Abstract: A method of optimizing a processing time of a simulation engine that executes to create a simulated experience for a user, includes the steps of identifying a number of components that comprise the simulated experience to be rendered for the user in a virtual reality environment; assigns execution of the plurality of components to at least two threads, where the at least two threads execute in parallel on a CPU to create the simulated experience, where the first thread processes a first portion of the components for components that require rapid execution to create a realistic experience within the simulated experience, and reduces a processing load of the first thread by assigning a second portion of the components to execute in a second thread, where the second portion requires less rapid execution than the first portion to create the realistic experience.

Abstract: An embodiment of a system for anatomical training includes a portable base unit, a flexible simulated abdominal wall module, a flexible simulated cutaneous module and a simulated hernia module. An embodiment of a method of assembling a system includes attaching a flexible simulated abdominal wall module to a portable base unit, attaching a flexible simulated cutaneous module to one or more of the simulated abdominal wall module or the portable base unit, and positioning a simulated hernia to be extended through an opening in the simulated abdominal wall module. An embodiment of a method of using a system includes forming an opening in a flexible simulated cutaneous module, locating a simulated hernia extending through an opening in an underlying simulated abdominal wall module, performing a repair of the simulated hernia, and closing the opening in the simulated cutaneous module.

Abstract: An anatomical simulation training device is disclosed in an embodiment herein. The anatomical device includes an anatomical model comprising a quadrant of a torso. The model includes a first opening and a second opening, wherein a first passageway connects between the first and the second opening. The model further includes a third opening, wherein a second passageway connects between the third opening and the second opening. The first passageway is configured to receive a first conduit, and the second passageway is configured to receive a second conduit. The first and second conduits are removable and replaceable. The model is comprised of, in part or in whole, a hydrogel, and said model quadrant torso mimics at least a portion of a human or non-human animal quadrant torso, and simulates at least one predetermined physical characteristic of a human or non-human animal torso with at least fifty percent or more similarity.

Abstract: Provided is an organ model having a property such that each layer suitably peels off, a property such that sliding or a sense of catching is present besides a sense of elasticity that is felt when a surgical knife cuts the organ model open, and a property such that ligation can be performed without burying of a suture thread, and a property such that a knot of the thread gets caught on the organ model. An organ model being a laminated body in which plural layers each formed of a hydrogel material are laminated, and one or more of the layers is each a fiber group-containing layer in which fiber groups are approximately continuously present inside the layer and over the plane of the layer.

Abstract: Multi-metric surgery simulator devices, systems, and methods, involving at least one sensor configured to collect surgical training performance data relevant to at least one surgical task, the at least one sensor configured to operate with a surgical navigation system comprising a processor, the processor configurable, by way of a set of executable instructions storable in relation to a non-transitory medium, to perform at least one of analyze collected data, transform the collected data, and provide feedback in relation thereto; and at least one surgery simulator apparatus operatively coupled with the at least one sensor, the at least one surgery simulator apparatus configured to operate with a tracking system, whereby collected data is obtainable and clinical performance in relation to the at least one surgical task is quantitatively evaluable and progressively improvable.

Abstract: A system and method for providing a medical simulation device that utilizes open software platforms and provides functionality in both software and hardware modules is disclosed. The medical simulation system facilitates plug and play operation with installed hardware and software modules that are automatically recognized by the system for compatibility and the system configures itself according to identification information of the hardware module.

Abstract: A method for training a student in medical condition identification and intervention. The method can include the step of providing a mixed reality viewing device, providing a computing device, providing a physical object, storing a medical condition scenario in memory of the viewing device, storing the scenario in the memory of the computing device, anchoring a virtual image of at least a portion of a virtual patient on at least a portion of the physical object, selecting the scenario, commanding the processor of the computing device to initiate displaying the virtual image in a selected one of a plurality of stages, controlling one or more states and one or more properties of the physical object, assessing the student's identification of the one or more virtual critical cues; and assessing the student's identification of the one or more physical critical cues.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a chest tube trainer model. Specifically exemplified is a an anatomical model for simulating at least a portion of a thorax that includes a rib portion removably secured to and supported by a base, the rib portion comprised in whole or in part of a hydrogel; and a securing member for holding the anatomical model onto a human; wherein the rib portion has a convex shape defining a space between the base and the rib portion, the space is adapted for receiving a bladder disposed between the rib portion and the base; and at least a portion of the base is formed from puncture resistant material.

Abstract: An endoscope system includes: a first light source unit having a first terminal to which power is supplied; a second light source having a second terminal to which power is supplied; a light guide unit for guiding light of the first and second light source units to the inside of a target object; an image sensing unit configured to sense the light reflected from the target object; and an image signal processing unit configured to process signal from the sensing unit and display on a display unit. The first light source unit includes first and second perimeter units, the second light source unit includes a third perimeter unit, and a fourth perimeter unit, and the first and second terminals are provided in the second perimeter unit or the fourth perimeter unit other than an area between the first perimeter unit and the third perimeter unit that face each other.

Abstract: A three-dimensionally printed internal organ for a crash test dummy is made of a foam type material and has a plurality of defined and varied cell structures and is adapted to be disposed within a torso area of the crash test dummy to measure a regional pressure for the crash test dummy that provides for evaluation of potential abdominal injuries during vehicle crash testing.

Abstract: An artificial anatomical model used in an embodiment as a simulation and training device for performing a cricothyroidotomy procedure on a patient having an upper airway obstruction is provided. Furthermore, the simulation device includes a mandible and neck base structure that geometrically mimics a human mandible and neck region with corresponding anatomical landmarks such that a cricothyroidotomy procedure can be performed on the device for training purposes in some embodiments. Moreover, various components of the device are easily removable and replaceable independent of one another, further simplifying the training process.

Abstract: A CPR patient training mannequin. The CPR patient training mannequin provides for training and teaching individuals in proper CPR technique. The mannequin includes a simulated torso section and simulated head section that enables a user to administer CPR and visually inspect the mannequin's response to the administration. The torso section utilizes a sensor configured to detect pressure exerted by a user performing chest compressions and includes one or more lights positioned in a simulated carotid artery and brain that are operably connected to the sensor. The lights are configured to illuminate to indicate the pressure exerted by a user. In an alternative embodiment, the torso section includes simulated lungs having lights that illuminate if a user properly performs a jaw-thrust maneuver and nose pinch on the mannequin.

Abstract: A simulated tissue structure for surgical training is provided. The simulated tissue structure includes a first layer made of silicone and a second layer made of silicone interconnected by a third layer made of polyester fiber that is embedded in part in the first layer and in part in the second layer to create a mechanical linkage between the first layer and the second layer. Part of the third layer that is adjacent to the first layer and part of the third layer that is adjacent to the second layer includes fiber strands coated in silicone. An inclusion that mimics an anatomical structure is located between the first layer and the second layer. The third layer of polyester fibers provides a realistic dissection plane for the practice of the surgical excision of the inclusion.

Abstract: Various systems and methods are provided for injection training by collecting, processing, analyzing and displaying measured information associated with the delivery of an injection. Sensor-based measurements of a syringe's position and orientation in three-dimensional space are obtained and processed to provide metrics of a trainee's injection performance. The measurements can be combined with a digital model of a training apparatus to deliver a computer-generated, graphical depiction of the training injection, enabling visualization of the injection from perspectives unavailable in the physical world. The training injection execution, as reflected in the measured sensor-based data, can be reviewed and analyzed at times after, and in locations different than, the time and location of the training injection. Additionally, injection training data associated with multiple training injections can be aggregated and analyzed for, among other things, trends in performance.

Abstract: Provided is a thoracic cavity simulator that, for the purpose of training or education in thoracic cavity microscopic surgery, faithfully reproduces the shape and feel of a human body and that can simulate a surgical environment for a human body that has multiple constraints. A device that comprises a model human skeleton that simulates at least ribs, and comprises a casing that houses the model human skeleton, the device being configured such that an opening is provided to a rib section of the casing, such that a diaphragm section can be opened and closed, and such that model organs can be housed inside the ribs of the model human skeleton. The diaphragm section is configured so as to be removable and/or openable and closable, and the model organs housed inside the ribs of the model human skeleton are replaced.

Abstract: A training device simulating ablation of a disc space between adjacent vertebral bodies. A heating apparatus includes an upper surface. A lower plate is provided on the upper surface of the heating apparatus. An upper substantially transparent plate is fixed by a frame above the lower plate. The upper plate is etched with an outline of a vertebral body. Fixed in position proximate the lower frame, the upper plate holds a biological material compressed between the plates. Tool-holding clamps, attached to the frame, are positioned to insert a surgical tool, in a proper location and orientation, into the biological material between the upper and lower plates.

Abstract: A surgical simulator for surgical training is provided. The simulator includes a frame defining an enclosure and a simulated tissue model located inside an enclosure. The simulated tissue model is adapted for practicing hysterectomies and includes at least a simulated uterus and a simulated vagina. The simulated tissue model is suspending inside the enclosure with two planar sheets of silicone such that the tissue model is located between the two sheets each of which form a fold and are in turn connected to the frame. The frame may be shaped like a cylinder and located inside a cavity of a larger laparoscopic trainer having a penetrable simulated abdominal wall. The tissue model is interchangeable and accessible laterally through an aperture provided in a support leg of the trainer.

Abstract: Herein an injection dummy (2) disclosed. The injection dummy comprising a body (4) and a lid (6), wherein the body (4) forms a bowl (8) for receiving and holding a liquid, the bowl (8) comprising side surfaces (10) and a bottom surface (12), and wherein the lid (6) comprises a resilient material adapted to be penetrated by a needle. The lid (6) is adapted to be in liquid sealing contact with the body (4) by the resilient material abutting against the side surfaces (10) of the bowl (8).

Abstract: A surgical simulation device may include a support structure, a tray carried by the support structure, and animal tissue carried by the tray. A simulated human skeleton portion may be carried by the support structure above the animal tissue, and simulated human skin covers the simulated human skeleton portion. The support structure may permit selective horizontal and vertical positioning of the tray relative to the support structure to thereby permit selective horizontal and vertical positioning of the animal tissue relative to the simulated human skeleton portion and simulated human skin.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for creating a computer model of a patient specific joint for treatment planning. The method includes identifying a ligament of a joint of a patient under a load at a predefined position of the joint. The method further includes constructing, with the use of a computer, a computer model of the joint of the patient having: a first bone model, a second bone model, and a ligament model connecting the first and second bone models corresponding to the identified ligament, wherein the ligament model is constructed as at least one fiber based on a predefined slack length.

Abstract: An inexpensive and practical surgical training system to train practitioners in the use of surgical stapling and energy-based ligation instruments and procedures is provided. The system comprises a modified or simulated surgical instrument such as linear surgical stapling device having a fixed anvil and an opposed, movable jaw sized and configured to be closed upon a simulated tissue structure. A marking or inking element is associated with the jaw and anvil of the stapling device and configured to impose a visible pattern on the surfaces of simulated tissue placed between the anvil and jaw. A pressure sensitive adhesive or other adhesive is associated with the inner surfaces of the simulated tissue that is activated upon compression between the anvil and jaw to simulate surgical occlusion.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to an endoscopy system. The endoscope system includes: a first light source unit configured to be provided on a substrate, and to have a first terminal to which power is supplied; a second light source configured to be provided on the substrate, and to have a second terminal to which power is supplied; a light guide unit configured to guide a light of the first light source unit and the second light source unit to the inside of a target object; an image sensing unit configured to sense the light reflected and reached from the target object to convert into an image signal; and an image signal processing unit configured to process the image signal to display on a display unit.

Abstract: A birth simulator assembly for simulating operative vaginal delivery, said birth simulator assembly comprising a female pelvis with a sacrum portion of the spinal column and a symphysis pubis, a fetal head adapted for rotation and linear movement through the female pelvis an electrically-powered linear actuator connected to the fetal head, a force sensor connected with fetal head, wherein the force sensor communicates to the motion controller a signal indicating a force applied to the fetal head, and a motion controller for controlling the motion of the linear actuator, wherein the motion controller is adapted for communication with a computer.

Abstract: A training device for the preparation, execution and maintenance of central venous catheters comprising a central block including a cavern traversing through the block, a tube running through the cavern, a reservoir containing a liquid with a distal end of the tube engaged with the reservoir, a covering material secured over the central block, a guidewire extended through the covering material and within the tube, a hydraulic or pneumatic device operationally associated with the reservoir and allowing the reservoir and the tube to be filled and pressurized with the liquid, a scalpel or similar instrument for making a small incision in the covering material at the site where the guide wire extends through the covering material, a dilator to expand the incision opening and then remove from the incision and guidewire and a catheter to feed over the guidewire and into the incision.

Abstract: The present disclosure includes a method for altering one or more properties of a primary material. The method includes reducing the elasticity of a primary material and creating a delivery aperture through an outer layer of the primary material. Once the delivery aperture is created, or as the delivery aperture is created, introducing through the delivery aperture a secondary material into a sublayer of the primary material and applying a closure treatment to the primary material to close the delivery aperture. The secondary material includes one or more properties that are different from the primary material. By introducing the secondary material into the primary material, the secondary material locally changes the properties of the primary material. Examples of the variable properties include color, strength, flexibility, magnetism, and optical.

Abstract: A simulation device and method for using same are provided for simulating a position of a replica human spine due to different pathologies and different surgical positions. The simulation device includes a carrier portion rotatably attached to a base portion. The carrier portion supports a first adjuster, a second adjuster, and a third adjuster for supporting various portions of the replica human spine. The carrier portion and the first, second, third supports affording adjustment of the position of the replica human spine.

Abstract: A surgical simulator for electrosurgical training and simulation is provided. The surgical simulator includes one or more simulated tissue structures made substantially of a hydrogel comprising a dual interpenetrating network of ionically cross-linked alginate and covalently cross-linked acrylamide. Combinations of different simulated tissue structures define procedural-based models for the practice of various electrosurgical procedures including laparoscopic total mesorectal excision, transanal total mesorectal excision, cholecystectomy and transanal minimally invasive surgery. Methods of making the simulated tissue structures are also provided.

Abstract: Described are biofidelic skin simulants closely mimicking the biomechanical properties of natural human skin, including vaginal skin tissue. The simulant contains a crosslinked siloxane network.

Abstract: An exemplary martial arts training device comprises anatomically correct legs, arms, torso and head that can be used individually, or partly or fully assembled. A user interacts with the device, and receives both immediate feedback and a global analysis of his training session. Feedback can include whether proper forces and angles were applied to achieve an actual break or other desired fighting goal in an opponent, and can be measured by the actual breaking of various strike points on the device, or by alerting the user when an appropriate sensor is struck with the required strength. The device can include breakable joints, bones, as well as soft tissue targets preset to respond to a defined striking force or joint manipulation. The user can reset the damaged physical structure or response sensor to its original configuration and setting, making the device repeatedly reusable.

Abstract: The present disclosure discloses a method of producing an anatomical phantom of an anatomical part having components of different density. The method includes providing a mold of an anatomical part, providing a mold having a size and shape corresponding to a first constituent of the anatomical part. A first liquid is place into the constituent mold and frozen which is placed into the larger anatomical mold and supported in a location corresponding to an actual location of the part in an actual anatomical part. The larger mold is then filled with a second liquid, which forms a gel after a freeze/thaw cycle, to encase the frozen first liquid in the second liquid and the temperature is dropped to freeze the second liquid. The combination is then thawed to produce an anatomical phantom of the anatomical part having a continuous seam between the first constituent part and a remainder of the anatomical part represented by the polyvinyl alcohol based gel.

Abstract: An anatomical model for surgical training is provided. The model includes a first layer simulating a liver and a second layer including a simulated gallbladder. A third layer having an inner surface and an outer surface is provided between the first and second layer. The outer surface of the third layer is adhered to the first layer at location around the simulated gallbladder and the simulated gallbladder is adhered to the inner surface of the third layer. A fourth layer is provided that overlays both the second layer and the simulated gallbladder. A frame is embedded within the first layer and is connectable to a support. The model provides a substantially upright projection of a simulated gallbladder and liver in a retracted orientation ideally suited for practicing laparoscopic cholecystectomy when inserted inside a simulated insufflated cavity of laparoscopic trainer.

Abstract: A neonatal echocardiography training apparatus including (i) a computer; (ii) a life-sized doll mannequin; (iii) a magnetic tracking system including (a) a control module connected to the computer; (b) a magnetic pulse wave generator positioned behind the mannequin and connected to the control module; (c) a sensor-fitted transducer configured to detect magnetic pulse waves from the generator and connected to the control module; and wherein the control module reads data from the generator and transducer and transmits the data to the computer. A method of displaying continuous video clips obtained from slicing of multiple 4D echocardiographic image volumes and 2D video clips activated from the coordinates of specific slices of 4D volumes is described. These echocardiographic images are displayed when a trainee positions the transducer on the desired cardiac acoustic window on the mannequin.

Abstract: Paired bones are individually secured in an anatomically relevant manner onto independent, parallel positioned platforms, and configured into motorized models for the purpose of teaching and assessing clinicians' ability to identify and compare the relative positions of bony landmarks within the coronal and sagittal planes. One platform can be powered by two motors to generate precise landmark asymmetries, moving the platforms in the coronal plane and around a horizontal axis. As the platform shears upward or rotates forward, the landmarks on the bone attached to that platform can be moved superiorly compared to the other side. A central computer can instruct the motors of a plurality of models to move predetermined amounts via a two-way wireless communications link. The model can communicate back to the computer once the movement is completed, assuring a high level of precision in obtaining the intended positional asymmetry or informing the user that the move exceeds the limits of the model.

Abstract: Simulator systems for teaching patient care are provided. In some instances, the simulator system includes a maternal simulator sized and shaped to simulate a pregnant woman, the maternal simulator including a torso, arms, legs, and a head, wherein the torso includes a chamber sized and shaped to receive a fetal simulator and wherein a birthing mechanism is disposed within the chamber for providing rotational and translational movement to the fetal simulator in a birthing simulation; and a fetal simulator sized and shaped to simulate a fetus, the fetal simulator configured to be selectively engaged with the birthing mechanism of the maternal simulator.

Abstract: A method for providing a remote user with an experience in an environment, comprising building a three-dimensional (3D) model of the environment, capturing one or more video feeds of at least a portion of the environment using one or more cameras in the environment, mapping the one or more video feeds onto one or more planes in the 3D model, providing a view of the mapped one or more video feeds on the one or more planes in the 3D model through a display device viewed by the remote user, capturing a gestural input from the remote user, and applying the gestural input to the portion of the environment.

Abstract: Patient simulator systems for teaching patient care are provided. In some instances, the patient simulator systems include a patient body comprising one or more simulated body portions. Generally, the patient simulator systems of the present disclosure provide physiological modeling. In one embodiment, the patient simulator includes a maternal simulator comprising a maternal circulatory model, a maternal cardiac ischemia model, and a maternal respiratory model and a fetal simulator comprising a fetal circulatory model, a fetal cardiac ischemia model, and a fetal central nervous system model. A controller in communication with the maternal and fetal simulators coordinates parameters of the maternal circulatory model, the maternal cardiac ischemia model, the maternal respiratory model, the fetal circulatory model, the fetal cardiac ischemia model, and the fetal central nervous system model to simulate physiological characteristics of a natural mother and fetus.

Abstract: A flow pattern in a tube system is calculated from acquired image data. From the flow pattern virtual image data are generated and compared with the acquired data in order to determine a quality measure for the usability of the generated flow pattern at characteristic locations.

Abstract: A system is configured to selectively and reversibly simulate diagnostic features of tension pneumothorax and cardiac tamponade. the system is configured to simulate deviation of the trachea. the system is configured to simulate jugular vein distension.

Abstract: A method for producing a multilayer tissue phantom involves successively forming at least two layers, each layer formed by depositing a viscous flowable material over a supporting element or over a previously formed layer of the phantom supported by the supporting element, selectively redistributing the material while material is solidifying to control a thickness distribution of the layer, and allowing the material to solidify sufficiently to apply a next layer. The supporting element supports the material in 2 or 3 directions and effectively molds a lumen of the tissue. The neighboring layers are of different composition and of chosen thickness to provide desired optical properties and mechanical properties of the phantom. The phantom may have selected attenuation and backscattering properties to mimic tissues for optical coherence tomography imaging.

Abstract: A cart for transporting a simulation system configured to control a simulation manikin, a recording system configured to record information about a simulation session, and a playback display device configured to display a playback of the recorded information. The cart includes a cart body supported by a plurality of wheels, and a power supply coupled to the cart body. The cart body has an upper work surface, and an interior storage space configured to store the manikin. The work surface is configured to support user input devices configured to provide user input to the simulation system, and the recording system. The playback display device is mountable to first and second spaced apart upright support assemblies mounted on the cart body. The power supply is connectable to an external power source, and configured to provide power to the simulation manikin, the playback display device, and the simulation and recording systems.

Abstract: A device for surgical training comprising: an external first layer (11, 45) which simulates the subcutaneous fat; a second layer (12, 44) internal to said first layer (11, 45), which simulates the muscle; a fourth layer (16, 17, 42), internal to said second layer (12, 44), which simulates the perirenal fat; a kidney (14, 15, 41), internal to said fourth layer (16, 17, 42); said first, second and fourth layer having a sound propagation velocity between 1500 and 1550 m/s, an acoustic impedance between 1.5 and 1.7 106 Kg/sm2, an elastic modulus between 0.4 and 4.2 kPa, and being able to be perforated manually by surgical instruments.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a defibrillating simulator comprising an apparatus for adapting a defibrillator for training. The apparatus for adapting a defibrillator for training comprises a pair of electrode covers to be mounted on electrodes of the defibrillator for receiving an electrical discharge generated by the defibrillator. The apparatus further comprises an impedance connected to the pair of electrode covers, the impedance absorbing some of the received electrical discharge and generates an electrically reduced electrical discharge. The apparatus comprises an analyzer for analyzing the electrically reduced electrical discharge and providing analysis data representative of the electrical discharge. The defibrillating simulator further comprises a scenario unit providing a training scenario comprising physiological data. The defibrillating simulator further comprises a processing unit for correlating the analysis data with the training scenario to generate training results.

Abstract: A simulated abdominal wall model that is ideal for practicing laparoscopic first entry surgical techniques is provided. The model includes a simulated abdominal wall portion captured between two frame elements of a support. The support is connectable to a surgical trainer. When connected to the trainer, the model provides a penetrable abdominal tissue portion for accessing an internal cavity of the trainer. The simulated abdominal wall includes a plurality of layers including a skin layer, a fabric posterior rectus sheath layer, a simulated fat layer of low-resilience polyurethane foam and at least two layers that provide distinctive haptic feedback upon penetration of the simulated transversalis fascia and muscle layers. The simulated abdominal wall includes a simulated umbilicus across several layers of simulated tissue.

Abstract: An apparatus for applying liquid pressure to resected tissue may include a fixture, a papillary assembly coupled to the fixture and having first and second spaced apart papillary attachment elements, and a resected mitral valve attached to the fixture. The fixture may have a first chamber, a second chamber, and an internal panel extending between the first and second chambers. The resected mitral valve may be attached to the internal panel and may have a posterior leaflet, an anterior leaflet, and tendinae chordae. The tendinae chordae may each be attached at a first end to the posterior leaflet or the anterior leaflet and at a second end to one of the papillary attachment elements. A first group of the tendinae chordae may be attached to the first papillary attachment element, and a second group of the tendinae chordae may be attached to the second papillary attachment element.

Abstract: A rod insertion system and at least two bone anchors including: a rod guide configured to accommodate a spinal stabilization rod therein; a holding device including a clamping portion configured to hold a portion of the rod guide; and an adapter configured to moveably support the holding device. The holding device is configured to move and pivot along an adapter such that the rod guide is positioned proximal to a rod channel of one of the at least two bone anchors. In a first state, the rod guide is fixed to the holding device by the clamping portion, and, in a second state in which the holding device supports the portion of the rod guide, the clamping portion is released from the portion of the rod guide to permit the orientation of the rod guide relative to the holding device to be polyaxially adjusted.

Abstract: A modular system is designed to interface cell cultures to a shock tube (simulated blast) and/or drop tower (simulated blunt impact) for testing of helmet and helmet pad materials for mitigating cell injury. It includes a set of layers including helmet material, optionally helmet pad, simulated skin, simulated skull, and simulated bulk brain tissue.

Abstract: A test system and method for determining thermal effects of tissue ablation on an ex vivo tissue includes a power generator, a grounding patch, and a material block configured to emulate an electrical property of a patient. The power generator electrically connects to an electrode to generate an electrical current in the electrode. The grounding patch electrically connects to the power generator, and the material block electrically connects to the grounding patch. Furthermore, the material block includes an ex vivo tissue patch configured to emulate an in vivo tissue of the patient. As such, selectively engaging the electrode to the ex vivo tissue patch electrically connects the electrode to the grounding patch through the material block for electrocauterizing the ex vivo tissue patch.

Abstract: Devices, systems, and methods appropriate for use in medical training that include materials that better mimic natural human tissue are disclosed. In one aspect, methods of forming multi-layer tissue simulations are provided. In another aspect, methods of forming a male genitalia model are provided. In another aspects, methods of forming an abdominal surgical wall insert are provided. Devices and systems associated with these methods are also provided.

Abstract: A portable surgical training device is provided. The trainer includes a top cover spaced apart from a base to form a simulated body cavity for locating model organs that are substantially obscured from the field of view of the user. The top cover includes a video display, fixed insertion ports and interchangeable inserts containing simulated tissue layers. The training device has open sides for demonstrating and training lateral surgical techniques including a simulated or live tissue colon attached to a support leg for simulating transanal minimally invasive surgery. A training endoscope with an adjustable focal length for use with the trainer and, in particular, with optical trocars is disclosed. The surgical trainer can be angled and is well suited for training laparoscopic surgery techniques and demonstrating surgical instruments.

Abstract: A versatile multi-function modular pulse duplicator system having multiple modules each universally and fluidly connected to each other via universal connectors. Each module being detachable from another module and the plurality of modules can be rearranged in different sequence or quantity as the user desires for specifically designed hemodynamic simulations. Some modules have specific functions by having a pump, a compliance chamber, a resistance mechanism, or a fluid reservoir. Optional peripheral modules that simulate anatomical subsystems can be fluidly coupled within this system of modules, allowing studying/training/product demonstration in the subsystem specifically provided, under desired cardiovascular hemodynamics. The use of universal connectors, peripheral modules, and selectively attachable/detachable modules, make this a versatile system where a user can design a simulation according to the specifics needed for product testing, product demonstration, surgical training, teaching and researching.