Abstract: A temperature calibration device 1, comprising a calibrator block 3 having a cavity 4 and one or more heating elements and at least one temperature sensor being thermally coupled to the calibrator block 3, and where the heating elements and the temperature sensor is connected to a control system being adapted for controlling the temperature of the calibrator block 3, and where the calibrator block 3, at least partly, is surrounded by thermally insulating material 5. A number of channels 9 are arranged in the calibrator block 3 or the insulation material 5, and being connected to a gas supply 6, and where the control system is adapted for activating or deactivating the gas supply.

Abstract: A method for determining the temperature of a sheathed-element glow plug during operation in an internal combustion engine is described, in which a temperature-resistance reference correlation is determined. In order to reduce the tolerance range of a sheathed-element glow plug, after the sheathed-element glow plug has been installed in the internal combustion engine, a calibration step is carried out in which, with the aid of the temperature-resistance reference correlation determined prior to the installation of the sheathed-element glow plug in the internal combustion engine, a temperature-resistance correlation specific to the sheathed-element glow plug is ascertained, from which the temperature of the sheathed-element glow plug during operation of the sheathed-element glow plug in the internal combustion engine is determined.

Abstract: Thermometric apparatus includes at least one body-surface sensor, which is configured to be placed at a location on a body surface of a patient and generates a sensor output that varies according to a body-surface temperature at the location. Analog conversion circuitry is coupled between the at least one body-surface sensor and a connector for coupling to a patient monitor. The circuitry is configured to convert the sensor output into an output resistance across the connector that is indicative of a corrected temperature of the patient.

Abstract: In order to determine an operating temperature of an electric motor which is fed via an inverter, the inverter is first of all permanently assigned to an electric motor. Following calibration of measured value of at least one operating parameter of the electric motor by the assigned inverter on the production line of the electric motor and inverter, at least one measured value of at least one operating parameter of the electric motor is then acquired by the assigned inverter during operation of the electric motor and the operating temperature of the electric motor is determined using this at least one measured value and the calibration result from the assigned inverter.

Abstract: The present application is directed to a system for verifying calibration of a temperature sensor comprising an above-ambient temperature verifier and a below-ambient temperature verifier. The above-ambient temperature verifier includes a first housing containing an ohmic material. At least one pair of electrodes is provided to direct an applied current through the ohmic material to heat the material. A well is provided within the ohmic material for accepting a temperature sensor. A compression assembly cooperates with the ohmic material to create intimate contact with the temperature sensor. An above-ambient reference temperature monitor maintains a calibrated temperature within the ohmic material. The below-ambient temperature verifier includes a second housing and a below-ambient reference temperature monitor to maintain a calibrated temperature of a below-ambient temperature medium.

Abstract: Systems, methods and apparatus are provided through which in some implementations a non-contact thermometer is diagnosed and calibrated under instruction of a mobile phone.

Abstract: A method for calibrating a transmitter with measurement circuitry electrically connected to first and second input terminals includes connecting a primary temperature sensor to the first input terminal and connecting a calibrated reference device to the second input terminal. The measurement circuitry is calibrated with respect to the first input terminal according to signals received from the second input terminal while measuring temperature according to signals received from the first input terminal.

Abstract: Certain exemplary embodiments can provide a system, which can comprise a thermocouple input module. The thermocouple input module can be adapted to determine one or more calibration factors. The thermocouple input module can be adapted to store the calibration factors. The thermocouple input module can be adapted to apply the calibration factors to an incoming thermocouple voltage value to obtain an adjusted thermocouple voltage value.

Abstract: The present invention, in one aspect, provides systems and methods for using a single slug or multiple slugs containing one or more calibrators to determine a relationship between temperature and an electrical characteristic of the thermal sensor for use in connection with calibrating thermal sensors. In some embodiments, the present invention uses the described calibrator systems and methods to calibrate thermal control elements on a microfluidic device. In non-limiting embodiment, the calibrator can be one or more of droplets, plugs, slugs, segments or a continuous flow of any appropriate solution that, when heated, yields a thermal response profile with a plurality of features (e.g., maxima, minima, inflection points, linear regions, etc.).

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention are generally directed to systems, methods, and apparatuses for thermal sensor power savings using a toggle control. In some embodiments, an integrated circuit (e.g., a memory device) includes an on-die thermal sensor, a storage element (e.g., a register), and toggle logic. The toggle logic may transition the thermal sensor from a first power consumption level to a second power consumption level responsive, at least in part, to a toggle indication.

Abstract: Testing a thermocouple-based RF ablation system is carried out by connecting a temperature simulator to an ablator module. The ablator module is operative to vary a radiofrequency power output thereof in a predefined manner in response to predefined variations in a temperature signal from the simulator. The method is further carried out by delivering RF power from the ablator module to the temperature simulator, and while delivering RF power, performing the steps of: communicating temperature signals from the temperature simulator to the ablator module, varying the communicated temperature signals, and verifying that a variation in the power output of the ablator module in response to varying the temperature signals conforms to the predefined manner.

Abstract: A method of estimating temperature includes selecting a plurality of known calibration temperature values; determining a bulk wavelength for each of the calibration temperature values; formulating a calibration data set that includes the plurality of known temperature values and the corresponding plurality of bulk wavelengths; and using the calibration data set to determine an estimated current temperature value based upon a current bulk wavelength, wherein the current temperature value is estimated based upon one or more data points in the calibration data set.

Abstract: Temperature compensation for ultrasonic sensors can have a significant error that is highly undesirable because temperature of ultrasonic sensors and the temperature of the medium through which they sense objects affect signal strength calibrations (e.g., echo thresholds) applied when detecting an object. In order to increase the detection capabilities and reported distance of an object, ultrasonic sensors need to adjust their detection criteria and distance calculations as the temperature of air surrounding a vehicle (i.e., outside air temperature) changes and also as the temperature of the sensor changes. Embodiments of the inventive subject matter provide for a simple, effective and consistent approach for determining a temperature upon which such detection criteria and distance calculation adjustments can be based.

Abstract: A multiple sensor fiber optic sensing system. A method of sensing distributed temperature and at least another property in a well includes the steps of: interconnecting an optical switch to an optical fiber which extends along a wellbore in the well; operating the optical switch to optically connect the optical fiber to an interferometric measurement system; and operating the optical switch to optically connect the optical fiber to a distributed temperature measurement system. Another method includes the steps of: installing an optical fiber along a wellbore in the well, the optical fiber being a first distributed temperature sensor, the installing step including providing a substantial length of the optical fiber proximate a second sensor which senses the well property; and calibrating the second sensor using a temperature sensed by the first sensor in the substantial length of the optical fiber.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for wafer temperature measurement and calibration of temperature measurement devices may be based on determining the absorption of a layer in a semiconductor wafer. The absorption may be determined by directing light towards the wafer and measuring light reflected from the wafer from below the surface upon which the incident light impinges. Calibration wafers and measurement systems may be arranged and configured so that light reflected at predetermined angles to the wafer surface is measured and other light is not. Measurements may also be based on evaluating the degree of contrast in an image of a pattern in or on the wafer. Other measurements may utilize a determination of an optical path length within the wafer alongside a temperature determination based on reflected or transmitted light.

Abstract: A calibrated airflow monitoring method is provided. The monitoring method which includes: providing an airflow sensor positioned within an electronic system to be at least partially air-cooled, the airflow sensor including at least one temperature sensor and a heater associated with one temperature sensor of the at least one temperature sensor; calibrating, with the airflow sensor positioned within the electronic system, a duty cycle for use in powering the heater associated with the one temperature sensor; and providing a controller configured to use the calibrated duty cycle in powering the heater of the temperature sensor during airflow monitoring of the electronic system, and to obtain a hot temperature (Thot) reading from the one temperature sensor having the associated heater, and to determine, based at least in part on the hot temperature (Thot) reading, whether to issue an airflow warning.

Abstract: A method of measuring conditions of an ultrasonic instrument includes providing an ultrasonic instrument that includes an end effector and a waveguide operably coupled to a generator and the end effector. The method involves generating one or more pulses with the generator, transmitting the one or more pulses to one or both of the waveguide and the end effector, generating one or more waves that scatter in an interferential pattern in response to the transmission of the one or more pulses, registering a signal indicative of the interferential pattern, generating an actual interferential pattern based upon the signal, and identifying one or more conditions of the end effector based upon the actual interferential pattern.

Abstract: A method of calibrating a position sensor in an automotive transmission having a transmission housing having mounted therein a casing (10) for the position sensor which includes a pressure member (14) movably supported in the casing (10), and an electrical displacement sensor (38) actuated by the pressure member (14) for measuring the position of the pressure member (14) relative to the casing (10), such that, after the casing (10) of the position sensor has been mounted in the transmission housing, the displacement sensor (38) is used for performing at least one calibration measurement for at least one gear position, and, for each gear position to be detected, a tolerance range for the corresponding measurement value of the displacement sensor is defined on the basis of the result of the calibration measurement.

Abstract: A redundant temperature measurement probe is described that may include any number of features. In one embodiment, the probe includes a pair of resistive sensors, a pair of output wires, and a shared ground wire for a total of three wires. The first and second resistive sensors of the probe can be electrically connected to a controller to measure temperature and detect when a fault in the probe occurs.

Abstract: A method for on-orbit calibration of the temperature sensors of a simulated blackbody is disclosed. The method may include selecting a simulated blackbody traveling in a micro-gravity environment and comprising a sensor, a container positioned proximate the senor and containing a material, and a heat transfer device positioned proximate the at least one container. The heat transfer device may transition the material through a phase change. The temperature sensor may monitor the temperature of the material during the phase change. A correction may be calculated to correct any disparity between the temperature reported by the temperature sensor during the phase change and the known plateau temperature corresponding to that phase change. The correction may be applied to subsequent temperature readings obtained using the temperature sensor.

Abstract: A system and method are disclosed for controlling a drywell including a receiver having upper and lower ends with the lower end being more insulated than the upper end having a temperature sensor in thermal contact therewith. Upper and lower heating elements are in thermal contact with the upper and lower ends, respectively. A controller includes an integrated circuit having a temperature sensor. A reading from the integrated circuit is used to control power to the upper heating element and reduce a temperature gradient between the upper and lower ends of the receiver.

Abstract: A wireless temperature sensor includes an electrical conductor and a dielectric material on the conductor. The conductor is electrically unconnected and is shaped for storage of an electric field and a magnetic field. In the presence of a time-varying magnetic field, the conductor resonates to generate harmonic electric and magnetic field responses, each of which has a frequency associated therewith. The material is selected such that it experiences changes in either dielectric or magnetic permeability attributes in the presence of a temperature change. Shifts from the sensor's baseline frequency response indicate that the material has experienced a temperature change.

Abstract: A semiconductor apparatus according to aspects of the invention includes a power MOSFET including a main MOSFET and sensing MOSFET's. The main MOSFET and the sensing MOSFET's are formed on a semiconductor substrate, and a sensing MOSFET is selected for changing the sensing ratio and further for confining the sensing ratio variations within a certain narrow range stably from a low main current range to a high main current range. A semiconductor apparatus according to aspects of the invention facilitates reducing the manufacturing costs thereof, obviating the cumbersomeness caused in the use thereof, and confining the sensing ratio variations within a certain narrow range stably.

Abstract: A test component coated with a coating system is provided. In at least one defined region of the test component, there is a delamination having defined properties deliberately introduced into the coating system. The test component may be employed in a method for testing a thermography apparatus that is designed for carrying out a thermography method, for its correct operation with a view to the detection of delaminations. In order to test the thermography apparatus, the at least one defined delamination of the coating system is detected on the test component by using the thermography method employed in the thermography apparatus.

Abstract: An engine air system for charge flow temperature estimation includes a charge air cooler outlet temperature sensor configured to provide a first temperature signal, an exhaust gas recirculation outlet temperature sensor configured to provide a second temperature signal, and a control module configured to receive the first temperature signal and the second temperature signal. The control module includes a charge flow temperature estimation module configured to determine an the estimated charge flow temperature at an intake manifold temperature sensing position based on a combination of the first temperature signal multiplied by an estimated fresh air fraction and the second temperature signal multiplied by an exhaust gas recirculation fraction.

Abstract: A method of calibrating a reversible-binding sensor for detecting an analyte includes: (i) varying the temperature of a first calibration solution from a first temperature (T1) to a second temperature (T2) while the first calibration solution is in contact with a sensing region of the sensor; (ii) determining the sensor output for the first calibration solution as a function of temperature; (iii) varying the temperature of a second calibration solution from a third temperature (T3) to a fourth temperature (T4) while the second calibration solution is in contact with the sensing region, the second calibration solution having a concentration of analyte which is different from that of the first calibration solution; (iv) determining the sensor output for the second calibration solution as a function of temperature; and (v) using the determined sensor output from steps (ii) and (iv) to calibrate the sensor.

Abstract: A method for modeling the performance of a laterally diffused metal oxide semiconductor (LDMOS) device across a wide temperature range is disclosed. The method comprises the steps of positioning the device in an environment chamber operable to create a plurality of environment temperatures; connecting the pins of the device to a measurement system operable to measure at least one device characteristic; operating the environment chamber to set a series of four environment temperatures, acquiring a value of the device characteristic from the measurement system at each temperature, and extracting a temperature parameter set based on the value of the device characteristic at each temperature, then generating a temperature-scaling model for the device.

Abstract: An outside air temperature (OAT) diagnostic system includes an ambient temperature monitoring module that receives (i) an OAT signal from an OAT sensor and (ii) an intake air temperature (IAT) signal from an IAT sensor of an engine. The ambient temperature monitoring module compares the OAT signal to an IAT signal and generates a first difference signal. A performance reporting module determines whether the OAT sensor is exhibiting a fault and generates an OAT performance signal based on the first difference signal.

Abstract: A temperature detection system includes a power semiconductor device, a chip temperature detection device for detecting a temperature of the power semiconductor device, loss-related characteristic value acquiring means for acquiring a loss-related characteristic value that is a characteristic to decide a loss of the power semiconductor device, difference value calculating means for calculating, from the loss-related characteristic value, a difference value between the temperature of the power semiconductor device and a temperature detected by the chip temperature detection device, a corrected temperature signal generating part for generating a corrected temperature signal by adding the temperature detected by the chip temperature detection device and the difference value, and an output part for outputting the corrected temperature signal to the outside.

Abstract: A monitoring, tracking, and calibration system tracks temperature data and the validity of temperature measuring devices. If an item is temperature sensitive, the system permits temperature readings to be taken by a remote transmitter or other temperature measuring device and stored by a computer. A calibration device is built into the remote transmitter or attached in line to a temperature sensor and include at least one fixed value. The remote transmitter samples that fixed value periodically or in response to an instruction from the computer. The computer, in turn, compares the fixed value to a respective expected value. If the comparison indicates that the fixed value compares favorably to the at least one respective expected value, the remote transmitter is considered calibrated and functioning correctly. Otherwise, the remote transmitter is considered faulty and an error is reported so that corrective action may be taken.

Abstract: In one or more implementations, a temperature measuring system is provided, including a temperature sensing probe having (a) a thermistor operatively connected to a first conductor and (b) a resistor operatively connected to a second conductor, and a temperature determination application stored in a memory of a computing device operatively connected to the temperature sensing probe.

Abstract: A system and method for conducting heating, ventilation, and Air Conditioning Analytics is disclosed. The system uses one or more wireless pneumatic thermostats (WPT) and/or various other sensors in communication with a control device to maintain, troubleshoot, calibrate, optimize, or otherwise adjust an installed pneumatic HVAC system.

Abstract: A temperature measurement apparatus includes a light source; a first splitter that splits a light beam into a measurement beam and a reference beam; a reference beam reflector that reflects the reference beam; an optical path length adjustor; a second splitter that splits the reflected reference beam into a first reflected reference beam and a second reflected reference beam; a first photodetector that measures an interference between the first reflected reference beam and a reflected measurement beam obtained by the measurement beam reflected from a target object; a second photodetector that measures an intensity of the second reflected reference beam; and a temperature calculation unit. The temperature calculation unit calculates a location of the interference by subtracting an output signal of the second photodetector from an output signal of the first photodetector, and calculates a temperature of the target object from the calculated location of the interference.

Abstract: A digital-to-analog converter is disclosed. The converter includes a gradient correction module that generates a correction term based on a model of gradient error. The correction term is then applied to the signal path in the digital domain or applied to the output of the digital-to-analog converter in the analog domain. The model used to generate the correction term is based on a vertical gradient error in the array of current source elements, which may be modelled and calibrated using a second-order polynomial. Further, a digital-to-analog converter having a Nyquist DAC and an oversampled DAC is disclosed. When the oversampled DAC is enabled, the resolution of the Nyquist DAC may be increased while slowing the conversion rate.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for verifying temperature measurements in an ultrasonic flow meter. In one embodiment, an ultrasonic flow metering system includes a passage for fluid flow, a temperature sensor, and an ultrasonic flow meter. The temperature sensor is disposed to measure temperature of fluid flowing in the passage. The ultrasonic flow meter includes a plurality of pairs of ultrasonic transducers and control electronics. Each pair of transducers is configured to form a chordal path across the passage between the transducers. The control electronics are coupled to the ultrasonic transducers. The control electronics are configured to measure speed of sound between each pair of transducers based on ultrasonic signals passing between the transducers of the pair. The control electronics are also configured to determine, based on the measured speeds of sound, whether a measured temperature value provided by the temperature sensor accurately represents temperature of the fluid flowing in the passage.

Abstract: An apparatus evaluates a substrate mounting device adapted to hold a target substrate placed on a mounting surface and to control a temperature of the target substrate. The apparatus includes an evacuatable airtightly sealed chamber accommodating therein the substrate mounting device, a heat source, arranged in a facing relationship with the mounting surface, for irradiating infrared light. The apparatus further includes an evaluation-purpose substrate adapted to be mounted on the mounting surface in place of the target substrate, the evaluation-purpose substrate being made of an infrared light absorbing material, and having a unit for measuring temperatures at plural sites on a surface and/or inside of the substrate.

Abstract: A measuring apparatus for an ear thermometer includes a battery, a mode switching circuit and a microcontroller, and the microcontroller, during a run mode or a normal operating state, does not pass battery current to the mode switching circuit in order that the insertion of the mode switching circuit causes no substantial change in power consumption so as to suppress a power consumption of the apparatus and extend the power of the battery.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an apparatus for reading a temperature of a material includes a thermistor that is communicable in temperature sensing communication with the material. The apparatus also includes a first resistor that has a first resistance and a second resistor that has a second resistance that is lower than the first resistance. Additionally, the apparatus includes a switch that is selectively controllable to electrically couple the first resistor and second resistor to the thermistor in a low temperature mode. The switch also is selectively controllable to electrically couple the second resistor to the thermistor and electrically decouple the first resistor from the thermistor in a high temperature mode.

Abstract: There is provided a temperature measuring device capable of achieving cost reduction even in the case where the same is a multichannel temperature measuring device. The temperature-measuring device comprises a thermocouple having two dissimilar metal wires, ends thereof, on one-side, being joined with each other, and the other ends thereof, being connected to one pair of contact terminals, respectively, a unit of a temperature-measurement set made up by joining together a plurality of the thermocouples, and a reference junction compensation circuit provided for every unit of the temperature-measurement set, wherein at least one of the reference junction compensation circuits of the temperature-measuring device is left out while the other reference junction compensation circuits of the temperature-measuring device are removed upon a plurality of the units of the temperature-measurement sets being disposed in series.

Abstract: A calibrated airflow sensor and monitoring method are provided. The monitoring method which includes: providing an airflow sensor positioned within an electronic system to be at least partially air-cooled, the airflow sensor including at least one temperature sensor and a heater associated with one temperature sensor of the at least one temperature sensor; calibrating, with the airflow sensor positioned within the electronic system, a duty cycle for use in powering the heater associated with the one temperature sensor; and providing a controller configured to use the calibrated duty cycle in powering the heater of the temperature sensor during airflow monitoring of the electronic system, and to obtain a hot temperature (Thot) reading from the one temperature sensor having the associated heater, and to determine, based at least in part on the hot temperature (Thot) reading, whether to issue an airflow warning.

Abstract: An temperature sensor circuit is disclosed. In one embodiment, the temperature sensor comprises an input circuit with a current mirror for forcing a current down a reference stage and an output stage. The reference stage and the output stage include P-N junctions (e.g., using bipolar transistors) with differing junction potentials. By tailoring the resistances in the reference and output stages, the input circuit produces two output voltages, one of which varies predictably with temperature, and one which is stable with temperature. The input circuit is preferably used in conjunction with an amplifier stage which preferably receives both the temperature-sensitive and non-temperature-sensitive outputs. Through various resistor configurations in the amplifier stage, the output of the temperature sensor can be made to vary at a higher sensitivity than produced by the temperature-sensitive output of the input circuit.

Abstract: Tools and methods for creating isolated or localized temperature changes on components in an electric circuit. By isolating temperature changes to individual components or small sets of components, the tools and methods allow greater control over the analysis of interactions within a board. This may allow clearer understanding of the effects of temperature on circuit component behavior. The tools and analysis advances analysis such as failure analysis and design testing.

Abstract: Methods are provided that operate on raw dissociation data and dissociation curves to generate calibrations of the detected data and to further improve analysis of the data. The data can be taken from each support region of a multi-region platform, for example, from each well of a multi-well plate. Each support region can be loaded with portions of the same sample. In some embodiments, a dissociation curve correction can be calibrated for the sample, prior to a run of an experiment using such sample. In some embodiments, a method is provided for generating a melting transition region of dissociation curves that show the melting characteristics of the sample. In some embodiments, dye temperature dependence correction can be performed on the dissociation curve data to further improve analysis. In some embodiments, a feature vector can be derived from the melt data, and the feature vector can be used to further improve genotyping analysis of the dissociation curves.

Abstract: A system for measuring temperature includes a thermowell, a primary temperature sensor, a reference sensor, and a transmitter. The thermowell has a measurement instrument connection and a side port. The primary temperature sensor extends into the thermowell through the measurement instrument connection, and the reference sensor extends into the thermowell through the side port. The transmitter is connected to each of the primary temperature sensor and the reference sensor. The transmitter has circuitry for measuring temperature based upon signals received from the primary temperature sensor and for concurrently calibrating based upon signals received from the reference sensor.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are provided for creation of discrete corrosion defects with a wide range of diameter to depth aspect ratios for painted test standards. Also provided are methods for use of those test standards to characterize the corrosion under paint detection threshold, statistical reliability, and accuracy of NDI and/or NDT techniques including but not limited to flash thermography, ultrasonic testing, eddy current testing, microwave testing, shearography, and infrared testing.

Abstract: Methods for gas sensing with single-walled carbon nanotubes are described. The methods comprise biasing at least one carbon nanotube and exposing to a gas environment to detect variation in temperature as an electrical response.

Abstract: A device for calibrating a fiber-optic temperature measuring system has a broadband light source, a coupling-in device, which can couple light generated by the light source for calibration into an optical fiber of the temperature measuring system, a coupling-out device, which can couple components of the light source-generated light that are backscattered in the optical fiber out of the optical fiber. An evaluation device performs a calibration of the temperature measuring system on the basis of the backscattered components of the light.

Abstract: A sensor device formed on a semiconductor substrate. The device comprises a thermal radiation sensor including a sensing cell and a referencing cell which are co-operable for providing a first output signal indicative of the temperature fluctuation resulting from incident radiation. A gradient sensor including a pair of cells spatially located on the semiconductor substrate is provided which are co-operable to provide a second output signal indicative of the temperature gradient across the semiconductor substrate for facilitating calibrating the first output signal. At least one of the cells of the gradient sensor is not common to the cells of the thermal radiation sensor.

Abstract: A method of using a temperature sensor to determine the temperature of an object is described. The method comprises bringing the temperature sensor into thermal contact with the object to be measured. The temperature sensor is then used to acquire a plurality of temperature readings, the plurality of temperature readings being acquired prior to the temperature sensor reaching thermal equilibrium with the object. At least some of the plurality of temperature readings are then used to determine a pseudo-stable temperature at which the rate of change of temperature readings with time is less than a predetermined rate. The actual temperature of the object may then be predicted from the pseudo-stable temperature.

Abstract: There is described a monitoring apparatus comprising at least three sensors capable of detecting a characteristic of a fluid, the sensors located within a fluid to be monitored; each sensor comprising a probe arranged to enclose a temperature sensing device; a power circuit including a first current source, a second current source and a third current source, the first current source connected to a first temperature sensing device, the second current source connected to a second temperature sensing device, the third current source connected to a third temperature sensing device, the first current source and the second current source arranged to power respective first and second temperature sensing devices so as to cause self heating of the first temperature sensing device and the second temperature sensing device to a first temperature; the third current source arranged to power the third temperature sensing device so as to cause a minimum self heating of the third sensing device to a second temperature; where