Abstract: In connection with a process of implementing galvanizing and galvannealing on steel strips containing highly oxidizable elements such as Si, Mn, P, Ti, Nb, Al, Ni, Cu, Mo, V, Cr, and B, after annealing in a continuous line or implementing electroplating after annealing, the present invention provides a method for restraining non-plating at low cost in a stable manner and a surface treated steel strip having minimal non-plating. By applying on at least one surface of a steel strip a Fe plating having a coating weight of 0.1-10 g/m.sup.2 and an oxygen content of 0.1-10 wt %, followed by annealing and then zinc or zinc alloy plating, there is obtained a surface treated steel strip having minimal plating defects which includes a Fe plating layer immediately below a zinc or zinc alloy plating layer and a steel alloying element concentrated stratum immediately below the Fe plating layer. The Fe plating may be formed using an electroplating bath which contains 0.1-10 g/l of Fe.sup.

Abstract: An alloy having excellent corrosion resistance and abrasion resistance, is provided comprising a matrix metal phase comprised of at least one member selected from an Fe-base alloy, a Co-base alloy and a Ni-base alloy and, present in the matrix metal phase, 10 to 65%, in terms of the area, of a substantially homogeneously crystallized and/or precipitated VC particle phase having a particle diameter of 5 .mu.m or less.A surface-modified metallic member, is also provided comprising a metallic member and the above-described alloy, the alloy being integrally coated on the surface of the metallic member at its desired portion.

Abstract: The invention provides a welding material useful for welding cast iron, the welding material forms a weld deposit containing, as measured in the undiluted condition, by weight percent, about 30-50% nickel, about 8-20% manganese, about 0 to 0.6% carbon, about 1 to 8% of at least one carbide selected from the group consisting of chromium carbide, niobium carbide, tantalum carbide, titanium carbide or vanadium carbide and balance iron and incidental impurities.

Abstract: A raw plated steel sheet for can comprises recrystallized particles containing approximately C<0,004%, Si<0.03%, Mn:0.05-0.6%, P<0.02%, S<0.02%, N<0.01%, Al:0.005-0.1%, Nb:0,001-0.1%, B:0.0001-0.005% in weight. The maximum diameter of a particle is less than about 30 .mu.m, and an area ratio of particles ranging about 5-25 .mu.m being more than about 50%. Such a steel sheet has excellent processing characteristics and good uniformity in product quality.

Abstract: The invention relates to a soft magnetic multilayer film which comprises a number of crystalline main layers and a number of amorphous secondary layers, the main layer substantially exclusively comprising iron as the magnetic constituent, and the secondary layer comprising mainly iron as the magnetic constituent. Such multilayer films exhibit a relatively low magnetostriction constant which is almost not influenced by temperature treatments. Such films are very suitable for use in magnetic heads.

Abstract: The corrosion resistance inherent in stainless steel is further improved by a cladding layer provided on the surface thereof. The cladding layer is formed of a coating material which is applied onto the surface of the stainless steel and, then, burnt to be fused by laser beams. The coating material contains a larger amount of Cr than that of the stainless steel. The thus fused material and a fused portion of the stainless steel are mixed with each other to form the cladding layer of remarkable corrosion resistance due to a larger amount of Cr contained therein. The formation of the cladding layer on the inner surface of a small diameter pipe is enabled by a coating film shaping device which has a jig for shaping the applied material into a film of a uniform thickness and by a laser irradiation torch which has an arrangement for emitting the laser means radially outward from the inside of the pipe.

Abstract: A glass to metal seal for mounting an electrical conductor in a metal wall, such as a microelectronic circuit case, and a method of mounting. The metal lead which serves as the electrical conductor is coated with a layer of iron by electroplating and the iron coated lead is mounted in the opening of the metal wall with a glass insulating sleeve. In an alternative embodiment, a barrier layer of electroplated and sintered nickel is provided on the metal lead under the iron layer. A similar layer of iron may be provided on the case wall at the lead opening, and a barrier layer may be provided on the case wall under the iron layer.

Abstract: Corrosive-resistant, amorphous metal alloy coatings for crystalline metal surfaces wherein the coating is formed by vapor deposition of a mixture of(1) from 8 to 30 atomic percent of boron, silicon, or mixtures thereof and(2) the remainder being a modified metal composition formed by modifying the composition of the crystalline metal of the surface to produce a final amorphous metal alloy coating that is anodic in reference to the crystalline metal of the surface.

Abstract: A multilayered iron-copper-lead alloy bearing material in the form of a bimetal, comprising a steel backing plate, an iron-copper-lead type sintered alloy layer whose major components is iron, a copper plating layer of a thickness of 2 to 20 .mu.m disposed between the steel backing plate and the iron-copper-lead type sintered alloy layer.

Abstract: Composite pipe adapted for use, for example, in line pipes for crude oil or natural gas producing oil wells and having excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical properties to withstand high temperatures and high pressures, the composite pipe having an outer layer made of a material comprising in % by weight 0.05 to 0.20% of C, up to 1.0% of Si, up to 2.0% of Mn, up to 1.0% of Cr, 0.2 to 2.0% of Ni, up to 1.0% of Mo, 0.05 to 0.15% of V, up to 0.1% of Al, and the balance inevitable impurities and Fe, the material being up to 0.45 in carbon equivalent expressed by: ##EQU1## an inner layer made of stainless steel, high alloy steel or like corrosion resistant alloy, and an intermediate layer substantially intermediate between the outer layer and the inner layer in composition and having a thickness of 10 to 100 .mu.m, the intermediate layer providing a boundary between the outer and inner layers and being metallurgically joint to the outer layer and the inner layer integrally therewith.

Abstract: The invention comprises a process for the production of clad hot rolled strip. A steel slab as base material is cladded with a layer material of a corrosion-resistnt material. The slab is of a low-alloy steel having a carbon content of up to 0.25% by weight, the layer material preferably is stainless, more particularly a stainless austenitic steel or a wrought alloy on a nickel basis. The steel slab and the layer material are connected by explosive cladding, the resulting composite body being heated to rolling temperature and is subsequently rolled down to one quarter of the initial thickness with a high reduction of pass of phi greater than 0.10 and then rolled to final thickness of the hot rolled strip. The finish rolling temperature is in the range of 900.degree. C. The clad hot rolled strip is subjected to a cooling rate in the core of at least 8.degree. C./s to a cooling temperature of below 650.degree. C.

Abstract: A hot-dip aluminium coated steel sheet having excellent corrosion resistance and heat resistance, comprising a steel substrate containing 3 to 18% chromium, not more than 0.02% carbon, 0.1 to 1.5% manganese, 0.005 to 0.08% aluminium, not more than 0.1% silicon, with the balance being iron and unavoidable impurities, and aluminium coating on said sheet substrate. The coated sheet may further comprises a coating layer of nickel or nickel-iron alloy (Ni: 1 to 99%) beneath the aluminium coating, or an Al-Fe-Si-Ni-Cr alloy coating layer of 1 to 10.mu. in thickness and containing 0.05 to 5% nickel, 0.2 to 10% chromium, beneath the aluminium coating.

Abstract: A stainless clad plate or sheet (herein called sheet) comprising a super-low carbon steel layer containing at least one of Ti and Nb (Ti+Nb.ltoreq.0.15% and ##EQU1## and an austenite stainless steel layer on one or both sides of the carbon steel layer. The thickness of the stainless steel layer is preferably from 2.5 to 30% of the total thickness of the clad steel sheet. The stainless clad steel sheet is produced preferably by continuous casting stainless steel melt on the carbon steel slab, hot and cold rolling the stainless clad steel slab, and annealing under specific conditions for desired properties.

Abstract: There is provided an opto-magnetic recording medium having an exchange-coupled three-layered structure in which a recording layer having a high coercive force and a low Curie temperature at room temperature is sandwiched between read layers having a low coercive force and a high Curie temperature, wherein an iron group auxiliary lattice magnetization dominant rare-earth and iron group amorphous alloy thin film is adopted as the recording layer and the read layers, and directions of spontaneous magnetization of the three layers are parallel to each other.

Abstract: This invention relates to a heavy wall monolithic iron pipe comprising nodular graphite in the outer portion of its wall and flake or quasi-flake graphite in the inner portion of its wall and a method for making said pipe. The central portion of the wall of the pipe may be a combination of nodular graphite and flake or quasi-flake graphite.

Abstract: Cast iron selected from the group consisting of white iron, compacted graphite iron, malleable iron, gray iron, and ductile iron is cast in a mold in which steel or metal, such as a tube defines a portion of the mold form.

Abstract: Thermal protective shield to be used in connection with hot gases in engines, particularly for the combustion of solid, liquid or gaseous fuels or in e.g. Stirling engines driven by solar energy. The thermal protective shield consists of a multi-layer material, wherein at least two layers are joined to each other over a surface corresponding to the entire surface exposed to the hot gases, and wherein the outer layer facing the hot gas consits of an alloy of the type iron-chrome-aluminium. Preferably, the layers are joined together by hot-rolling.

Abstract: A magnetic alloy thin film consisting essentially of a first Fe-Al-Si or Fe-Ni alloy thin film of high permeability and a second Fe-Si alloy thin film directly formed on the first thin film and having high saturation magnetic flux density. The ratio in thickness of the first and second films is preferably in the range of from 1:0.1 to 2.

Abstract: The film is composed of an alternate lamination of unit iron layers and unit layers of ferromagnetic iron compound such as Fe.sub.3 Al, Fe.sub.3 Si, Fe.sub.3 Ge and Fe.sub.3 Ga. The thickness of the both unit layers is less than 70 .ANG.. The film has a high saturation magnetization more than 230 emu/g and a high thermal stability so that the film is particularly applicable to a magnetic head core.

Abstract: Surface-treated steel strips suitable for electric resistance welding are prepared by forming a first layer of iron-nickel alloy on a steel strip, said first layer having a weight ratio of Ni/(Fe+Ni) in the range between 0.02 and 0.50 and a thickness of 10 to 5,000 angstroms, forming a second layer of tin or iron-tin-nickel alloy on said first layer by tin plating to a coating weight of 0.1 to 1 g/m.sup.2 of tin and optionally, causing the tin to reflow, and forming a third layer on said second layer by effecting an electrolytic chromate treatment, said third layer consisting essentially of metallic chromium and hydrated chromium oxide in a total amount of 5 to 20 mg/m.sup.2 calculated as elemental chromium. More preferably, the electrolytic chromate treatment is controlled such that at least 2 mg/m.sup.2 of metallic chromium is present in the third layer.

Abstract: A process for forming a wear-resistant, sintered layer on an iron based substrate which comprises steps of providing a first alloy sheet containing 94 to 99 weight % of Fe-Cr type alloy particles and 6 to 1 weight % of acryl binder and a second alloy sheet containing 94 to 99 weight % of eutectic alloy particles and 6 to 1 weight % of acryl binder, placing the first and second alloy sheets in a superposed condition on the substrate, and heating in a non-oxidating atmosphere to a temperature which is higher than a solidus temperature of the eutectic alloy but lower than a solidus temperature of the Fe-Cr type alloy.

Abstract: A method for sealing porous metals, which comprises applying powder of a eutectic alloy containing an element having a good diffusibility in a porous metal or powder of a mixture of metals capable of forming the eutectic alloy, to the surface of a porous metal member and heating the surface applied with the powder at a temperature higher than the eutectic temperature of the eutectic alloy to thereby cause the molten eutectic alloy to intrude into pores from the surface of the porous metal member, whereby the melting point of the molten alloy in the pores is promptly increased by diffusion of the element in the porous metal member to solidify the molten metal in the pores, sealing only pores present in the vicinity of the surface of the porous metal member.

Abstract: A wear part with high wear and abrasion resistance combined with unlimited weldability and good mechanical strength or toughness, comprising a composite part of hard metal portion, a cast metal alloy body portion and attached thereto to joining portion, characterized in that the joining portion consists essentially of a weldable steel which by casting is bonded to the cast metal alloy body portion to a combined mechanical-metallurgical bond is provided, as well as a method for forming such a wear part.

Abstract: A centrifugally cast double-layer tube with resistance to carbon deposition, comprising an inner layer of a specific metallic material containing 1-10 wt % of Al and an outer layer of a heat resisting metallic material, can be applied to apparatuses for treating a fluid, containing hydrocarbons, their derivatives, or carbon monoxide, at elevated temperatures and to piping for transferring the fluid without carbon deposition on its inside surface, because the surface of said inner layer is oxidized to form a firm Al-containing oxide film prior to and/or during the treatment of the fluid, and also a sufficient strength and ductility of the tube are preserved by the support of the outer layer of said tube.

Abstract: An oxide thermal barrier coating comprises ZrO.sub.3 --Yb.sub.2 O.sub.3 that is plasma sprayed onto a previously applied bond coating. The zirconia is partially stabilized with about 12.4 w/o ytterbia to insure cubic, monoclinic, and tetragonal phases.

Abstract: A composite structure of thin films including alternating layers of relatively high conductivity metals and low conductivity metals to combine the effects of reflection and absorption and thereby maximize the attenuation of the structure. Additionally, a similar structure of layers of materials with differing magnetic permeabilities may be used for the same purpose.

Abstract: Hardfacing of metal parts employing a thin, homogeneous ductile foil is disclosed. The hardfacing foil has a composition consisting essentially of about 0 to about 25 atom percent cobalt, 0 to about 30 atom percent nickel, 0 to about 30 atom percent chromium, 0 to about 5 atom percent tungsten, 0 to about 4 atom percent molybdenum, about 2 to about 25 atom percent boron, 0 to about 15 atom percent silicon, and 0 to about 5 atom percent carbon, the balance being iron and incidental impurities with the proviso that the total or iron, cobalt, nickel, chromium, tungsten and molybdenum ranges from about 70 to 88 atom percent and the total of boron, silicon and carbon ranges from about 12 to 30 atom percent. The ductile foil permits continuous hardfacing of soft matrix, like low carbon and low alloy steels, imparting superior resistance to wear and corrosion.

Abstract: In a steel frog for rail crossings and rail switches, the frog point or, respectively, the surface of the frog being travelled upon by the wheels consists of an age-hardening steel having the composition______________________________________ C 0.01 to 0.05% Ti 0.1 to 1% Si 0.01 to 0.2% Cr 0 to 13% Mn 0.01 to 0.2% Al 0 to 0.2% Co 0 to 15% B 0 to 0.1% Mo 1.5 to 6% Zr 0 to 0.1% Ni 7 to 20% ______________________________________The frog is manufactured such that the surface being travelled upon by the wheels is applied by build-up welding onto a base body consisting of nominal rail steel.

Abstract: The object of the invention is to improve the performance of the rolls of roughing and finishing stands of a hot strip train or mill and in particular to retard as far as possible the banding phenomenon, namely the phenomenon of the incrusting of hard oxides or scale formed at the conventional rolling temperatures.For this purpose, the roll is made, at least in the working region thereof, from a chrome steel in which the ratio between the respective contents of chromium and carbon is between 7 and 12 and in which the content of equivalent carbon is between 1.5 and 1.7%. This content of equivalent carbon is calculated as the sum of the content of carbon and the content of chromium, the latter being given a coefficient 0.05.

Abstract: A welded structural member adapted to be subjected to a flowing fluid and comprising a base member consisting mainly of iron and a coating layer formed by a build-up welding on the surface of the base member, the coating layer having a higher erosion resistance than the base member. The coating layer contains 0.03 to 0.4 wt % of C, 0.1 to 1 wt % of Si, 0.5 to 20 wt % of Mn, 1 to 5.5 wt %, of Ni, 1 to 12 wt % of Co, 8 to 23 wt % of Cr and the balance Fe. The structure of the coating layer is mainly unstable austenite.

Abstract: This invention relates to a high temperature oxidation resistant thermal barrier coating system for a nickel-, cobalt-, or iron-base alloy substrate. An inner metal bond coating contacts the substrate, and a thermal barrier coating covers the bond coating.NiCrAlR, FeCrAlR, and CoCrAlR alloys have been satisfactory as bond coating compositions where R=Y or Yb. These alloys contain, by weight, 24.9-36.7% chromium, 5.4-18.5% aluminum, and 0.05 to 1.55% yttrium or 0.05 to 0.53% ytterbium. The coatings containing ytterbium are preferred over those containing yttrium.An outer thermal barrier coating of partially stabilized zirconium oxide (zirconia) which is between 6% and 8%, by weight, of yttrium oxide (yttria) covers the bond coating. Partial stabilization provides a material with superior durability. Partially stabilized zirconia consists of mixtures of cubic, tetragonal, and monoclinic phases.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the production of metal parts whose core and surface must have different characteristics.

Abstract: A clad steel pipe excellent in corrosion resistance and low-temperature toughness, which comprises a cladding sheet of high corrosion resistant steel and a substrate sheet of low-alloy high-strength steel, the substrate sheet consisting, as the fundamental constituents, essentially of:carbon: from 0.002 to 0.050 wt. %,silicon: from 0.05 to 0.80 wt. %,manganese: from 0.80 to 2.20 wt. %,niobium: from 0.01 to 0.10 wt. %,aluminum: from 0.01 to 0.08 wt. %,nitrogen: from 0.002 to 0.008 wt. %, and,the balance being iron and incidental impurities;or, the substrate sheet further additionally containing, as the strength-improving constituents, at least one element selected from the group consisting of:copper: from 0.05 to 1.00 wt. %,nickel: from 0.05 to 3.00 wt. %,chromium: from 0.05 to 1.00 wt. %,molybdenum: from 0.03 to 0.80 wt. %,vanadium: from 0.01 to 0.10 wt. %, and,boron: from 0.0003 to 0.0030 wt.

Abstract: The composite bimetallic roll for cold rolling obtained by casting comprises a heart metal constituted by a nodular or lamellar cast iron and a case metal constituted by a steel having a chromium content of 8 to 16% and a carbon content of 0.65 to 0.95%. The chromium/carbon ratio is between 11 and 16 and the structure of the case metal is martensitic with a content of residual austenite of less than 10%.

Abstract: A high strength and high toughness welding material containing: C: 0.05-0.15%, Si: 0.25-0.70%, Mn: 0.60-1.80%, Ni: 4.5-11.0%, Cr: 0.20-1.20%, Mo: 0.20-0.60%, Ti: 0.03-0.12%, Cr+Mo: from 0.40% to 0.030.times.(Ni%).sup.2 by weight and the balance essentially iron.

Abstract: In a high chrome work roll, between the outer layer of a cast iron containing 10.about.25 weight % Cr and the core of a ductile cast iron containing less than 1.5 weight % Cr, an intermediary layer of a cast iron containing 5.about.10 weight % Cr is provided, and united therewith integrally in the metallurgical sense.This high chrome work roll is manufactured by forming the outer layer by casting the molten metal into a revolving mold of a centrifugal caster; forming the intermediary layer by casing into this mold the molten metal to form a cast iron containing less than 1.0% Cr, before the inside surface of the outer layer has been set, and finally forming the core by casting the molten metal to form a ductile cast iron into this mold, the existence of the intermediary layer preventing as much as possible Cr from diffusing and mixing into the core.

Abstract: A corrosion resistant synthetic iron-nickel alloy is prepared having the composition of the mineral awaruite. It is employed as a corrosion resistant coating on industrial metals. Articles of manufacture having high resistance to corrosion can be fabricated from the synthetic nickel-iron alloy per se or from industrial ferrous metals coated with said alloy.

Abstract: Spheroidal graphite cast iron body can be welded using a welding alloy whose carbon diffusion rate is sufficiently high that cementite formation is prevented. The alloy has essentially the following composition:less than 0.2% manganese,less than 2.0% carbon,2.5 to 3.2% silicon,up to 1.0% copper,up to 0.5% molybdenum,up to 2% aluminum,up to 30% nickel,up to 0.1% tungsten,up to 0.1% chromium,up to 0.1% vanadium, magnesium and/or rare earth elements in an amount up to and sufficient to promote the formation of graphite spherolites upon cooling, andbalance substantially iron.

Abstract: A magnetic recording head may be assembled from laminar plates of ferromagnetic material which are welded together by spot welds to form a core stack. The core stack is welded by spot welds (E, F, G) to a base plate (16). The ferromagnetic material is typically an alloy of Si, Al and Fe and tends to produce stress cracks around the areas of the welds. In order to overcome this problem, the edges of the plates, at least around the areas of the welds, and provided with a layer of ductile metal such as Ni, Fe or Mo. The layer is between 5 and 500 .mu.m thick. The depth of the welds is arranged to lie substantially within the ductile metal layer.

Abstract: A sliding member for use in an internal combustion engine having an improved wear resistance. The sliding member has a sliding surface composed of a mixture of 50 to 97% by weight of high carbon ferrochromium and 3 to 50% by weight of ferrous alloy applied thereto by spraying. In a preferred embodiment, the ferrous alloy is high carbon iron containing at least 0.6% by weight of carbon.

Abstract: Two ferrous-based components are bonded together to form a bonded structure and simultaneously a layer is diffused into the surfaces of the components. The process involves first placing the components in juxtaposition, and contacting the juxtaposed components with a molten lead bath having at least one diffusing element therein. One component may be a corrugated sheet and the other may be an uncorrugated or less corrugated sheet, the sheets being in the form of helixes interposed in each other to create a substantial number of fold lines being in contact with the surface of the uncorrugated sheet. Alternately, a sheet with projections may be used in place of the corrugated sheet.

Abstract: A thermocouple bimetal of the type made from a metallic component of high thermal expansion which is bonded to a component of low thermal expansion and in which said component of low thermal expansion consists of a thermally age-hardenable iron-nickel-titanium alloy with 26 to 55% nickel, 1-5% free titanium, 0-16% cobalt, remainder iron including impurities conditioned by the melt, and said component of high thermal expansion consists of a thermally age-hardenable iron-nickel-manganese-titanium alloy with 14-26% nickel, 3-10% manganese, 1-5% free titanium, remainder iron including impurities conditioned by the melt. An advantageous method of producing such a bimetal is also described.

Abstract: The weight of a cast piece, such as a brake caliper casting, is reduced by inserting a core element of lower density than the density of the moulded or cast material into those areas of the cast piece which are not highly stressed when the cast piece is subjected to bending forces. Preferably, the core element is cast in place along with the casting material.

Abstract: Thermostat metals combining properties of relatively high flexivity and good corrosion resistance are prepared by metalurgically bonding a corrosion resistant high expansive alloy (1) to a less corrosion resistant low expansive alloy (2) and capping the low expansive alloy (2) with a corrosion resistant, moderately low expansive alloy (3) of similar hardness to that of the low expansive alloy (2).The preferred high expansive alloy (1) is comprised of about 18 wt. % Ni; 11 wt. % Cr; and balance Fe.The preferred low expansive alloy (2) is Invar (36 wt. % Ni; balance Fe).The preferred corrosion resistant low expansive alloy (3) is comprised of about 20 wt. % Ni; 26 wt. % Co; 7 wt. % Cr; balance Fe.The preferred volumetric ratios of the metals is about 50% of the high expansive alloy (1), 30 to 40% of the low expansive metal (2) and 10 to 20% of the corrosion resistant low expansive alloy.

Abstract: There are provided a low expansion alloy having a high corrosion resistance which consists essentially of 25-50% by weight of Ni, 1-25% by weight of Cu and optionally up to 20% by weight of Cr and the balance of essentially Fe with a small amount of impurities, and a corrosion resistant bimetal formed by applying together a low expansion alloy plate which consists essentially of 25-50% by weight of Ni, 1-25% by weight of Cu and optionally up to 20% by weight of Cr and the balance of essentially Fe, and a corrosion resistant alloy plate which has a linear expansion coefficient larger than that of said low expansion alloy plate by 5.times.10.sup.-6 .degree. C.

Abstract: Diffusion coating a substrate metal with a different metal, such as aluminum and zinc, that is then chemically removed from the coated substrate, provides the residual metal with a very desirable catalytic surface. At least about a third of the removable metal can be dissolved out. Platinum wire screens activated in this way make effective exhaust catalysts for automotive engines. Chromium-rich coating for protective purposes can be applied on a superalloy, diffusion coating in a pack that in addition to the chromium to be diffused, also contains at least about 3% Ni.sub.3 Al. Also the formation of alpha-chromium is reduced when the pack diffusion is carried out in a retort effectively not over five inches in height. Pack aluminizing in the presence of chromium makes a very effective aluminum- and chromium-containing top coating over platinum plated or platinum coated nickel-base superalloys.

Abstract: There is provided an improved plasma spray powder composition for producing bearing surface alloy on a metal substrate, e.g. cast iron, said powder being characterized by the presence therein of a substantial amount of iron, molybdenum and a relatively small amount of silicon. Carbon may also desirably be present in the powder. When plasma sprayed, these powders yield a coating on a metal substrate, e.g. a cast iron piston ring, which is wear and scuff resistant.

Abstract: Steel surfaces are protected from erosion and corrosion by a coating which includes at least three metallic layers of increasing normal potential from the base layer lying on the steel surface to that layer farthest from the steel surface. Also, the base layer immediately adjacent the steel surface has approximately the same normal potential as the steel surface.

Abstract: Oil seal ring comprising a base body and a lip formed thereon. The base body is made of a relatively flexible iron based material such as a cast iron. The lip is made of a mixture of iron-based alloy and one or more carbides by melting and thereafter solidifying the mixture on the body. Composite carbides are produced in the alloy and added carbides are distributed in the metal and the composite carbides in the alloy.

Abstract: A high precision transfer lamination plate/mandrel is fabricated in a sanch construction design wherein an inner core is constructed of a low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) comprised of an iron-nickel alloy core member (e.g., Kovar or Invar) with stainless steel cladding on each side of the core member. The stainless steel is selected from AISI type 302, 304, or 316. The stainless steel cladding outer surface of the top and bottom plate to which an electroplated copper foil circuitry is applied must be free of pits, scratches, and defects so as to yield a continuous circuitry satisfactory for military electronics. A matched (CTE) of the transfer lamination plate/mandrel with a composite material to which the electronic circuitry is transferred results in adherence of the copper circuitry minimally to the plate/mandrel to avoid blistering and enables the transfer to be achieved without distortion of circuitry features due to CTE mismatch.