined distance in front of the user's vehicle and in the left lane of the roadway, obtaining speed information of the user's vehicle and the second vehicle at a first time and at a first location, determining, based on the obtained speed information, that a speed of the second vehicle at the first time is below a defined speed limit of the roadway at the first location, and in response triggering a potential violation procedure.

Abstract: Multi-user collaborative software applications may synchronize data between multiple users or multiple devices. There are multiple existing ways to synchronize data. Some of these synchronization methods, such as file locking, are easy to implement but have performance or functionality drawbacks. Operational transformation (OT) is a high performance synchronization method, but difficult and time-consuming to implement in many cases, and cannot be partially implemented throughout a system. Methods and systems provide for blending operational transformation with other synchronization methods in the same collaborative software application, allowing operational transformation to be used in situations where it cannot be implemented throughout a system.

Abstract: This disclosure describes techniques for using alternating current (AC) power waveforms to communicate between devices in a doorbell circuit. A signaling device that emits sound may be positioned in the doorbell circuit between an AC power source and a doorbell device (such as an A/V device including a doorbell). A signaling device may be coupled in parallel to a signaling-control device that includes electronic circuitry that provides a selective bypass to allow for larger amounts of current drawn by the A/V device to bypass the signaling device without causing the signaling device to emit the sound. The A/V device and the signaling-control device may use AC power waveforms to communicate data and/or data between each other. For example, the A/V device and the signaling-control device may control respective signal relays to selectively open and close the doorbell circuit in order to communicate with each other using the AC current waveform.

Abstract: Methods, apparatuses, and techniques for security and/or automation systems are described. In one embodiment, the method may include receiving a call initiation instruction at a video monitoring component of a home automation system. The method may further include analyzing the call initiation instruction, and communicating a call request from the video monitoring component of the home automation system to a first remote user based at least in part on the received call initiation instruction.

Abstract: An electronic system is described that receives data collected by a monitoring system, where the monitoring system includes a notification device that is tunable between different states that discreetly convey contextual alerts based on prior association of the states with contextual alerts. The system analyzes the monitoring system data against one or more event profiles that define events relating to the property or one or more users of the property. Based on the analysis of the monitoring system data, a particular event is identified. Information that specifies contextual alerts to be provided by the monitoring system that each correspond to an event defined by the one or more event profiles is accessed. A particular contextual alert that corresponds to the particular event is identified. The system causes output of the particular contextual alert at the notification device included in the monitoring system by changing a state of the notification device.

Abstract: Automobile receiving and processing a digital cellular communication system generated signal and a location finder signal (e.g. GPS signal) for processing the received digital cellular communication generated signal into a processed OFDM signal and processing the received location finder signal into processed baseband location finder signal. Processing in automobile a photo or video camera generated signal into processed camera signal and providing the processed camera signal with the processed location finder signal to a transmitter for transmission of the processed camera signal with the processed location finder signal. Providing the processed OFDM signal to a transmitter for transmission of the processed OFDM signal. Receiving, demodulating and processing in automobile a modulated remote control (RC) signal into a processed RC signal. The processed RC signal is used for control of automobile.

Abstract: An image processing device includes a display device, a video display controller configured to display video data imaged by an imaging device in a predetermined display region to be displayed by the display device, and a region display controller configured to display a plurality of display elements representing determination regions based on a plurality of types of determination functions with respect to the video data in the display region by superimposing the plurality of display elements on the video data in aspects different from each other.

Abstract: A method captures binaural sound of a voice of a first user with microphones located at left and rights ears of a dummy head. The dummy head transmits the voice of the first user to a portable electronic device with or near the first user. This portable electronic device transmits the binaural sound over one or more networks to another electronic device being used by a second user to communicate with the first user during the electronic call.

Abstract: The disclosed embodiments include a computing system with a display, processor(s), and memory. The computing system displays a video monitoring user interface. The user interface includes a first region for displaying live and/or recorded video from a video camera of a smart home environment, and a second region for displaying an event timeline. The event timeline includes event indicators corresponding to respective events detected within the smart home environment. The video monitoring user interface includes a live video affordance for displaying live video from the video camera. In response to a user selection of an event indicator, the computing system: (1) requests a video feed of the corresponding detected event; and (2) displays the requested video feed in the first region. In response to a user selection of the live video affordance, the computing system: (1) requests the live video; and (2) displays the live video in the first region.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an apparatus for identifying license plate tampering. The apparatus comprises: an image obtainer configured to obtain a vehicle image and then obtain and send a license plate number image within the vehicle image; and a first identifier configured to receive the license plate number image and determine whether the license plate of the vehicle is tampered according to the received license plate number image and a preset standard license plate number image.

Abstract: An object tracking means tracks objects in a video image. An object consolidation determination means generates a “container” which includes a plurality of objects located in proximity. When an object separation determination means determines that an object is released from the “container”, the object tracking means restarts tracking the object released from the “container”.

Abstract: A computerized method of assigning a building automation system point type to a plurality of unclassified data points is provided. The method includes receiving unclassified data points and attributes for each data point. The method includes receiving classifications for a first subset of the unclassified data points. Each classification associates a data point with a building automation system point type. The method includes generating a term set containing substrings that appear in the attributes. The method includes generating a first matrix describing a frequency that the substrings appear in the attributes. The method includes calculating an indicator of a probability that the presence of the selected substring results in the data point belonging to the selected point type. The method includes assigning a point type to a second subset by finding the substring and potential point type pair having the greatest indication of probability.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and computer program product for describing motion. The method may include receiving a set of eventualities (114). The set of eventualities (114) may describe at least one of a domain event and a domain state. The at least one of the domain event and the domain state may be derived from a set of spatio-temporal data (102) and the set of eventualities (114) may be associated with a particular region and a particular time period. The method may include organizing the set of eventualities to generate a document plan. The method may further include generating, using a processor, a linguistic representation of the set of eventualities using the document plan.

Abstract: A method for determining a target direction for a movable object includes providing an image on a computer-implemented display, obtaining a position of a selected point on the image in response to a user selecting the point on the image, and determining the target direction based on the position of the selected point on the image.

Abstract: A monitoring device (2) identifies an object from videos made by a plurality of cameras (1) including a first camera and a second camera and having a predetermined positional relationship. The monitoring device has a receiving unit (21) configured to receive the videos from the plurality of cameras, a storage unit (22b, 22c) configured to store feature information indicating a feature of the object and camera placement information indicating placement positions of the cameras, and a controller (23) configured to identify the object from the videos based on the feature information. If an object has been identifiable from the video made by the first camera but has been unidentifiable from the video made by the second camera, the controller (23) specifies, based on the camera placement information, the object in the video made by the second camera.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and computer-readable media for protecting critical data on cameras from physical attacks. In some examples, a camera at a particular site monitors data captured by the camera and, based on the data, detects one or more predetermined conditions indicating a threat to the camera. Based on the one or more predetermined conditions indicating the threat to the camera, the camera determines a threshold risk of damage to data stored at the camera. In response to determining the threshold risk of damage to the data stored at the camera, the camera selects, from a plurality of content items in the data stored at the camera, a subset of content items based on respective priorities associated with the plurality of content items, and sends, via a network, the subset of content items to one or more destinations to yield a prioritized backup of the plurality of content items.

Abstract: A method of controlling a device is provided including identifying a registered device from a screen input by a camera, receiving a user input for the identified device, and transmitting a control command corresponding to the input to the identified device.

Abstract: A monitoring method of a monitoring camera and a monitoring camera with an adaptive flash brightness control function is provided. The monitoring method includes: detecting whether a moving object enters a camera range of the monitoring camera; if yes, determining a distance between the moving object and the monitoring camera; and adjusting the brightness of a flash light on the monitoring camera according to the distance between the moving object and the monitoring camera. By the monitoring method, the brightness of the flash light is adjusted according to the distance between the moving object and the monitoring camera, so that the monitoring camera provides appropriate brightness for the moving object at different distances within the camera range, thereby avoiding overexposure or underexposure to improve the quality of images.

Abstract: A system includes a sensor, a weight sensor, and a tracking subsystem. The tracking subsystem receives an image feed of top-view images generated by the sensor and weight measurements from the weight sensor. The tracking subsystem detects an event associated with an item being removed from a rack in which the weight sensor is installed. The tracking subsystem determines that a first person or a second person may be associated with the event. In response to determining that the first or second person may be associated with the event, buffer frames are stored of top-view images generated by the sensor during a time period associated with the event. The tracking subsystem then determines, using at least one of the stored buffer frames and a first action-detection algorithm, whether an action associated with the event was performed by the first person or the second person.

Abstract: A system and method for using both video and periodically refreshed images in a video surveillance system is described herein the method comprising receiving a first request from a first device at a first camera for a first video stream generated by the first camera to be transmitted using a first communication path; beginning the process of establishing the first communications path from the first camera to the first device; establishing second communications path from the first camera to the first device while the first communications path is being established, wherein the second communications path can be used to transmit a plurality of periodically refreshed images while the first communications path is being established; transmitting the plurality of periodically refreshed images from the first camera to the first device using the second communications path while the first communications path is being established; and transmitting the first video stream from the first camera to the first device using the

Abstract: The complex motion associated with machines is a result of the superposition of various frequencies from the multiple component or elements inherent to the design of the machine. These motions can be captured remotely using position sensitive detectors which respond to specific wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum. Present embodiments include but are not limited to a video camera which is able to capture and record video data of an entire machine without contacting the machine, to visually study complex motions which vary both in time and spatially at different locations on the machine, wherein filters applied to the motion present in the video recording are used to identify frequencies of importance and to visualize their impact on the operation of the machine.

Abstract: An audio/video stream recording, storage, and delivery system 10 utilizes an Internet-based browser connection. The system 10 includes recording software 20, storage memory 30, a code generator 40, and a user interface 50. Preferably, the recording software 20 is located on the host back end 60 where it processes and records audio and video material that originates from the user front end 70 and is streamed to the host back end. The storage memory 30, which is also located on the host back end 60, stores the recorded audio and video material. The user interface 50 to the system provides a user located at the user front end 70 with remote access to a virtual recording room. The user interface 50 further enables the user to record audio and video material streamed from the user front end 70 by activating the recording software 20 located on the host back end 60. This is accomplished without requiring recording functionality on the user front end 70.

Abstract: Various embodiments of systems to detect the presence of intruder devices in home environments are disclosed. The system includes a home hub positioned proximate to a home; a security sensor positioned proximate to the home and communicatively coupled to the home hub; a transceiver, and a control circuit communicatively coupled to the home hub, the database, and the transceiver. The security sensor detects security events associated with the home and transmits notifications of the security event to the home hub. The control circuit is configured to: receive trigger events when the home hub receives the notification; in response to receiving the trigger event, capture wireless traffic; determine whether the wireless traffic includes unknown device identification information; and generate another notification when the wireless traffic includes the unknown device identification information, the other notification includes the unknown device identification information.

Abstract: A mesh network comprises a controller and a plurality of mesh-networked devices, operable to communicate with the controller. The controller and the plurality of mesh-networked devices comprise timing units, and are operable to communicate in accordance with a frequency hopping sequence. The mesh-networked devices switch between a transmit mode, in which they are capable of transmitting messages to one or more other mesh-networked device and/or the controller and an inactive mode, in which they are unable to transmit to or receive messages from one or more other mesh-networked devices or the controller. The timing units of the mesh-networked devices are synchronised and the mesh-networked devices are operable to switch to the transmit mode at pseudorandom time intervals.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to systems and methods for generating investigations of user behavior. In an example embodiment, the system includes a video camera configured to capture video of user activity, a video analytic module to perform real-time video processing of the captured video to generate non-video data from video, and a computer configured to receive the video and the non-video data from the video camera. The computer includes a video analytics module configured to analyze one of video and non-video data to identify occurrences of particular user behavior, and an investigation generation module configured to generate an investigation containing at least one video sequence of the particular user behavior. In some embodiments, the investigation is generated in near real time. The particular user behavior may be defined as an action, an inaction, a movement, a plurality of event occurrences, a temporal event and/or an externally-generated event.

Abstract: The present invention provides an imaging system which allows an imaging direction to be changed to a position intended by the user. An imaging system according to the present invention includes an image acquiring unit adapted to acquire an image captured by the first imaging apparatus; a position determining unit adapted to determine one of a plurality of pieces of position information in an object space of the image as an imaging position in priority order; and a controlling unit adapted to change a viewing point of a second imaging apparatus based on the imaging position.

Abstract: In some embodiments, auditable devices such as auditable cameras are provided. The auditable devices maintain audit trail data that is digitally signed and stored on the devices until it can be uploaded to an evidence management system. When intermittent data connections to the evidence management system are available, an auditable device may transmit records of urgent events to the evidence management system. The transmission of urgent events via ad-hoc data connections and the digital signing of audit trail data help overcome technical obstacles in establishing provably reliable data collection while minimizing power consumption by the auditable device.

Abstract: Aspects of the disclosure relate to electronically detecting and responding to a security risk associated with a non-electronic transaction. These aspects include recording and storing a video of a customer entering a financial institution (FI). Upon review of the video, the method confirms that the customer is a legacy customer and then deletes the video, or confirms that the customer is a non-legacy customer. If the customer is a non-legacy customer, the method stores the video for an amount of time sufficient to quantify a security risk associated with the customer. The method may then use an input device including at least one customer-imperceptible biometric sensor to retrieve information about the customer. The method compares the stored video to the biometric information to adjust a level of the security risk associated with the customer or transaction. If the security risk is lower than a threshold, the method may delete the video.

Abstract: Protection of confidential information, and more specifically to systems and methods for processing video information received from video surveillance cameras, in order to mask private information on demand in a video archive. The system for masking objects in the video archive comprises a video surveillance camera, a memory unit that allows storage of the video data from video surveillance cameras, a processor for processing video data in accordance with instructions received from a graphical user interface, the graphical user interface containing data input and output.

Abstract: Providing high-quality images of members of a group moving within a coverage area that includes non-group members is provided. A current location of each member of the group is tracked within the coverage area. Images are obtained of the coverage area. Based on the tracked current location of each member of the group within the coverage area, at least one of the non-group members are selectively redacted from the images of the coverage area such that the members of the group are clearly shown in redacted images and privacy rights of the at least one of the non-group members are protected. The selectively redacted images are provided to at least one of the members of the group.

Abstract: A monitoring unit for security and automation in a premises are described. The monitoring unit uses remote configuration and control to enable monitoring of a premises. The monitoring unit provides multiple monitoring functions to respond to events within the space and alert a user at a remote device like a smartphone. An image sensor provides a wide field of view which can be segmented on the mobile device to enable specific areas to be viewed enabling the user to view the area and be alerted when an event occurs based upon a rules based configuration.

Abstract: The present invention provides a target detection method and an unmanned aerial vehicle. The method includes: obtaining an image of a target, and obtaining a feature model of the target according to the image of the target; determining whether the target is lost; and if it is determined that the target is lost: obtaining a currently photographed first frame of image; obtaining an Nth frame of image which is photographed after the first frame of image, N being an integer greater than 0; obtaining, according to the first frame of image and the Nth frame of image, a candidate area which possibly includes the target; and determining, according to the feature model of the target and the candidate area, whether the Nth frame of image includes the target. A detection efficiency is high by using the target detection method provided in the present invention.

Abstract: Three-dimensional (3D) depth imaging systems and methods are disclosed for use in commercial trailer loading. In various aspects, a 3D-depth camera is configured and oriented in a direction to capture 3D image data of a vehicle storage area. A depth-detection application (app) executing on one more processors determines, based on the 3D image data, a void data region, and a floor data region within the 3D image data. Based on the determination of the void data region and the floor data region, the depth-detection app generates an out-of-range indicator that indicates that a wall (e.g., a package wall) situated at a rear section of the vehicle storage area is not detected. The determination that a package wall is not detected causes a dashboard app to modify a graphical representation of the capacity of the vehicle storage area.

Abstract: Some aspects of the present embodiments provide an A/V recording and communication device that stores the identification data for one or more known persons and/or objects at a local memory of the device. Each time the A/V recording and communication device detects a person or an object, the A/V recording and communication device may capture identification data for the person or object and identify the detected person or object by comparing the identification data for the detected person or object (e.g., an image of the person and/or other biometric data related to the person) with the previously stored identification data.

Abstract: Mechanisms are provided to implement an image based event classification engine having an event image encoder and a first neural network computer model. The event image encoder receives an event data structure comprising a plurality of event attributes, where the event data structure represents an event occurring in association with a computing resource. The event image encoder executes, for each event attribute, a corresponding event attribute encoder that encodes the event attribute as a pixel pattern in a predetermined grid of pixels, corresponding to the event attribute, of an event image. The event image is into to a neural network computer model which applies one or more image feature extraction operations and image feature analysis algorithms to the event image to generate a classification prediction classifying the event into one of a plurality of predefined classifications and outputs the classification prediction.

Abstract: A system for generating a false alarm rule for preventing a false alarm that occurs at a building includes a processing circuit configured to receive, via a communications interface, building data including events for the building devices. The building events include a first non-alarm event, a second non-alarm event different than the first non-alarm event, and a false alarm event. The processing circuit is configured to generate an event sequence based on the events, where the event sequence includes the first non-alarm event and the second non-alarm event and indicates a relationship between the first non-alarm event and the second non-alarm event that is indicative of a situation at the building that causes the false alarm event to occur. The processing circuit is configured to generate the false alarm rule based on the event sequence. The false alarm rule includes a recommendation for preventing the false alarm event from occurring.

Abstract: An imaging apparatus includes a camera unit configured to support a lens unit including an image sensor, and capable of rotating about a tilt rotational shaft via a first bearing, and a pan unit configured to support the camera unit, and capable of rotating about a pan rotational shaft via a second bearing, wherein the first bearing and the second bearing have an elastic member disposed on an outer periphery or on an inner periphery, wherein the camera unit is movable relative to the tilt rotational shaft in a case where an impactive force is applied to the camera unit, and wherein the pan unit is movable relative to the pan rotational shaft in a case where the impactive force is applied to the camera unit.

Abstract: A security camera system for safeguarding a designated area includes at least one camera for encoding and transmitting streaming video of the designated area, and a video receiver for receiving, decoding and analyzing the streaming video for relevant motion, such as movement indicative of the presence of a person. Upon detecting a motion event, the video receiver triggers an alert condition, which results in storing each video steam into memory. Each camera is provided with a PIR detector circuit for measuring infrared radiation within the designated area, the video steam and IR data being transmitted to the receiver via analog communication means to reduce implementation costs. To minimize the risk of false trigger events, the receiver monitors both pixel changes in the streaming video signals as well as measured IR radiation levels within the designated area that fall within the traditional thermal energy range of human body heat.

Abstract: A calibration method for linking spherical coordinates to texture coordinates is provided. The method comprises: installing a plurality of lamps forming a horizontal semicircle arc and a rotation equipment located at its circle center; mounting a N-lens camera on the rotation equipment; causing the N-lens camera to spin about a spin axis passing through two ends of the horizontal semicircle arc and capture a plurality of lens images for different spin angles by the rotation equipment; and, determining longitude and latitude coordinates of a plurality of calibration points according to the different spin angles and the texture coordinates of the calibration points in the lens images to create a link between the spherical coordinates and the texture coordinates. Different positions of the lamps respectively represent different latitudes and different spin angles respectively represent different longitudes. Heights of the camera and the lamps are the same.

Abstract: An electronic device is provided and includes a display device and a processor configured to identify a composite image in which one or more first images obtained using a first camera corresponding to a first direction and one or more second images obtained using a second camera corresponding to a second direction are combined, the second direction being different from the first direction, receive a request for playing the composite image, in response to the request for playing the composite image, identify movement information corresponding to a movement which is detected while the one or more first images and the one or more second images are obtained, correct a partial region to be displayed using the display device among regions of the composite image based on at least the movement information, and display a partial image corresponding to the corrected partial region in the composite image on the display device.

Abstract: Methods, systems, graphical user interfaces (GUIs), and computer-readable media for presenting GUI elements generated based on information associated with an event are generally described. An event information presentation system may be configured to present GUI elements generated based on substantially real-time event information associated with a live event, such as a sporting event. Illustrative event information may include object movement and location information for objects such as event participants (for instance, players) and articles (for instance, a football for a football game event). The event information may be interpreted based on activity categories to automatically differentiate, organize, highlight, or the like the event information in order to generate relevant and meaningful GUI elements.

Abstract: A method displays a course of a process of at least one railway safety unit. While using at least one device control, process data supplied by the at least one railway safety unit, are converted by dual-channel processing into first and second image data of the course of the process to be displayed. The image data are output to be displayed on a data display unit. In order to simplify the displaying of the course of the process, a pair of display spectacles having a first and a second display is used as a data display unit. The first display displays a first representation of the first image data delivered thereto that is visually detectable by the right eye, and the second display displays a second representation of the second image data delivered thereto that is visually detectable by the left eye.