Abstract: A kit of highly uniform size microbead standards for flow cytometer alignment, compensation, and/or calibration, comprising a blank microbead population and/or an auto-fluorescent microbead population, together with two or more series of calibrated microbead populations labeled with fluorescent dye(s) which (i) prior to fluorescent dye(s) labeling, match the fluorescence spectra and fluorescence intensity of the blank and/or autofluorescent microbead population, and (ii) after fluorescent dye(s) labeling, match the fluorescence spectra and fluorescence intensity of fluorescently labeled samples to be measured on the flow cytometer. Also disclosed is a corresponding method to align, compensate, and/or calibrate a flow cytometer so as to make measurements on samples comparable and independent of the specific instrument and instrument settings.

Abstract: A device for measuring color temperature, having at least one measuring diffuser and at least one indicator for the color temperature, as well as operating elements for turning the device on and off, for resetting the measured values, and for initiating a measurement. To be able to easily and rapidly set or adjust the color temperature, the device has at least one adjustment control element for at least one remote control transmitter for adjusting the color temperature of a light source. A photographer can set or adjust the color temperature in a remotely controlled manner via the adjustment element and the remote control transmitter.

Abstract: A method for measuring the energy of individual laser pulses or a series of laser pulses by reading the output of a piezoelectric (PZ) transducer which has received a known fraction of the total laser pulse beam. An apparatus is disclosed that reduces the incident energy on the PZ transducer by means of a beam splitter placed in the beam of the laser pulses.

Abstract: An encoder having a long length measuring stroke with a simple construction is provided. The encoder comprises a scale formed with a periodic lattice pattern, first and second reading heads arranged along a moving direction of the scale for reading the scale, and an adder for adding output signals from the first and second reading heads. The encoder further has adjusting mechanism for adjusting such that the phase difference between the output signals from the first and second reading head becomes zero. A continuous periodic signal can be always accurately obtained independently of the position of the scale.

Abstract: The duration of a very short semiconductor laser pulse, such as that ranging from a fraction to hundreds to picoseconds, can be measured utilizing the internally generated second harmonic emission of the laser. A laser diode is driven so that light emitted therefrom can pass through a beam splitter and be reflected by the beam-splitter into a photomultiplier and into a detector, respectively. Signals received therefrom relate to the conversion efficiency of the second harmonic emission generated by the picosecond pulses and of either continuous wave emission or pulse emission whose durations can be accurately measured by photodetectors. Apparatus includes a photodiode for measuring the fundamental laser power, a photomultiplier for measuring the second harmonic power, and appropriate filters. Ammeters coupled to the photodiode and photomultiplier measure the appropriate current. The ratio of the current can be determined by a ratio circuit or a computer.

Abstract: A predetermined characteristic of a laser beam is detected by disposing a reflector (11) in the path of the beam and coupling an electromechanical transducer (12) to the reflector to detect a mechanical response of the reflector to the incident beam.

Abstract: A system for measuring laser pulse durations in the range of ten nanoseconds to one femtosecond to an accuracy of one femtosecond, includes a primary pulse sampler, a ten component beam splitter array, optical delay lines whose settings are microprocessor controlled, a ten section interaction chamber with ten sets of ion detectors and a pulse envelope and pulse energy display monitors. The system has applications in chemistry, calibration of fast timing circuits and in the development of short pulse lasers.

Abstract: An improved method and apparatus for use in photometric testing of high intensity discharge lamps and luminaires is disclosed. The improved apparatus includes the creation of a mock high intensity discharge lamp having an incandescent emitting element replacing the arc plasma of the subject high intensity discharge lamp while carefully duplicating all other structural and electrical details of the lamp. The improved method incorporates the use of the mock high intensity discharge lamp to obtain accurate testing of the photometric qualities of the regular high intensity discharge lamp.

Abstract: A non-obstructing laser beam sampling meter which measures the power output of a laser by utilizing the optogalvanic effect in the electrode space of a glow discharge which is made to operate on the left side of the Paschen curve where breakdown voltage increases with decreasing pressure.

Abstract: A power meter for non-destructively measuring the power of a high energy er beam. The power meter includes a cell disposed in the flow path of a gas containing a laser radiation-absorbing species. The absorption coefficient of the absorbing species is small enough to allow the beam to pass through the cell essentially unaltered. The concentration of the absorbing species is modulated to modulate its absorption of the laser beam power and produce acoustic waves in the gas which can be detected and measured to give an absolute measurement of the power in the high energy laser beam.

Abstract: A pulsed laser beam intensity monitor measures the peak power within a selectable cross section of a test laser beam and measures integrated energy of the beam during the pulse period of a test laser. A continuous wave laser and a pulsed ruby laser are coaxially arranged for simultaneously transmitting optical output energy through a crystal flat during the time a test laser pulse is transmitted through the flat. Due to stress birefringence in the crystal, the ruby laser pulse transmitted through the flat is recorded and analyzed to provide peak power information about the test laser output pulse, and the continuous wave laser output reflected from the crystal flat provides a measurement of energy during the test laser pulse.

Abstract: A record is obtained of repetitive optical phenomena having durations in the picosecond or subpicosecond range by synchronizing the deflection of the electron image in an electron-optical streaking image tube with the repetition rate of a pulse train from a continuous wave mode-locked laser which supplies such pulses to the tube. Synchronization may be effected by supplying a reference frequency signal both to the laser and to the deflection electrodes in the image tube. The signal applied to the deflection electrodes may comprise a synchronized sinusoidal voltage signal and a slowly varying bias voltage signal. An optical multi-channel analyser may be used at the output of the image tube, linked to an oscilloscope or pen recorder.

Abstract: In the disclosed system, a light measuring circuit having a logarithmical amplifier, is constructed to produce pulses at a frequency corresponding to the output of the light measuring circuit. Pulses are counted during a time interval corresponding to the temperature characteristic of the light measuring circuit so as to obtain a count value corresponding to the light input free of the influence of temperature.

Abstract: To measure the density of a foilage canopy, an elongated average-light measuring instrument includes an elongated diffuser, an elongated quartz rod with a uniform diffusing groove in it between it and the diffuser and a photodiode at one end so that radiation hitting the diffuser enters the quartz rod and is transmitted to the photodiode to provide a measure of average light entering the length of the instrument. To digitize light instead of sensing average light, another embodiment includes a plurality of separate light entrances positioned along the length of the quartz rod and a scanner that scans across the rod or a uniform diffusing groove and circuitry that digitizes the electrical signal from the photodiode periodically in accordance with the position of the light scanner on the groove.

Abstract: Light absorbing ultra-thin films mounted under a fixed strain exhibit the behavior of an optomechanicalor photomechanical transducer. The transducer responds to light in a quick and reversible manner converting a time-variable light source into a time-variable mechanical stress easily monitored by a device such as a strain gage.

Abstract: A device and method for preparing a ketone body control solution. The device comprises a carrier vehicle having incorporated with it a metal ion complex of a dione compound. The dione compound is characterized as having the structure ##STR1## wherein R and R', same or different, are alkyl groups having 1 to about 6 carbon atoms. The method for preparing the control solution comprises contacting a predetermined volume of liquid with the device.

Abstract: An insolation survey device for determining the exposure of a reference point to a cyclically varying radiation source. The device employs a base member for horizontally supporting a display sheet premarked with a grid calibrated in units corresponding to the measurement being taken. A transparent reflective member is supported by the base member over the display sheet so that a reflected view of the surrounding appurtenances and the view of the display sheet, through the transparent dome, form one composite picture. In the composite picture so formed, the period or periods, if any, within the radiation cycle that the reference point will be exposed to said radiation appear as unobstructed sky superimposed onto the premarked grid. A compass is provided to directionally align the device and means are provided for orienting the base member in a true horizontal plane.

Abstract: A photometric calibrator is disclosed wherein a known and continuously vable amount of light flux received at a detector is linearly proportional to the inverse fourth power of the optical path length between the detector and a primary, quasi-point source of the light flux. The calibrator includes a secondary, quasi-point light flux source wherein the total flux emitted thereby is proportional to the flux received thereby over a quasi-point detecting area located at some distance, d, from the primary source. The detector is located at an equal distance d from the secondary source.

Abstract: An electron-optical image tube is provided which avoids the limitations imposed by photographic and image storage techniques and which enables a direct linear intensity profile of a pulse train to be obtained. The image tube, instead of having a phosphor screen, has a disc with one or more slit apertures therethrough and a photoelectron image is scanned across the aperture or apertures. The time spacing of the light pulses can be adjusted so that the time of the image tube coincides with the fixed aperture or apertures in the disc when a continuous circular scan is used.