Abstract: Embodiments enable quick PHY re-training when the link is restarted due an event such as EMI, for example. In particular, embodiments recognize that, in the case of such events as EMI, a substantial portion of the training process as prescribed in the standard can be bypassed during the link restart without affecting subsequent link performance. In particular, embodiments recognize that a substantial amount of previously learned link parameters may still be used after link restart, and thus eliminate the need to re-learn them thereby speeding up the link restart process. Further, embodiments recognize that the standard prescribed link start up procedure can be accelerated in the case of link restart by reducing standard prescribed periods for transitioning between states of the link start up process. Additionally, embodiments provide a mechanism that relies on the auxiliary bit (AUX) of LDPC coded user data frames to pre-emptively and dynamically notch out troublesome EMIs before they cause the link to fail.

Abstract: In general, video segmentation techniques are described. According to various examples, the video segmentation techniques may be based on video content. An example method includes determining one or more segments into which to divide video content, dividing the video content into the determined number of segments identifying a boundary frame associated with each of the segments, and adjusting the respective boundary frame associated with a first segment of the segments to generate an adjusted boundary frame associated with the first segment, wherein the adjusting is based on an one or more entity representations associated with the adjusted boundary frame.

Abstract: Described are embodiments of methods, apparatuses, and systems for time synchronization of a multi-protocol I/O interconnect of computer apparatus. A method for synchronizing time across the multi-protocol I/O interconnect may include providing a first local time of a first switch of a switching fabric of a multi-protocol interconnect to a second switch of the switching fabric, and adjusting a second local time of the second switch to the first local time. Other embodiments may be described and claimed.

Abstract: A multi-mode base station and a method for sending signals thereof are provided. In the base station, each base-band single-board is connected to a corresponding radio frequency (RF) unit through an exchange bus, and the base-band single-boards of different modes are intermixed by using the compatibility of the exchange bus.

Abstract: A 10GBASE-T circuit is disclosed. The circuit includes a physical (PHY) integrated circuit and a media access control (MAC) integrated circuit. The PHY couples to a data transfer medium and carries out data transfers at a PHY data rate. The MAC integrated circuit controls access to the date transfer medium and couples to the PHY via a bidirectional link operating at a MAC data rate. Rate control logic detects the PHY data rate, and adjusts the MAC data rate to the PHY data rate. Changes to the PHY and MAC data rates may be made at rates higher than 1 Gbps.

Abstract: A more simple and robust time synchronization of network subscribers compared to solutions known in the state of the art is provided by a device for time synchronization of network subscribers of a network based on satellites, having at least one satellite antenna connected to a receiving unit receiving a satellite signal containing time information. An electronic system that obtains the time from the satellite signal is connected to a time server with a network connection for the synchronization of the network subscribers using a network protocol. The complexity of the device is reduced and the common coaxial infrastructure between the receiving unit and the time server is removed for the satellite signal and replaced by a robust infrastructure.

Abstract: A system and method for separating clock recovery for a pseudowire communication. An incoming signal is received for a pseudowire communication. The incoming signal is separated into a first signal and a second signal. Packets within the first signal are ordered in a first register. A clock signal is extracted from the second signal in a second register to generate a modified clock signal. A delay is incurred during generating of the modified clock signal. The first signal is communicated utilizing the modified clock signal.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for transmitting multimedia data in a hybrid network are provided. The apparatus includes a payload part including at least one of first data synchronized according to a time to be reproduced and second data other than the first data, a first header part including information on the payload part, a packet part for generating a packet, the packet part including a second header part including information on the packet, and a transceiver for generating and transmitting a signal including the payload part, the first header part, and the packet part to the hybrid network.

Abstract: Systems and methods relating to communication within a fabric network are presented. The fabric network includes one or more logical networks that enables devices connected to the fabric to communicate with each other using various profiles known to the devices. A device sending a message may follow a general message format to encode the message so that other devices in the fabric may understand the message regardless of which logical networks the devices are connected to. Within the message format, a payload of data may be included for the receiving device to forward, store, or process the message. The format and the contents of the payload may vary according to a header within the payload that indicates a profile and a message type within the profile. Using the profile and message type, the receiving devices may decode the message to process the message.

Abstract: A system and method are provided to streamline at least a clock synchronization process for subsequent WiGig PALs once clocks in a first WiGig PAL transmitter and a corresponding first WiGig PAL receiver are synchronized. The unique layering structure of the WiGig 60 GHz standard affords an opportunity to streamline the clock synchronization process based on relationships between individual WiGig PALs, and that the WiGig PALs are directly on top of the WiGig MAC and PHY layers. A process for assisted cross-PAL/cross-layer clock synchronization affords significant reductions in an amount of time required to synchronize the clocks of multiple WiGig PALs based on leveraging an already synchronized clock pair in a first WiGig PAL transmitter/receiver pair to facilitate the clock synchronization of one or more subsequent WiGig PAL transmitter/receiver pairs.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for mobile search using search triggers including establishing a search state for a mobile search; defining a search scheduler based on the search state; determining to collect a search trigger for the search scheduler based on the search state; updating the search state using the collected search trigger and in accordance with the search scheduler; and performing a search for a search type based on the updated search state and in accordance with the search scheduler.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention sets forth a crossbar unit that is coupled to a plurality of client subsystems. The crossbar unit is configured to transmit data packets between the client subsystems and includes a high-bandwidth channel and a narrow-bandwidth channel. The high-bandwidth channel is used for transmitting large data packets, while the narrow-bandwidth is used for transmitting smaller data packets. The transmission of data packets may be prioritized based on the source and destination clients as well as the type of data being transmitted. Further, the crossbar unit includes a buffer mechanism for buffering data packets received from source clients until those data packets can be received by the destination clients.

Abstract: In the encoding of video data, a list of references pictures is constructed to be used in decoding. Prediction (direction) modes are defined by n-tuples (x0, x1, . . . , xM-1), where xm specifies prediction option of the m-th component of the motion vector field, m=0, . . . , M-1, where M components to the motion fields exist; where a coding option xm is an element from a set composed of all defined combinations of motion prediction modes and reference picture indices, with the addition of an option “/”, xm?{“/”, 0, 1, . . . , rm?1}; where option “/” specifies that the component is not used, and other options 0, 1, . . . , rm?1 specify one of rm combinations. A subset of all possible n-tuples is provided and a prediction mode used for predicting an inter-coded block is defined by reference to that subset.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a system for transferring timing messages in a digital data transfer system. In a solution according to the invention a timing message is transferred (101, 102, 103) within control data carried in a protocol data unit. The timing message is dependent on a transmission moment of the protocol data unit from a network element of the digital data transfer system. The control data is a synchronization status message (Ethernet-SSM) carried in an Ethernet-frame. Therefore, the number of such protocol data units that are dedicated only for timing purposes can be reduced.

Abstract: An RF processing module that when coupled to a computer having appropriate signal processing software will function as a spectrum analyzer. The RF processing module has a first stage mixer and a switch that allows either port of the first stage mixer to be selected as the input and receive the RF signal. The RF processing module has a sample packing buffer that packs digitized signal samples into a fewer number of longer words and loads the words into a circular buffer and from then to one of two DMA channels on a USB link. The circular buffer can be emptied faster than it can be filled, allowing the sample packing buffer to create time intervals for a USB controller to switch DMA channels. LO leakage through the mixer-to-IF path is used to self-calibrate the filter's frequency response as temperature and other environmental factors change.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention disclose a data transmission method, a base station, and a terminal. The method includes: configuring a band of standard bandwidth within transmission bandwidth of a base station as terminal-specific standard bandwidth when the transmission bandwidth of the base station is nonstandard bandwidth; notifying a terminal of configuration information of the terminal-specific standard bandwidth; and performing data transmission with the terminal within the terminal-specific standard bandwidth. The preceding technical solution is applicable to data transmission between a base station and a terminal in a communication system.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method processes video in a system including a host computer processing unit (CPU) and a plurality of transcoder instances. The method receives, by a transcoder instance in the plurality of transcoder instances, first Internet Protocol (IP) packets from a host router coupled to the host CPU. The transcoder instance decapsulates the first IP packets to determine video from a payload of each of the first IP packets and generates a transport stream of video from the video from the payload. The transport stream is in a format in which the transcoder instance can perform a transcoding operation. The transport stream of video is processed by performing the transcoding operation on the transport stream of video. The transcoder instance then encapsulates the processed video from the transport stream of video in second IP packets and sends the second IP packets to a destination.

Abstract: A hybrid access protocol (HAP) controls access of nodes of a network to a communication medium, such as a radio frequency communication channel. In one example, a one-hop neighbor of a root node receives priority information from the root node, which includes a list of communication time slots, and an indication of one or more of the communication time slots during which the one-hop neighbor has communication priority relative to other one-hop neighbors of the root node. If the one-hop neighbor has information to transmit to the root node, it waits a predetermined period of time before transmitting the information to the root node. While waiting, the one-hop neighbor listens for transmissions by other nodes. In response to expiration of the predetermined period of time without overhearing transmissions by other nodes, the one-hop neighbor transmits its data to the root node.

Abstract: Embodiments of the disclosure provide systems, methods, apparatuses, and/or articles of manufacture that may monitor a link of a wireless communication network for a period of time during a plurality of active periods of a DRX cycle, generating synchronization signals during the plurality of active periods, and determining a quality of the link based on the synchronization signals.

Abstract: A method of generating timestamp information irrespective of a packet format include generating an egress timestamp corresponding to a time at which a first egress packet associated with a synchronization event is transmitted to a network medium; storing the egress timestamp in a memory based on an egress identifier; and transmitting a second egress packet associated with the synchronization event with the stored egress timestamp being included in the transmitted second egress packet for timing synchronization in the network medium. The method also includes receiving an incoming packet from the network medium; generating an ingress timestamp corresponding to a time at which the incoming packet is received; replacing an error detection field included in the incoming packet with an error detection tag; inserting the ingress timestamp into the error detection tag; and providing the incoming packet with the ingress timestamp to a processor for synchronization of a local clock.

Abstract: A system, method, and computer program product are provided for collecting a snapshot of the statistics of a computer network. The devices of the network that provide the statistics synchronize their clocks to a time source. The statistics collector can request the devices to read their counters at a specified time. The counter values are stored and time-stamped on the devices. The statistics collector can later retrieve the stored counter values from the devices and correlate the statistics by the time-stamps.

Abstract: A system and method for real-time detection, identification, and reporting of mac-sync failures in distributed trunking (DT) are disclosed. In one example, a mac-sync failure between a pair of communicatively coupled DT switches is detected in real-time. Further, a type of mac-sync failure between the pair of DT switches is dynamically identified upon detecting the mac-sync failure. Furthermore, an information technology (IT) admin is dynamically notified about the type of mac-sync failure between the pair of DT switches.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices are described for generating keep-alive messages for a plurality of persistent connections. The plurality of persistent connections associated with at least one application on a wireless device in a network hosting the plurality of persistent connections are identified. A timing schedule specific to the network to transmit keep-alive messages to refresh each persistent connection of the plurality of persistent connections is identified. A generation of the keep-alive messages for each persistent connection of the plurality of persistent connections is synchronized. The synchronized generation of the keep-alive messages occurs according to the identified timing schedule of the network.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a wireless communication method for a magnetic field communication network. The wireless communication method is performed by a coordinator on the magnetic field communication network. The wireless communication method includes transmitting a request signal used to request response to each of sensor nodes; selecting any one of response signals received from the sensor nodes; transmitting an acknowledgement signal to a sensor node corresponding to the response signal; selecting any one of response signals transmitted again from sensor nodes which did not receive the acknowledgement signal; and transmitting an acknowledgement signal to a sensor node corresponding to the selected response signal.

Abstract: Techniques for facilitating the exchange of information and transactions between two entities associated with two wireless devices when the devices are in close proximity to each other. A first device uses a first short range wireless capability to detect an identifier transmitted from a second device in proximity, ideally using existing radio capabilities such as Bluetooth (IEEE802.15.1-2002) or Wi-Fi (IEEE802.11). The detected identifier, being associated with the device, is also associated with an entity. Rather than directly exchanging application data flow between the two devices using the short range wireless capability, a second wireless capability allows for one or more of the devices to communicate with a central server via the internet, and perform the exchange of application data flow. By using a central server to draw on stored information and content associated with the entities the server can broker the exchange of information between the entities and the devices.

Abstract: A direct communication method between terminals is provided. When a terminal receives a plurality of synchronization information parts, the terminal selects synchronization information to acquire a reference time among the plurality of synchronization information parts according to a priority. Here, the priority is an order of first synchronization information that is received from a base station, second synchronization information that is received from a global positioning system (GPS), and third synchronization information that is received from a terminal in which a hop count from the base station or the GPS is small.

Abstract: In one example embodiment, a method to detect suboptimal boundary clocks is described for a node in a communications network. The method can include determining a benchmark value for a clock in a node; generating a plurality of time correction parameters associated with a plurality of time corrections for the clock; determining whether the plurality of time correction parameters meets a predetermined criteria based on the benchmark value; and generating an alert if the plurality of time correction parameters meets the predetermined criteria.

Abstract: A master node is configured to receive, from a slave node, a request to perform a modified two-step synchronization (sync) operation in a manner that precludes transmitting a follow-up packet; generate a sync packet in a manner that includes information associated with a previous time that a prior sync packet was transmitted to the slave node; transmit the sync packet to the slave node; receive, from the slave node, a delay request packet; transmit, to the slave node, a delay response packet, where the delay response packet stores information associated with another time at which the delay request packet was received, and where transmitting the delay response packet enables the slave node to calibrate a clock, hosted by the slave node, to a master clock, hosted by the master node, based on the previous time and the other time.

Abstract: A method for determining data enabling a plurality of secondary base stations to time their transmissions to a mobile station within a timing range. The mobile station obtains time delays of transmissions from each of the secondary base stations in reaching the mobile station, and determines time delay differences between the time delays and a reference time delay associated with a primary base station. The mobile station transmits the time delay differences to the plurality of secondary base stations. Each secondary base station receives the difference between its own transmission time delay and the reference time delay, compares the difference with a time range, and corrects the timing of its transmissions if the difference is outside of the time range.

Abstract: A method and a system for recording, synchronizing and analyzing data transmitted between spatially distributed devices of a communication network using spatially distributed analysis devices, wherein the data are received by at least two analysis devices looped into the communication network, and wherein the received data are marked by means of a synchronization signal which is simultaneously received by the analysis devices. In order to simplify the recording, synchronization and analysis of data by means of spatially distributed analysis devices, provision is made for the analysis devices to store data frames of the received data in data files, wherein each received data frame is marked with a time stamp of a local time of the receiving analysis device, and wherein time synchronization events are produced by means of the received synchronization signal in each of the analysis devices.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for synchronizing operations between a first circuit and a second circuit is disclosed. The method involves writing receive data from the first circuit to a first ring buffer at a first rate. The first ring buffer has a fixed-length of buffer elements and respective read and write buffer pointers. The buffered receive data is read from the first ring buffer to the second circuit at a second data rate. The respective positions of the read and write buffer pointers are detected, and a relative position between the read and write pointers is dynamically adjusted to enforce at least a predetermined minimum spacing. The dynamic adjustment comprises selectively adding or deleting portions of the data to or from the ring buffer.

Abstract: A system for precise timing and synchronization of events is provided. The system includes a first terminal including one or more first counters and a packetizer configured to create a packetized data stream having one or more event tags. The system also includes a second terminal that includes one or more second counters and a depacketizer. The second counter(s) is/are configured to count clock pulses generated by a first clock of the first terminal at a first clock rate. The depacketizer is configured to receive the packetized data stream and detect the event tag(s). When the at least one event tag is detected, the second terminal calculates a time at which the first terminal created the packetized data stream based on a count value of the second counter(s) and a count value of the first counter(s) of the first terminal.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a method for establishing a primary and redundant PW over disjoint bidirectional RSVP-TE LSPs include establishing a first bidirectional RSVP-TE LSP that includes a first upstream path and a first downstream path. The method includes transmitting a first label distribution protocol (LDP) label mapping message that includes a first transport path include field that causes the second PE router to use the first downstream path for the primary PW. The method includes establishing a second bidirectional RSVP-TE LSP that includes a second upstream path and a second downstream path. The method includes transmitting a second LDP label mapping message that includes a second transport path include field that causes the second PE router to use the second downstream path for the redundant PW.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a transmitter, a receiver and methods of operating a transmitter or a receiver. In one embodiment, the transmitter is for use with a base station and includes a primary module configured to provide a primary synchronization signal. The transmitter also includes a secondary mapping module configured to provide a secondary synchronization signal derived from two sequences taken from a same set of N sequences and indexed by an index pair (S1, S2) with S1 and S2 ranging from zero to N?1, wherein the index pair (S1, S2) is contained in a mapped set of index pairs corresponding to the same set of N sequences that defines a cell identity group. Additionally, the transmitter further includes a transmit module configured to transmit the primary and secondary synchronization signals.

Abstract: This disclosure describes a method and apparatus for signaling the phase and frequency of OTN and Constant Bit Rate (CBR) clients in an OTN network. The principles discussed are applicable when multiple stages of OTN multiplexing and demultiplexing are utilized. They are also applicable for use with the Generic Mapping Procedure (GMP) and Asynchronous Mapping Procedure (AMP). A method to use the phase and frequency of an ODUk/ODUflex to adjust a local reference clock to enable the recovery of the phase and frequency of a CBR client demapped from the ODUk/ODUflex is described.

Abstract: Several different embodiments of a massively scalable object storage system are described. The object storage system is particularly useful for storage in a cloud computing installation whereby shared servers provide resources, software, and data to computers and other devices on demand. In several embodiments, the object storage system includes a ring implementation used to associate object storage commands with particular physical servers such that certain guarantees of consistency, availability, and performance can be met. In other embodiments, the object storage system includes a synchronization protocol used to order operations across a distributed system. In a third set of embodiments, the object storage system includes a metadata management system. In a fourth set of embodiments, the object storage system uses a structured information synchronization system. Features from each set of embodiments can be used to improve the performance and scalability of a cloud computing object storage system.

Abstract: A network component comprising at least one processor configured to implement a method comprising initiating a synchronization window, and promoting the transmission of a frame comprising a control symbol, wherein the control symbol delineates a beginning of the frame, and wherein the control symbol is offset from the beginning of the synchronization window. Also disclosed is a system comprising an upstream node in communication with a downstream node, wherein the upstream node transmits a data stream comprising a plurality of frames to the downstream node, wherein the data stream is organized into a plurality of synchronization windows, and wherein the frames float within the synchronization windows. Included is a method comprising transmitting an Ethernet data stream comprising an Ethernet control symbol, wherein the Ethernet control symbol is transmitted within a synchronization window and delineates a start of a packet within the synchronization window.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for routing voice Internet Protocol (IP) packet to a selected processor are described herein. The methods may include initially receiving at a digital baseband receiver of a device a plurality of IP packets. After receiving the IP packets, the digital baseband receiver may determine whether the IP packets are voice or non-voice IP packets. If the IP packets are determined to be non-voice IP packets, the digital baseband receiver may route the non-voice IP packets to a first processor for processing. On the other hand, if the IP packets are determined to be voice IP packets, the digital baseband receiver may route the voice IP packets to a second processor for processing.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed which provide wireless communication systems implementing subsystems adapted for flexible deployment configurations and to resist the introduction of interference. Preferred embodiments of the present invention provide a wireless communication system configuration in which an ODU subsystem is coupled to an IDU subsystem using a fiber optic link. According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, an ODU subsystem is adapted to provide conversion between digital and analog to thereby facilitate the use of a digital link between the ODU subsystem and a corresponding IDU subsystem. Embodiments of the present invention utilize a plurality of ODU subsystems configured according to the present invention to provide wireless communication coverage of a service area, such as to provide a wireless application termination system (WATS) hub for use in providing wireless communication links with respect to a plurality of subscriber units.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, and system for time synchronization are disclosed. The method comprising: obtaining a master sending time stamp, a slave receiving time stamp, a slave sending time stamp, and a master receiving time stamp; and adjusting the time of the slave clock according to the offset calculated from the time stamps to synchronize with the clock time of the master clock. With the present invention, in passband transmission systems that transmit signals continuously in units of symbols, the time synchronization is implemented between the master clock and the slave clock.

Abstract: Aspects of a method and system for MAC and PHY synchronization for energy efficient networking are provided. In this regard, an interface that enables communication between a MAC controller and a PHY device may be configured to operate in an energy saving mode. While the interface is operating in an energy saving mode, synchronization between the MAC controller and the PHY device may be maintained by one or both of adjusting a clock generated for the interface and/or communicating dummy data via the interface. The clock may be adjusted by one or more of adjusting a frequency of the clock, adjusting an amplitude of the clock, and/or duty cycling the clock. The MAC controller and/or the PHY device may generate the dummy data. The PHY device and/or the MAC controller may discard the dummy data upon receiving the dummy data.

Abstract: One embodiment of the present invention provides a system for configuring an access point in a wireless network. During operation, the access point discovers one or more existing access points associated with the wireless network. The access point then obtains a set of configuration information from one existing access point, and synchronizes a local timestamp counter to a selected existing access point, thereby allowing the access point to be configured without using a centralized management station.

Abstract: Provided are a communication device and a communication system capable of specifying a failure part in a network in which a time server and a communication path are made redundant. A communication device acquires time-related information from a plurality of time servers over a plurality of networks and compares the information to specify the failure part in the time servers or in the networks. A remote apparatus acquires time-related information from the communication device over the plurality of networks and compares the information to determine the failure of the communication device.

Abstract: Disclosed uses a digital to analog converter and an analog to digital converter that process a low bit for processing of a data signal at high speed according to analog to digital conversion and digital to analog conversion in a communication system and an analog to digital converter that processes high bit for processing of a signal for synchronization acquisition at low speed.

Abstract: A base station broadcasts a message saying that transmittable ranging codes are limited by antenna IDs to limit antennas and the ranging codes to be searched, thereby reducing a processing load of the search. In a cellular radio communication system in which a base station device is connected to plural antennas, and antenna IDs for identifying the antennas are transmitted from the respective antennas, the base station device broadcasts a message saying that a group of ranging codes transmittable by a terminal device is limited by the antenna IDs, the terminal device receives the message, identifies the antenna ID, selects the ranging code from the group of the ranging codes corresponding to the antenna ID, and transmits the selected ranging code.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for command synchronization is described. In some embodiments, a remote system may set up a user interactive session with a local device according to a user interaction protocol. The remote system may insert a predetermined execution time into a first command and send the first command to a local device according to the user interaction protocol. The first command, when executed on the local device, causes a second command compliant with the user interaction protocol to execute on the local device at the predetermined execution time.

Abstract: HDMI is a digital audio and video communications protocol commonly used in consumer electronics. HDMI is particularly synonymous with high fidelity audio and video. Even though HDMI is a digital communications protocol, the audio quality can be impaired by analog signal impairments and distortions even if there are no digital decoding errors. In particular, the very process by which the audio is converted from Digital (HDMI) to human audible “Analog Audio” can be prone to errors. This occurs when the Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) clock, which is derived from the HDMI TMDS clock or HDMI source, is “distorted” due to its jitter, resulting in erroneous sampling or outputting of vital audio samples, thereby reducing the audio quality of the experience. The present invention reduces the jitter on the TMDS clock, and hence the audio DAC clock, resulting in lower audio distortion.

Abstract: Provided is a timing signal supply device that can frequently perform a phase comparison on a side of receiving a supply of a timing signal and flexibly achieve various operation modes. A GPS receiver 11 includes a baseband processing module 16 and a PN code output terminal 26. The baseband processing module 16 performs a positioning calculation based on positioning signals received from GPS satellites. The PN code output terminal 26 is configured so as to be able to output, based on the result of the positioning calculation by the baseband processing module 16, a PN code that is repeated every second in synchronization with the coordinated universal time.

Abstract: A method of synchronizing a local estimation of global network time of a receiving node on a network to a global network time reference is provided. The free running nodes receive precise time protocol synchronization messages and determine a ratio and an offset based on time data extracted from the messages.

Abstract: A method of generating a code sequence in a wireless communication system is disclosed. More specifically, the method includes recognizing a desired length of the code sequence, generating a code sequence having a length different from the desired length, and modifying the length of the generated code sequence to equal the desired length. Here, the step of modifying includes discarding at least one element of the generated code sequence or inserting at least one null element to the generated code sequence.