Abstract: An electrode according to an embodiment contains an electrode mixture layer containing an active material and a conductive assistant. In a logarithmic differential pore volume distribution by a mercury intrusion method, the electrode mixture layer satisfies: a ratio P1/P2 within a range of 2 or more and less than 8, and a ratio S1/S2 within a range of 3 or more and less than 10. P1 is a value of a maximum logarithmic differential pore volume in a pore diameter range of 0.1 ?m or more and 1 ?m or less. P2 is a value of a logarithmic differential pore volume of a pore diameter of 0.03 ?m. S1 is an integrated value in a pore diameter range of 0.1 ?m or more and 1 ?m or less. S2 is an integrated value in a pore diameter range of more than 0 ?m and less than 0.1 ?m.

Abstract: Silicon particles for active materials and electro-chemical cells are provided. The active materials comprising silicon particles described herein can be utilized as an electrode material for a battery. In certain embodiments, the composite material includes greater than 0% and less than about 90% by weight of silicon particles. The silicon particles have an average particle size between about 0.1 ?m and about 30 ?m and a surface including nanometer-sized features. The composite material also includes greater than 0% and less than about 90% by weight of one or more types of carbon phases. At least one of the one or more types of carbon phases is a substantially continuous phase.

Abstract: Devices for insulating the electrical terminals of cylindrical batteries, such as lithium-ion cells, to prevent the occurrence of shorting. One configuration is a device or apparatus which covers one or more terminals of the cell, thereby providing an insulative barrier, while still allowing the cell to be used. Another configuration is a cell covering partially covering the topmost portions of the negatively charged exterior cell case, closest to the positive terminal of the cell, and attaching the covering via a circumferential appendage which locks onto the cell. In another configuration the cell covering extends axially down the side of the cell case to cover part of, or the entirety of, the side of the negatively charged case.

Abstract: An ultrasonic solid-state lithium battery with built-in ultrasonic vibrating effect, including a battery case; and a positive electrode, a negative electrode and solid electrolyte installed on the battery case. A built-in ultrasonic vibrating module is provided within the positive electrode and/or negative electrode and/or solid electrolyte. The ultrasonic vibrating module has an ultrasonic vibrating element and an insulating layer covering the peripheral surfaces of the ultrasonic vibrating element. Wiring terminals electrically connected with the ultrasonic vibrating element are provided on or above a top end of the positive electrode and/or negative electrode and/or solid electrolyte.

Abstract: A secondary cell is disclosed, comprising a first end plate and a second end plate. The first end plate comprises a contacting tab configured to provide an electrical contact between a first electrode of an electrode assembly and a first terminal, as well as a first spacer arrangement arranged between the first end plate and the electrode assembly and configured to secure the electrode assembly in a length direction. The second end plate comprises a current collector and a second spacer arrangement, wherein the second spacer arrangement is arranged to secure the electrode assembly in the length direction and the current collector to secure the electrode assembly in a direction orthogonal to the length direction. A method for assembling such a cell is also disclosed.

Abstract: An energy storage device for a motor vehicle includes a plurality of round cells for electrochemically storing energy, and a storage housing in which the plurality of round cells is provided. In the installed position, the round cells run substantially parallel to the vehicle transverse axis. The round cells are arranged within the storage housing in multiple layers in the direction of the vehicle vertical axis, wherein the number of layers varies in the direction of the vehicle longitudinal axis.

Abstract: An electronic device includes a circuit boards that have a same or substantially same shape, and flat cables that have a same or substantially same shape. The circuit boards are provided in a predetermined arrangement and are connected by the flat cables. Each of the flat cables is a semi-rigid cable, having a shape in accordance with the predetermined arrangement of the circuit boards.

Abstract: An electrochemical stack assembly includes a laminated pouch surrounding a frame which encloses solid-state electrochemical cells and electrochemical stacks. In some embodiments, an electrochemical stack assembly includes one or more electrochemical cells, each electrochemical cell comprising a solid-state electrolyte to form at least one electrochemical stack with two major surfaces and four minor surfaces; a frame surrounding the at least one electrochemical stack with space between the frame and each of the four minor surfaces; and a laminated pouch surrounding the frame and the at least one electrochemical stack, the laminated pouch in contact with one or both of the major surfaces. In some embodiments, the frame comprises a tray. In some embodiments, the electrochemical stack assembly comprises two trays, each with an electrochemical stack comprising an electrochemical cell, the cell comprising a solid-state electrolyte.

Abstract: Battery separators and methods are disclosed. The battery separator may be used in a lithium battery. The separator may include a microporous membrane laminated to a coated nonwoven. The coating may contain a polymer and optionally, a filler or particles. The methods may include the steps of: unwinding the microporous membrane and the nonwoven, laminating the nonwoven and microporous membrane, and coating the nonwoven before or after lamination.

Abstract: The invention relates to lithium ion batteries and, more particularly, to lithium ion conducting composite polymer electrolyte separators. The separators include a nanofiber mat composed of electrospun nanofibers. The nanofibers include a polymer having one or more polar halogen groups, a lithium-containing solid or liquid electrolyte and nanoparticle filler. The polymer, electrolyte and filler are combined to form a solution that is subjected to the electro-spinning process to produce electrospun nanofibers in the form of the mat.

Abstract: A solid nanocomposite electrolyte material comprising a mesoporous dielectric material comprising a plurality of interconnected pores and an electrolyte layer covering inner surfaces of the mesoporous dielectric material. The electrolyte layer comprises: a first layer comprising a first dipolar compound or a first ionic compound, the first dipolar or ionic compound comprising a first pole of a first polarity and a second pole of a second polarity opposite to the first polarity, wherein the first layer is adsorbed on the inner surfaces with the first pole facing the inner surfaces; and a second layer covering the first layer, the second layer comprising a second ionic compound or a salt comprising first ions of the first polarity and second ions of the second polarity, wherein the first ions of the ionic compound or salt are bound to the first layer.

Abstract: There is provided a method for producing a separator for an electricity storage device that includes a step of contacting a porous body formed from a silane-modified polyolefin-containing molded sheet with a base solution or acid solution, and a separator for an electricity storage device comprising a microporous film with a melted film rupture temperature of 180° C. to 220° C. as measured by thermomechanical analysis (TMA).

Abstract: A solid polymer electrolyte precursor composition includes (i) one or more organic solvents; (ii) one or more cellulosic polymers dissolved in the organic solvent(s); (iii) one or more polymerizable components dissolved or dispersed in the organic solvent(s); (iv) one or more photo-initiators dissolved or dispersed in the organic solvent(s), where at least one of the one or more photo-initiators, following irradiation with light, promotes polymerization of at least one of the one or more polymerizable components; (v) one or more lithium ion sources dissolved or dispersed in the organic solvent(s); (vi) one or more plasticizers dissolved or dispersed in the organic solvent(s); and (vii) one or more ceramic particles dissolved or dispersed in the organic solvent(s).

Abstract: The invention provides a diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis with reduced dissolution of an inorganic component in an alkali solution at low cost. The present invention relates to a diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis, including magnesium hydroxide and an organic polymer resin.

Abstract: A cell includes a flat electrode assembly formed by superposing and winding respective first ends of a first electrode sheet, a first separator, a second electrode sheet, and a second separator. A first electrode tab is connected to the first electrode sheet, and a second electrode tab is connected to the second electrode sheet. The second electrode sheet includes a second current collector, a second outer membrane arranged on a surface facing away from a center of the cell, and a second inner membrane arranged on a surface facing the center of the cell. Respective starting ends of the second outer membrane and the second inner membrane are located on the second current collector between the first end of the second electrode sheet and a second bend. The second inner membrane is provided with an inner uncoated region at least at the second bend.

Abstract: A battery module is provided comprising a plurality of battery cells and a housing having an internal space in which the plurality of battery cells are accommodated. The housing is at least partially formed of a plate member which is connected with the internal space. The plate member forms a flame or gas path which in an event of a battery cell malfunction generating a flame or gas is configured to discharge the generated flame or gas externally of the housing.

Abstract: An electrolyte solution containing a solvent and a compound represented by the following formula (1), wherein R1 is a C1-C5 linear or branched non-fluorinated alkyl group optionally containing an ether bond. Also disclosed is an electrochemical device including the electrolyte solution, a lithium ion secondary battery including the electrolyte solution and a module including the electrochemical device or lithium ion secondary battery.

Abstract: A composite membrane includes an ion-conductive polymer layer; and a plurality of gas blocking inorganic particles non-continuously aligned on the ion-conductive polymer layer, wherein the composite membrane has a radius of curvature of about 10 millimeters or less.

Abstract: A semiconductor solid state battery has an insulating layer provided between an N-type semiconductor and a P-type semiconductor. The first insulating layer preferably has a thickness of 3 nm to 30 ?m and a dielectric constant of 10 or less. The first insulating layer preferably has a density of 60% or more of a bulk body. The semiconductor layer preferably has a capture level introduced. The semiconductor solid state battery can eliminate leakage of an electrolyte solution.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a lamination apparatus for a secondary battery, which thermally bonds an electrode assembly in which electrodes and separators are alternately stacked, the lamination apparatus comprising: a transfer member to transfer the electrode assembly; a support member to support each of top and bottom surfaces of the electrode assembly transferred by the transfer member; a heating member disposed outside the support member to heat the electrode assembly supported by the support member; and a moving member to move the heating member in a direction away from the electrode assembly.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a horizontal composite electricity supply structure, which comprises a first insulation layer, a second insulation layer, two electrically conductive layers, and a plurality of electrochemical system element groups. The two electrically conductive layers are disposed on the first and second insulation layers, respectively. The electrochemical system element groups are disposed between the first insulation layer and the second insulation layer, and connected in series and/or in parallel via the electrically conductive layers. The electrochemical system element group is formed by several serially connected electrochemical system elements. Each electrochemical system element includes a package layer on the sidewall, so that their electrolyte systems do not circulate with one another. Thereby, the high voltage produced by connection will not influence any single electrochemical system element nor decompose their respective electrolyte systems.

Abstract: In an aspect a system for battery environment management in an electric aircraft, where in the system include, at least a at least a battery pack mounted within a fuselage of an electric aircraft. A battery pack may include a plurality of batteries configured to provide electrical power to the electric aircraft. A battery pack may also include a pouch cell. Adjacent to the battery pack there may be at least a channel. A channel is configured to provide a flow path for directing battery ejecta to a predetermined location.

Abstract: Separator systems for electrochemical systems providing electronic, mechanical and chemical properties useful for applications including electrochemical storage and conversion. Separator systems include structural, physical and electrostatic attributes useful for managing and controlling dendrite formation and for improving the cycle life and rate capability of electrochemical cells including silicon anode based batteries, air cathode based batteries, redox flow batteries, solid electrolyte based systems, fuel cells, flow batteries and semisolid batteries.

Abstract: A horizontal composite electricity supply element group comprises a first insulation layer, a second insulation layer, a first patterned conductive layer, a second patterned conductive layer, and a plurality of electricity supply element groups. The first patterned conductive layer is disposed on the first insulation layer. The second patterned conductive layer is disposed on the second insulation layer. The plurality of electricity supply element groups are disposed between the first insulation layer and the second insulation layer, and connected in series and/or in parallel via the first patterned conductive layer and the second patterned conductive layer. The electricity supply element group is formed by several serially connected independent electricity supply elements whose electrolyte systems do not circulate with one another. Thereby, the high voltage produced by connection will not influence any single electricity supply element nor decompose their respective electrolyte systems.

Abstract: A cylindrical secondary battery includes a bottomed cylindrical battery case having an opening, an electrode group, an electrolyte solution, and a sealing member blocking the opening of the battery case. The electrode group includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator. The negative electrode includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode mix layer placed on at least one principal surface of the negative electrode current collector. The negative electrode mix layer includes a non-facing region not facing the positive electrode mix layer. The density of the negative electrode mix layer is 1.25 g/cm3 to 1.43 g/cm3, the ratio of the entire length of the non-facing region to the entire length of the negative electrode mix layer is 0.09 or more, and the inside diameter of a hollow section of the electrode group is 2.0 mm or less.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of manufacturing an electrode-separator composite: including (S1) coating an electrode active material slurry on at least one surface of an electrode current collector and drying to form an electrode, (S2) coating a polymer solution containing polymer particles on at least one surface of the electrode to form a separator coating layer, and (S3) drying the separator coating layer to form a porous separator, and an electrode-separator composite manufactured by the manufacturing method and a lithium secondary battery comprising the same.

Abstract: Provided is a method for manufacturing a mono cell having a sheet-like negative electrode, a sheet-like separator and a sheet-like positive electrode laminated in this order. In this manufacturing method, adhesives are disposed at a plurality of points on an upper surface of the negative electrode, then, the negative electrode is bonded to a lower surface of the separator, and furthermore, adhesives are disposed at a plurality of points on a lower surface of the positive electrode, then the positive electrode is bonded to an upper surface of the separator. When viewed in the lamination direction of the mono cell, the positions of the adhesives and the positions of the adhesives do not overlap each other. Then, adhesives are disposed at a plurality of points on an upper surface of the positive electrode, and a lower surface of a separator is bonded to the upper surface of the positive electrode.

Abstract: A production method for a separator-including electrode plate includes a step of forming an undried active material layer on a current collector foil, a step of forming an undried separator layer on the undried active material layer by applying a polymer solution containing a water-soluble polymer, water and a high-boiling point solvent, and a step of forming the porous separator layer by vaporizing the high-boiling point solvent after depositing the water-soluble polymer in the shape of a three-dimensional network by vaporizing the water contained in the undried separator layer, and forming the active material layer by vaporizing the dispersion medium contained in the undried active material layer.

Abstract: A secondary battery that includes a partial electrode assembly having a planar stacking structure in which a plurality of electrode constituting layers are stacked, the plurality of electrode constituting layers each include a pair of electrodes and a separator therebetween, and at least one of the pair of electrodes includes a double-sided electrode having an electrode material layer on opposed main surfaces of a current collector; and an outermost layer electrode surrounding the partial electrode assembly along at least a portion of a contour of the partial electrode assembly in a cross-sectional view thereof, the outermost layer electrode including a single-sided electrode having an outermost electrode material layer on one main surface of an outermost current collector.

Abstract: A separator and an electrochemical device including the same. The separator includes: a porous substrate having a plurality of pores; and a first porous coating layer and a second porous coating layer formed on one surface and the other surface of the porous substrate, respectively, and including a plurality of inorganic particles, a binder polymer disposed on a part or the whole of the surface of the inorganic particles so that the inorganic particles are connected and fixed with each other, and an anionic surfactant, wherein the inorganic particles include boehmite particles and non-boehmite particles, and the boehmite particles and the binder polymer are present at a weight ratio of 1:1-1:5.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to the technical field of energy storage, and in particular, relates to a positive electrode, a method for preparing the positive electrode and an electrochemical device. The positive electrode includes a current collector and a positive electrode active material layer that contains positive electrode active material and is arranged on at least one surface of the current collector. An inorganic layer having a thickness of 20 nm to 2000 nm is arranged on the surface of the at least one positive electrode active material layer away from the current collector. The inorganic layer is a porous dielectric layer containing no binder, and the inorganic layer has a porosity of 10%˜60%. The positive electrode active material layer according to the present disclosure significantly improves the cycle performance, high-temperature storage performance and safety of the electrochemical device.

Abstract: An energy storage device comprises two electrodes; and a separator disposed between the electrodes; wherein at least one of the electrodes and the separator comprises a copolymer, which serves as a non-aqueous binder and/or solid electrolyte for the electrodes and the separator of the energy storage device, and the copolymer is a copolymerized product or its derivative formed by the polymerization reaction of acrylonitrile and vinyl acetate. Therefore, the charge and discharge properties of the energy storage device using the copolymer can be improved, thereby effectively extending the efficiency and lifetime of the energy storage device.

Abstract: Disclosed are a lithium secondary battery including: a positive electrode; a negative electrode; an electrolyte; and a separator including a separator substrate and a ceramic layer formed on one surface or both surfaces of the separator substrate. Particularly, the ceramic layer may include a first ceramic particle including an epoxide group and a second ceramic particle including an amine group, and the first ceramic particle may be chemically bonded to the second ceramic particle.

Abstract: Disclosed is a secondary battery, comprising an electrode component, a case, a top cover component and a first insulating tape. The electrode component includes a first electrode unit. The first electrode unit is wound into a flat structure and has a first termination line formed at a winding tail-end; a negative plate of an outermost circle of the first electrode unit is located outside a positive plate of an outermost circle; and the first insulating tape at least covers a portion of the first termination line. A surface of the first electrode unit includes a first flat surface; the first flat surface is located at one end of the first electrode unit that is close to the first side wall in the thickness direction; and the first insulating tape is at least partially in close contact with the first flat surface.

Abstract: Battery separators and methods are disclosed. The battery separator may be used in a lithium battery. The separator may include a microporous membrane laminated to a coated nonwoven. The coating may contain a polymer and optionally, a filler or particles. The methods may include the steps of: unwinding the microporous membrane and the nonwoven, laminating the nonwoven and microporous membrane, and coating the nonwoven before or after lamination.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of preparing a lithium difluorophosphate crystal. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method of preparing a high-purity lithium difluorophosphate crystal at a high yield, and the high-purity lithium difluorophosphate crystal prepared by the method can be used for various purposes.

Abstract: Disclosed is a negative electrode material including: a lithium silicate phase that contains a lithium silicate; and silicon particles that are dispersed in the lithium silicate phase, wherein the silicon particles have a crystallite size of 10 nm or more, and the lithium silicate has a composition represented by the following formula: Li2Si2O5.(x?2)SiO2, where 2<x?18 is satisfied.

Abstract: The present application discloses a cell and a battery, the cell comprising a first electrode, a second electrode, and a first separator and a second separator that are disposed between the first electrode and second electrode, wherein the first separator includes a first meshing structure beyond the first electrode and the second electrode, the second separator includes a second meshing structure beyond the first electrode and the second electrode, and the first meshing structure is meshed with the second meshing structure along a thickness direction of the cell. The cell provided by the present application can improve the dropping performance of the cell and enhance the safe use of cell.

Abstract: The method of manufacturing a secondary battery includes a layering step of forming an electrode body in which positive electrode plates and negative electrode plates are alternately layered with separators interposed in between, the layering step includes, a step of preparing a negative electrode sheet having negative electrode active material layers formed on two surfaces of a negative electrode core body, a step of forming a layered sheet by adhering a first separator and a second separator on two surfaces of the negative electrode sheet with adhesion layers in between, the layered sheet including the first separator, the negative electrode sheet, and the second separator, a step of forming a layered body by cutting the layered sheet, the layered body having two surfaces of the negative electrode plates sandwiched between the first and second separators, and a step of forming the electrode body using the layered body.

Abstract: Disclosed is a separator which includes a porous polymer substrate including a polymer showing a variation in phase angle represented by the following Formula 1 at 0.1 Hz depending on an increase in temperature. An electrochemical device including the separator is also disclosed. Variation in phase angle at 0.1 Hz=[(Phase angle190?Phase angle280)/(Phase angle190)]×100?0%,??[Formula 1] wherein Phase angle190 means the phase angle of the porous polymer substrate at 0.1 Hz and 190° C., and Phase angle280 means the phase angle of the porous polymer substrate at 0.1 Hz and 280° C.

Abstract: An ultracapacitor that contains at least one electrochemical cell is provided. The cell includes a first electrode that contains a first carbonaceous coating (e.g., activated carbon particles) electrically coupled to a first current collector, a second electrode that contains a second carbonaceous coating (e.g., activated carbon particles) electrically coupled to a second current collector, an aqueous electrolyte in ionic contact with the first electrode and the second electrode and that contains a polyprotic acid (e.g., sulfuric acid), and a separator that is positioned between the first and second electrodes. Through selective control over the particular nature of the materials used to form the ultracapacitor, as well as the manner in which they are formed, a variety of beneficial properties may be achieved.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an electrolytic membrane with cationic ion or anionic ion conducting capability comprising crosslinked inorganic-organic hybrid electrolyte in a porous support, wherein the inorganic-organic hybrid crosslinked electrolyte is formed by chemical born formation between Linkers and Crosslinkers, wherein Linkers and/or Crosslinkers include at least one element from Si, P, N, Ti, Zr, Al, B, Ge, Mg, Sn, W, Zn, V, Nb, Pb or S.

Abstract: The discharge performance of a primary, bobbin-style electrochemical cell is improved by incorporating a separator formed from a continuous separator sheet defining a two-layer cylindrical sidewall and a closed bottom end between the included electrochemical cell cathode and anode. A first layer of the cylindrical separator is formed by rolling a first end of a continuous separator sheet into a cylinder having a central axis parallel with a longitudinal axis of the continuous separator sheet, and then rolling a second end of the continuous separator sheet around the exterior of the first cylindrical layer to form a second cylindrical layer. The closed bottom end is formed by a portion of the continuous separator sheet located between the rolled portion of the first end and the rolled portion of the second end.

Abstract: A slurry for a lithium ion secondary battery porous membrane, including non-conductive particles, a water-soluble polymer containing an acidic group-containing monomer unit, and a particulate polymer, wherein: an amount of the water-soluble polymer is 0.05 parts by weight to 2 parts by weight relative to 100 parts by weight of the non-conductive particles; and a BET specific surface area of the non-conductive particles is 5 m2/g to 10 m2/g.

Abstract: The present invention provides a positive electrode active material for lithium secondary batteries including: secondary particles obtained by aggregating primary particles capable of being doped and de-doped with lithium ions, in which the secondary particles have pores, and pore distribution obtained by a mercury intrusion method satisfies requirements (1) and (2) below: (1) pores that are present in any one or both of the secondary particles or spaces between the secondary particles have a pore peak within a range of a pore radius of equal to or greater than 10 nm and equal to or less than 200 nm; and (2) a total surface area of pores that have pore radii of equal to or greater than 100 nm and equal to or less than 10 ?m among the pores that are present in any one or both of the secondary particles or spaces between the secondary particles is less than 1.1 m2/g.

Abstract: The present application relates to the field of batteries, and discloses a battery and a manufacturing method for the same. The battery comprises a package bag, an electrode, and a circuit board assembly. The electrode is located in the package bag, and the electrode is further provided with a terminal. The terminal has one end connected to the electrode and located inside the package bag, and the other end located outside the package bag. The other end of the terminal is electrically connected to the circuit board assembly to form a protection portion, and the protection portion is covered by a protection layer. In the foregoing embodiment, the protection layer can cover structures requiring insulation protection, such as the circuit board assembly and the terminal, and the protection layer can be tightly adhered to the surfaces of the structures, thereby improving the reliability.

Abstract: Provided is a separator for an electrochemical element having exceptional strength and shielding performance, a small thickness, and low resistance. A separator for an electrochemical element interposed between a pair of electrodes and capable of holding an electrolytic solution containing an electrolyte, wherein the separator for an electrochemical element comprises a regenerated cellulose fiber having an average fiber length of 0.25-0.80 mm and an average fiber width of 3-35 ?m, and in which the value calculated by dividing the average fiber length by the average fiber width is 15-70.

Abstract: The present invention provides a lithium ion battery and a negative electrode material thereof. The negative electrode material includes a mixture of a graphite and an amorphous carbon, wherein the graphite is subjected to a surface treatment, and the surface treatment manner is a combination of mechanical fusion modification and spray drying coating, and wherein the graphite has a graphitization degree of 90-96%, an average particle diameter D50 of 13-25 ?m and a specific surface area BET of 0.8-2.5 m2/g, and the amorphous carbon has a graphitization degree of 65-80%, an average particle diameter D50 of 2-15 ?m and a specific surface area BET of 1.0-3.0 m2/g.

Abstract: Aspects of the present disclosure are directed toward a new and improved non-aqueous electrolyte rechargeable battery that is capable of suppressing or reducing non-uniformity of pressure during the manufacturing process, and thus suppressing or reducing a thickness increase during cycling, as well as a manufacturing method thereof. The present disclosure provides a non-aqueous electrolyte rechargeable battery including: an stacked electrode assembly in which electrodes and a separator are sequentially stacked; current collecting tabs attached to portions of some surfaces of the electrodes; and filling members positioned in vicinities of the current collecting tabs along the surface directions.

Abstract: The method of the present disclosure includes: preparing a solution containing a water-soluble polymer dissolved in a mixed solvent containing water admixed with a first solvent having a higher boiling point than that of the water; applying the solution in a film form to a surface of an electrode to form a coating made of the solution on the surface of the electrode; and removing the mixed solvent from the coating by vaporization such that a porous separator layer made of the water-soluble polymer is formed on the surface of the electrode while a plurality of pores are formed in an inside of the coating due to removal of the first solvent. The solubility of the water-soluble polymer in the first solvent is lower than that of the water-soluble polymer in the water.