Abstract: A chip module comprises a chip with a chip contact, an insulating structure, which covers the chip and the chip contact at least partly, and a spare contact at an external surface of the insulating structure and a conductive trace for electrically connecting the chip contact to the spare contract.

Abstract: A semiconductor plastic package and a method of fabricating the semiconductor plastic package are disclosed. A method of fabricating a semiconductor plastic package can include: providing a core board, which includes at least one pad, and which has a coefficient of thermal expansion of 9 ppm/° C. or lower; stacking a build-up insulation layer over the core board; forming an opening by removing a portion of the build-up insulation layer such that the pad is exposed to the exterior; and placing a semiconductor chip in the opening and electrically connecting the semiconductor chip with the pad. This method can be utilized to provide higher reliability in the connection between the semiconductor chip and the circuit board.

Abstract: A method for analyzing the warpage of organic laminates used in flip chip packages includes collecting warpage data and layer thickness data for several laminates. A principal components analysis may then be performed on the thickness data to calculate orthogonal basis vectors to re-express the thickness data in a different basis. The thickness data may then be projected onto the orthogonal basis vectors. A linear model may be generated that expresses the warpage data for each laminate in terms of the projection of corresponding thickness data onto the orthogonal basis vectors, each projection multiplied by a weight. These weights may then be analyzed to determine the contribution of each orthogonal basis vector to the variance of the warpage data. The contribution and structure of each orthogonal basis vector may then be interpreted to estimate the importance of each layer or combination of layers in contributing to the laminate warpage.

Abstract: A method of forming a package structure with reduced damage to semiconductor dies is provided. The method includes providing a die comprising bond pads on a top surface of the die; forming bumps on the bond pads of the die, wherein the bumps have top surfaces higher than the top surface of the die; mounting the die on a chip carrier, wherein the bumps are attached to the chip carrier; molding the die onto the chip carrier with a molding compound; de-mounting the chip carrier from the die; and forming redistribution traces over, and electrically connected to, the bumps of the die.

Abstract: A stacked die system (10) has a first die (16) having a first surface with active circuitry, a second die (18) having a first surface with active circuitry, and a conductive shield (28) interposed between the first surface of the first die and the first surface of the second die. In one embodiment, the distance between the first surfaces of the first and second die is less than one millimeter. The stacked die system may also include a package substrate (12) where the active circuitry of the first and second die are electrically connected to the package substrate. The electrical connections may be formed using wire bonds (56, 58, 60, 62). Alternatively, the first die may be connected to the package substrate in a flip chip configuration. In one embodiment, the active circuitry of the first die generates RF signals where the shield helps protect the RF signals from interference caused by the active circuitry of the second die.

Abstract: A method of coupling an integrated circuit (IC) assembly to a printed wiring board (PWB) is provided. The method comprises applying a solder paste to at least one IC assembly interfacial attach pad having a first size on a surface of the IC assembly and applying a solder paste to at least one PWB interfacial attach pad having a second size on a surface of the PWB. The method also comprises reflow attaching the at least one IC assembly interfacial attach pad to the at least one PWB interfacial attach pad, wherein the difference between the size of the at least one PWB interfacial attach pad and the size of the at least one IC assembly interfacial attach pad substantially inhibits self-alignment and lift-off forces.

Abstract: A packaging method including assembling components on a substrate, manufacturing a lid assembly to include a plurality of integrated covers, and mating the lid assembly to the substrate.

Abstract: A semiconductor sensor device is electrically coupled to an object. An attachment member attaches the semiconductor sensor device to the object. The attachment member comprises a first conductive contact region and a second conductive contact region. An insulating portion is electrically isolates the semiconductor sensor device from the first conductive contact region and second conductive contact region.

Abstract: This invention discloses a semiconductor device and a method for fabricating the same. The method includes providing a flexible carrier board having a first surface and a second surface opposite thereto; forming a metal lead layer and a first heat dissipating metal layer on the first surface of the flexible carrier board, and forming a second heat dissipating metal layer on the second surface of the flexible carrier board; providing a chip having an active surface and an opposed non-active surface, wherein a plurality of solder pads are formed on the active surface of the chip, each of the solder pads has a metal bump formed thereon and corresponding in position to the metal lead layer, and heat dissipating bumps are formed between the metal bumps corresponding in position to the first heat dissipating metal layer.

Abstract: A technique for manufacturing an electronic assembly includes a number of steps. Initially, a backplate with a cavity formed into a first side of the backplate is provided. Next, a substrate with a first side of an integrated circuit (IC) die mounted to a first side of the substrate is provided. The IC die is electrically connected to one or more of a plurality of electrically conductive traces formed on the first side of the substrate. The substrate includes a hole approximate an outer edge of the IC die. The first side of the substrate is then positioned in contact with at least a portion of the first side of the backplate. The IC die is positioned within the cavity with a second side of the IC die in thermal contact with the backplate. The substrate and at least a portion of the backplate are overmolded with an overmold material, which enters the cavity through the hold to substantially underfill the IC die and substantially fill an unoccupied portion of the cavity.

Abstract: A method is provided for producing a smart card comprising a chip module with at least one contacting area, the chip module arrangeable in a mounting location of a substrate, wherein one contacting loop is formed from a wire connector fed by a wire guiding unit for at least one of the contacting areas, respectively by attaching a first section of the wire conductor to a surface of the substrate outside the mounting location, wherein a second section of the wire conductor proximate to the first section is guided to form the contacting loop along with and protruding from the surface, wherein a subsequent third section of the wire conductor is attached to the surface outside the mounting location, wherein the chip module is inserted into the mounting location and wherein the second section is bent over and electrically contacted to the contacting area.

Abstract: Salient electrodes on a semiconductor chip and leads on a film substrate are to be connected together with a high accuracy. A change in lead pitch which occurs at the time of connecting salient electrodes on a semiconductor chip and inner leads on a film substrate with each other is taken into account and a correction is made beforehand to the pitch of the inner leads. Likewise, a change in lead pitch which occurs at the time of connecting electrodes on a liquid crystal substrate and outer leads on the film substrate with each other is taken into account and a correction is made beforehand to the pitch of the outer leads.

Abstract: A semiconductor package and a method for manufacturing the same capable of supplying power easily without an increase in the number of pads for power supply. The semiconductor package includes a semiconductor chip having a plurality of pads including pads for power supply disposed in a center portion and an internal wiring disposed to be exposed to outside; an insulating film formed on the semiconductor to expose the pads for power supply and the internal wirings; and re-distribution lines formed on the insulating film to connect between the exposed portions of the pads for power supply and the internal wiring.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device formed by stacking a plurality of semiconductor elements on a substrate includes the steps of stacking the plurality of semiconductor elements on the substrate to form plural stages, placing the substrate substantially vertically and charging an underfill agent into spaces defined between the substrate and the corresponding semiconductor element and spaces defined among the stacked semiconductor elements through a nozzle from above side faces of the stacked semiconductor elements, and curing the charged underfill agent.

Abstract: In a semiconductor device, a package including the semiconductor device and a method of forming the same, the semiconductor device package includes a semiconductor device, a wiring board, and an underfill material layer. The semiconductor device includes a semiconductor chip, a metal layer, and solder balls for bump contacts. The semiconductor chip includes an active surface having bonding pads and a rear surface opposite the active surface and having concave portions corresponding to the bonding pads. The metal layer fills the concave portions and covers the rear surface. The solder balls for bump contacts are provided on the bonding pads. The wiring board includes an upper surface to which the semiconductor device is mounted and a lower surface opposite the upper surface. The underfill material layer fills a space between the active surface of the semiconductor device and the upper surface of the wiring board.

Abstract: A method for producing a flexible electronic device is provided. The method comprises steps of providing a flexible substrate, forming an inorganic film on the flexible substrate and etching the inorganic film to obtain an electronic element of the electronic device. In another aspect, a flexible electronic device is provided. The flexible electronic device comprises a flexible substrate and an inorganic film disposed on the flexible substrate and having an electronic element, wherein the electronic element is formed by etching the inorganic film.

Abstract: Economical methods for forming a co-planar multi-chip wafer-level packages are proposed. Partial wafer bonding and partial wafer dicing techniques are used to create chips as well as pockets. The finished chips are then mounted in the corresponding pockets of a carrier substrate, and global interconnects among the chips are formed on the top planar surface of the finished chips. The proposed methods facilitate the integration of chips fabricated with different process steps and materials. There is no need to use a planarization process such as chemical-mechanical polish to planarize the top surfaces of the chips. Since the chips are precisely aligned to each other and all the chips are mounted facing up, the module is ready for global wiring, which eliminates the need to flip the chips from an upside-down position.

Abstract: By joining a lid member to a base member, internal electrodes put in contact with the lid member and an electronic device connected to the internal electrodes are placed in an internal space located in between the base member and the lid member. Then, by performing etching from a surface of the lid member on the side opposite from the base member by a prescribed method, through holes that reach the surface of the internal electrodes are formed. A conductive material is given to the through holes, and external electrodes connected to the internal electrodes are formed in a plane, completing a thin type electronic device package.

Abstract: A wafer level packaging cap for covering a device wafer with a device thereon and a fabrication method thereof are provided. The method includes operations of forming a plurality of connection grooves on a wafer, forming a seed layer on the connection grooves, forming connection parts by filling the connection grooves with a metal material, forming cap pads on a top surface of the wafer to be electrically connected to the connection parts, bonding a supporting film with the top surface of the wafer on which the cap pads are formed, forming a cavity on a bottom surface of the wafer to expose the connection parts through the cavity, and forming metal lines on the bottom surface of the wafer to be electrically connected to the connection parts.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes at least one semiconductor structure which has a plurality of external connection electrodes formed on a semiconductor substrate. An insulating sheet member is arranged on the side of the semiconductor structure. Upper interconnections have connection pad portions that are arranged on the insulating sheet member in correspondence with the upper interconnections and connected to the external connection electrodes of the semiconductor structure.

Abstract: A wafer level semiconductor package and fabricating method thereof are disclosed. A method of fabricating a wafer level package, which includes depositing a first insulation layer on the outermost layer circuit of the a semiconductor chip and then flattening the surface of the first insulation layer; removing a portion of the first insulation layer to expose a chip pad to the outside; depositing a metal layer directly contacting the chip pad onto the chip pad and the first insulation layer and then removing a portion to form a bump metal having a bump pad electrically connected with the chip pad; and depositing a second insulation layer and a coating layer in order onto the bump metal and then removing portions thereof to expose the bump pad to the outside, where all of the operations are performed by semiconductor fabrication (FAB) equipment, not only enables the forming of higher-precision patterns, but also reduces volume.

Abstract: A method of packaging a microchip device, an interposer for packaging, and a packaged microchip device. An interposer is placed on microchip devices. The interposer includes an aperture which extends from the interposer surface where external electrical contacts are located on the surface of the microchip devices. Electrical contacts on the microchip device surface are accessible through the aperture in order to electrically connect the electrical contacts with the external electrical contacts of the interposer. The aperture is divided into at least two openings or aperture regions, separated by a bridge. This facilitates the handling of the interposer.

Abstract: Methods for manufacturing an integrated wafer scale package that reduces a potential misalignment between a chip and a pocket of a carrier substrate. According to one aspect of the present invention, a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device includes a photoresist layer disposed on a carrier substrate, a chip placed onto a surface of the photoresist layer. The photoresist layer is patterned using the chip as a mask. The chip is removed from the photoresist layer after the patterning step. A pocket is formed in the carrier substrate, and the chip that was removed is placed into the pocket formed in the carrier substrate.

Abstract: A semiconductor device 100 has such a structure that a semiconductor chip 110 is flip-chip mounted on a wiring board 120. The wiring board 120 has a multilayer structure in which a plurality of wiring layers and a plurality of insulating layers are arranged, and a first electrode pad 130 is formed on a chip mounting side. A taper surface 132 of the first electrode pad 130 has a gradient in an orientation reduced in an upward direction toward a solder connecting side or a chip mounting side. Therefore, a holding force for a force applied to the solder connecting side or the chip mounting side is increased, and furthermore, the taper surface 132 adheres to a tapered internal wall of an insulating layer of a first layer so that a bonding strength to the insulating layer is increased.

Abstract: A semiconductor device 100 has such a structure that a semiconductor chip 110 is flip-chip mounted on a wiring board 120. The wiring board 120 has a multilayer structure in which a plurality of wiring layers and a plurality of insulating layers are arranged, and has a structure in which insulating layers of a first layer 122, a second layer 124, a third layer 126 and a fourth layer 128 are provided. The first layer 122 has a first insulating layer 121 and a second insulating layer 123. A protruded portion 132 which is protruded in a radial direction (a circumferential direction) from an outer periphery at one surface side of a first electrode pad 130 is formed on a whole periphery over a boundary surface between the first insulating layer 121 and the second insulating layer 123.

Abstract: A method for fabricating an electronic device or circuit, respectively, comprises providing a flexible substrate (1), defining onto the flexible substrate (1) electric components (2, 3, 3?, 3?, 3??, 7, 11, 12) and interconnects (8), introducing out breaks (4, 4?, 4?, 4a-4s) in the flexible substrate (1) between the electric components and/or interconnects, and forming the flexible substrate (1) into a deformed configuration by deforming, particularly folding, parts of the flexible substrate as determined by the breaks (4, 4?, 4?, 4a-4s).

Abstract: A silicon condenser microphone package includes a transducer unit, a substrate, and a cover. The substrate includes an upper surface transducer unit is attached to the upper surface of the substrate and overlaps at least a portion of the recess wherein a back volume of the transducer unit is formed between the transducer unit and the substrate. The cover is placed over the transducer unit and either the cover or the substrate includes an aperture.

Abstract: Electrode pads (5) and a solder resist (7) are disposed on the upper surface of a wiring board (1), and apertures (7a) are formed in the solder resist (7) so as to expose the electrode pads (5). Electrodes (4) are disposed on the lower surface of a semiconductor element (2). Electrodes (4) are connected to the electrode pads (5) by way of bumps (3). An underfill resin (6) is disposed in the area that excludes the solder resist (7) and the bumps (3) in the space between the wiring board (1) and the semiconductor element (2). Between the wiring board (1) and the semiconductor element (2), the thickness (B) of the solder resist (7) is equal to or greater than the thickness (A) of the underfill resin (6) on the solder resist (7). The volume (Vb) of the bumps (3) is less than the volume (Vs) of the apertures (7a).

Abstract: There are provided a semiconductor device construction having more degrees of design freedom of the semiconductor element than prior arts, and a method of manufacturing such device easily and at low cost. For this purpose, a rearrangement sheet is employed provided with an insulating sheet and conductive metallic patterns formed on this insulating sheet.

Abstract: An electronic module and a method of assembling the electronic module. A circuit board is connected to a chip substrate by an array of connectors, and a base member is on the side of the circuit board away from the chip substrate and connector array. An elastomeric structure is placed between the circuit board and the base member. The elastomeric structure has voids between a first defining plane adjacent the circuit board and a second defining plane adjacent the base member, with the voids adapted to permit local deformation of elastomeric material in the structure. The method includes applying a compressive force between the circuit board and base member to at least partially compressing the elastomeric structure to improve load equalization on the circuit board.

Abstract: Semiconductor assemblies include a first package, each having at least one die affixed to, and electrically interconnected with, a die attach side of the first package substrate, and a second substrate having a first side and a second (“land”) side, mounted over the molding of the first package with the first side of the second substrate facing the die attach side of the first package substrate. Z-interconnection of the package and the substrate is by wire bonds connecting the first and second substrates. The assembly is encapsulated with both the land side of the second substrate and a portion of the land side of the first package substrate exposed, so that second level interconnection and interconnection with additional components may be made.

Abstract: A transition layer 38 is provided on a die pad 22 of an IC chip 20 and integrated into a multilayer printed circuit board 10. Due to this, it is possible to electrically connect the IC chip 20 to the multilayer printed circuit board 10 without using lead members and a sealing resin. Also, by providing the transition layer 38 made of copper on an aluminum pad 24, it is possible to prevent a resin residue on the pad 24 and to improve connection characteristics between the die pad 24 and a via hole 60 and reliability.

Abstract: An apparatus comprises a device layer structure, a device integrated into the device layer structure, an insulating carrier substrate and an insulating layer being continuously positioned between the device layer structure and the insulating carrier substrate, the insulating layer having a thickness which is less than 1/10 of a thickness of the insulating carrier substrate. An apparatus further comprises a device integrated into a device layer structure disposed on an insulating layer, a housing layer disposed on the device layer structure and housing the device, a contact providing an electrical connection between the device and a surface of the housing layer opposed to the device layer structure and a molding material surrounding the housing layer and the insulating layer, the molding material directly abutting on a surface of the insulating layer being opposed to the device layer structure.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods for forming displays are claimed. One embodiment of the invention relates to depositing a plurality of blocks onto a substrate and is coupled to a flexible layer having interconnect deposited thereon. Another embodiment of the invention relates to forming a display along a length of a flexible layer wherein a slurry containing a plurality of elements with circuit elements thereon washes over the flexible layer and slides into recessed regions or holes found in the flexible layer. Interconnect is then deposited thereon. In another embodiment, interconnect is placed on the flexible layer followed by a slurry containing a plurality of elements.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for encapsulating electronic devices, comprising: providing one or more electronic devices (62) with primary faces (63) having electrical contacts (69), opposed rear faces (65) and edges (64) therebetween. A sacrificial layer (70) is provided on the primary faces (63). The devices (62) are mounted on a temporary support (80) so that the sacrificial layer (70) faces toward the temporary support (80). A plastic encapsulation (86)is formed in contact with at least the lateral edges (64) of the electronic devices (62). The plastic encapsulation (86) is at least partially cured and the devices (62) and plastic encapsulation (86) separated from the temporary support (80), thereby exposing the sacrificial layer (70). The sacrificial layer (70) is removed. The devices (62) and edge-contacting encapsulation are mounted on a carrier (90) with the primary faces (63) and electrical contacts (69) exposed and, optionally, further cured.

Abstract: According to an exemplary embodiment, a system-in-package includes at least one semiconductor die situated over a package substrate. The system-in-package further includes a wall structure situated on the at least one semiconductor die. The system-in-package further includes an integrated passive cap situated over the wall structure, where the integrated passive cap includes at least one passive component. The wall structure and the integrated passive cap form an air cavity over the at least one semiconductor die. The system-in-package can further include at least one bond pad situated on a cap substrate. The at least one bond pad on the cap substrate of the integrated passive cap can be electrically connected to a substrate bond pad on the package substrate.

Abstract: Microelectronic workpieces and methods for manufacturing microelectronic devices using such workpieces are disclosed. In one embodiment, a microelectronic assembly comprises a support member having a first side and a projection extending away from the first side. The assembly also includes a plurality of conductive traces at the first side of the support member. Some of the conductive traces include bond sites carried by the projection and having an outer surface at a first distance from the first side of the support member. The assembly further includes a protective coating deposited over the first side of the support member and at least a portion of the conductive traces. The protective coating has a major outer surface at a second distance from the first side of the support member. The second distance is approximately the same as the first distance such that the outer surface of the protective coating is generally co-planar with the outer surface of the bond sites carried by the projection.

Abstract: The present invention provides a packed semiconductor sensor chip (10) in which the sensing circuit (17) is positioned at substantially the same level or above the level of the packaging (13). Because of this, when the sensor is immersed in a fluid, in particular in a liquid, for the detection of an analyte in the fluid, substantially the total top surface of the semiconductor sensor chip will be in contact with the fluid and thus detection results can be optimised.

Abstract: There is disclosed a fixing method of an electronic component or the like in which when the electronic component and a resin layer are fixed, warp and bend of the electronic component can be inhibited. During manufacturing of a semiconductor-embedded substrate 200 in which a semiconductor device 220 is embedded, after the semiconductor device 220 is disposed on an unhardened resin layer 212, this device is stored in a container 31 of a pressurizing and heating unit 3, and the semiconductor device 220 is isotropically pressurized using an internal gas in the container 31 as a pressure medium, whereby the semiconductor device 220 is pressed to the unhardened resin layer 212, and the resin layer 212 is heated to harden. In consequence, the semiconductor device 220 is fixed and mounted on the resin layer 212 without being warped or bent.

Abstract: A soldering method of soldering first and second members includes shooting a laser light to at least one part of an outer peripheral portion surrounding a soldering-target region of the first member thereby to form an oxide film, and bonding the second member with the soldering-target region through a solder. According to the method, the solder resist is never exfoliated even after cleaning with chemicals for removing flux residues contained in solder.

Abstract: An underfill film for an electronic device includes a thermally conductive sheet. The electronic device may include a printed circuit board, an electrical component, an underfill, and the thermally conductive sheet. The underfill is situated between the circuit board and the component. The thermally conductive sheet is situated within the underfill, and together with the underfill, constitutes the underfill film. The device may include solder bumps affixing the component to the circuit board, the underfill film having holes within which the solder bumps are aligned. There may be solder bumps on the underside of the circuit board promoting heat dissipation. There may be heat sinks on the circuit board to which the thermally conductive sheet is affixed promoting heat dissipation. The thermally conductive sheet may be affixed to a chassis promoting heat dissipation. The thermally conductive sheet thus promotes heat dissipation from the component to at least the circuit board.

Abstract: A method of making a circuitized substrate comprising a first layer comprised of a dielectric material including a resin material including a predetermined quantity of particles therein and not including continuous fibers, semi-continuous fibers or the like as part thereof, and at least one circuitized layer positioned on the dielectric first layer.

Abstract: A method (and apparatus) of assembling a die on an electronic substrate, includes processing an assembly including a substrate and a die, and during the processing, introducing a pre-stress to the assembly during a cure process.

Abstract: The objective of the present invention is to offer a method for forming a conductive pattern on a substrate and solder protrusions on the conductive pattern. The pitch of the conductive pattern corresponds to the pitch of electrodes on a semiconductor chip.

Abstract: A chip holder formed of silicon, glass, other ceramics or other suitable materials includes a plurality of recesses for retaining semiconductor chips. The bond pads of the semiconductor chip are formed on or over an area of the chip holder that surrounds the semiconductor chip thus expanding the bonding area. The bond pads are coupled, using semiconductor wafer processing techniques, to internal bond pads formed directly on the semiconductor chip.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a mounting substrate on which a semiconductor chip is mounted includes: forming a wiring section by electrolytic plating on a first face of a supporting substrate which is made of an insulating material, by supplying electric power from a first power supply layer through a via plug piercing through the supporting substrate, the first power supply layer being formed on a second face of the supporting substrate; performig patterning on the first power supply layer so as to form a first conductive pattern which is connected to the wiring section through the via plug; performing a connection test of the wiring section by using the conductive pattern; mounting the semiconductor chip on the wiring section; and removing the supporting substrate.

Abstract: A mounting zone and a reflow zone are arranged in parallel between a loader and an unloader, and mounting and reflow processes are performed simultaneously.

Abstract: An integrated circuit chip is provided, the integrated circuit chip having: a base portion, the base portion having a peripheral wall forming an elevated perimeter depending away from a surface of the base potion; a plurality of extensions extending away from the surface, a periphery of each of the plurality of extensions being spaced away from the peripheral wall, the plurality of extensions further comprising a first group of extensions and a second group of extensions, each of the first group of extensions having a greater peripheral area than a peripheral area of each of the second group of extensions and the first group of extensions being aligned with a portion of an integrated circuit disposed on another surface of the base, the portion of the integrated circuit generating a higher heat flux than other portions of the integrated circuit, and a plate secured to the elevated perimeter, the plate the plate covering the plurality of extensions and further comprising an inlet opening and an outlet opening.

Abstract: A solder 14 is formed, by a plating method, on a connecting surface 21A and a side surface 21B in a connecting pad 21 of a wiring board 11 which is opposed to a metal bump 13 formed on an electrode pad 31 of a semiconductor chip 12, and subsequently, the solder 14 is molten to form an accumulated solder 15 taking a convex shape on the connecting surface 21A of the connecting pad 21 and the metal bump 13 is then mounted on the connecting surface 21A of the connecting pad 21 on which the accumulated solder is formed, and the accumulated solder 15 and the metal bump 13 are thus bonded to each other.

Abstract: Economical methods for forming a co-planar multi-chip wafer-level packages are proposed. Partial wafer bonding and partial wafer dicing techniques are used to create chips as well as pockets. The finished chips are then mounted in the corresponding pockets of a carrier substrate, and global interconnects among the chips are formed on the top planar surface of the finished chips. The proposed methods facilitate the integration of chips fabricated with different process steps and materials. There is no need to use a planarization process such as chemical-mechanical polish to planarize the top surfaces of the chips. Since the chips are precisely aligned to each other and all the chips are mounted facing up, the module is ready for global wiring, which eliminates the need to flip the chips from an upside-down position.