Abstract: There is provided a composition for preparing a water-in-oil emulsion, wherein the average droplet size of the water phase of the water-in-oil emulsion is no greater than 01 &mgr;m. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the oil is a fuel.

Abstract: This invention provides an additive used in the water/oil mixture to form an emulsified water/oil mixture suitable as a fuel source. The additive comprises a nonionic surfactant selected from the group of chemicals consisting of 55-65% of phenyl ethyl phenyl polyethyleneoxide and at least one ionic surfactants selected from the group of chemicals consisting of 18-30% of metaldehyde, 3-5% of peroxybenzoic acid and 4-12% of 1,4-dihydroxybenzene by weight of said additive. The additive enables the emulsified water/oil mixture to accommodate allowable water ratios from about 15% up to about 50% to achieve a fuel reduction rate of about 15-30% as compared to a conventional fuel source comprise solely of the crude oils.

Abstract: In a process for producing stable emulsions of at least two substantially immiscible fluids, particularly emulsions of a liquid fuel with water, a considerable increase in the efficiency of the emulsion-formation process is achieved by injecting the fluids to be emulsified into an emulsification chamber provided with an injection system which imparts to the fluids a motion in a direction which is substantially perpendicular to the general direction in which the fluids travel through the emulsification chamber. This injection system can be provided by means of a diffuser having an inlet hole, through which a stream of liquid is fed in a substantially axial direction, and at least one outlet hole, which leads into the chamber and whose axis lies on a plane which is substantially perpendicular to the direction of the inlet stream.

Abstract: Liquid energy sources, e.g., liquid fuels comprising lipid vesicles having fuel additives such as water are disclosed herein. The liquid energy sources, methods for preparation, and methods of enhancing engine performance disclosed herein employing the lipid vesicles result in enhanced fuel efficiency and/or lowered engine emissions. The invention further relates to liquid energy sources containing such additives which further comprise a polymeric dispersion assistant, which reduces the interfacial tension and coalescence of vesicles during dispersion process and storage, and thereby provide transparent looks to the liquid energy source.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for making an aqueous hydrocarbon fuel composition, comprising: (A) mixing a normally liquid hydrocarbon fuel and at least one chemical additive to form a hydrocarbon fuel-additive mixture; and (B) mixing said hydrocarbon fuel-additive mixture with water under high shear mixing conditions in a high shear mixer to form said aqueous hydrocarbon fuel composition, said aqueous hydrocarbon fuel composition including a discontinuous aqueous phase, said discontinuous aqueous phase being comprised of aqueous droplets having a mean diameter of 1.0 micron or less. An apparatus for operating the foregoing process is also disclosed. Aqueous hydrocarbon fuel compositions are disclosed.

Abstract: Emulsions containing a hydrocarbon liquid in a continuous phase and alcohol and/or water in a dispersed phase are provided. The emulsions are stabilized by an emulsifier and a coupling agent. The emulsifier is a copolymer containing at least one relatively hydrophobic polymeric block of styrene or a ring substituted styrene monomer, and at least one relatively hydrophilic polymeric block of at least one monomer, such as ethylene oxide, selected from the group having the formula H(O—R)nOH, where R is an aliphatic radical containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and n is a number between 20 and 300. The coupling agent is a copolymer containing at least one polymeric block of styrene or ring substituted styrene monomer, and at least one block being of a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon moiety, such as butadiene.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for making an aqueous hydrocarbon fuel composition, comprising: (A) mixing a normally liquid hydrocarbon fuel and at least one chemical additive to form a hydrocarbon fuel-additive mixture; and (B) mixing said hydrocarbon fuel-additive mixture with water under high shear mixing conditions in a high shear mixer to form said aqueous hydrocarbon fuel composition, said aqueous hydrocarbon fuel composition including a discontinuous aqueous phase, said discontinuous aqueous phase being comprised of aqueous droplets having a mean diameter of 1.0 micron or less. An apparatus for operating the foregoing process is also disclosed. Aqueous hydrocarbon fuel compositions are disclosed.

Abstract: A method for refining virgin plant oil and/or waste vegetable oil into fuel, preferably diesel engine fuel, wherein said method comprises the steps of heating the oil supplying water and/or ozone mixing the oil with water and/or ozone and agitating the mixture of oil and water and/or dissipating the ozone.

Abstract: Novel animoalkylphenol emulsifiers are used for making aqueous hydrocarbon fuel emulsions suitable for engines.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide an emulsion which shows sufficient rust preventive effect, in spite of water it contains as a constituent of the composition, on a metallic material which is otherwise corroded when coming into contact with water and oxygen.

Abstract: An aqueous hydrocarbon fuel is produced by a continuous process. Further, the continuous process employs at least two emulsification devices, in series, to produce an aqueous hydrocarbon fuel containing aqueous droplets having a mean diameter of less than 1.0 microns.

Abstract: A new type of fuel oil with low cost and low viscosity made of heavy oil or residue oil. The fuel oil is low cost, low viscosity and low pollution and includes base oil formed by adding waste plastic disposal oil made through thermal decomposition to heavy oil or residue oil of high viscosity, thereby decreasing the viscosity. The base oil is then provided with water and emulsifier to form water-in-oil emulsion fuel oil. The emulsifier is formed by mixing caustic soda (NaOH) and the calcium chloride (CaCl2) and water. Substantial reduction in generation of pollutants in the exhaust gas is achieved when the fuel oil used in a combustion engine. The fuel oil is especially suitable for large and high power vessel engines.

Abstract: A method for enhancing the stability of a solids-stabilized water-in-oil emulsion by pretreating the oil prior to emulsification. The pretreatment step can be accomplished by adding dilute acid to the oil, adding a lignosulfonate additive to the oil, sulfonating the oil, thermally oxidizing the oil, thermally treating the oil in an inert environment, and combinations thereof. The emulsion can be used in enhanced oil recovery methods, including using the emulsion as a drive fluid to displace hydrocarbons in a subterranean formation, and using the emulsion as a barrier fluid for diverting flow of fluids in the formation.

Abstract: Emulsion blends are provided containing Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbons, non-Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbons, water, and a surfactant.

Abstract: A splash-blendable, solubilized diesel fuel composition includes a diesel fuel, ethanol, a stabilizing additive and, optionally, an alkyl ester of a fatty acid and/or a co-solvent. The stabilizing additive is either a mixture of fatty acid alcohols, a polymeric material, or a combination of the mixture and the polymeric material.

Abstract: A water-in-oil-type oil-water emulsion fuel which is obtained by mixing heavy oil and water together with sn inorganic component, wherein said inorganic component consists of four kinds of substance of sodium, magnesium, calcium and chlorine, which is characterized in that once the emulsion is obtained, oil-water separation does not occur and the emulsion state is maintained even if any temperature is added in the combustion, and a stable state of the combustion is always attained.

Abstract: Fischer-Tropsch liquids, useful as distillate fuels are emulsified with water and a non-ionic surfactant.

Abstract: A novel crosslinked emulsifier is employed to produce a stable aqueous hydrocarbon fuel emulsion.

Abstract: A novel crosslinked emulsifier is employed to produce a stable aqueous hydrocarbon fuel emulsion.

Abstract: This invention relates to an emulsified water-blended fuel composition comprising: (A) a hydrocarbon boiling in the gasoline or diesel range; (B) water; (C) a minor emulsifying amount of at least one fuel-soluble salt made by reacting (C)(I) at least one acylating agent having about 16 to 500 carbon atoms with (C)(II) ammonia and/or at least one amine; and (D) about 0.001 to about 15% by weight of the water-blended fuel composition of a water soluble, ashless, halogen-, boron-, and phosphorus-free, amine salt, distinct from component (C). In one embodiment, the composition further comprises (E) at least one cosurfactant distinct from component (C); in one embodiment, (F) at least one organic cetane improver; and in one embodiment, (G) at least one antifreeze. The invention also relates to a method for fueling an internal combustion engine comprising fueling said engine with the composition of the present invention.

Abstract: The present invention relates to fuel/water emulsions essentially comprising 60 to 80% by weight of a fuel, 0.5 to 5% by weight of one or more water-soluble and gasoline-insoluble emulsifiers of the formulae A) R—O—(CH2CH2O)x—H where R is alkyl or alkenyl having in each case 8 to 18 carbon atoms or C9-C14-alkylphenyl and x is a number from 8 to 30, or B) HO—(C2H4O)x—(C3H6O)y—(C2H4O)z—H, in which the proportion of the ethylene oxide units is between 40 and 80% by weight of the molecular mass, or where x is a number between 8 and 30, and 1 to 10% by weight of a water-soluble and gasoline-insoluble poly(alkylene glycol) as stabilizer, also water and, if appropriate, other additives to 100% by weight. The emulsions according to the invention can be used for operating internal combustion engines.

Abstract: This invention describes systems and methods for mixing two fluids. A first fluid, usually fuel, is passed through a primary passage that typically leads to a carburetor or other inlet to a combustion engine. A second fluid, usually air, is mixed with the first by introducing it to the primary passage through an inlet located upstream in the primary passage. The mixture of fluids is then further emulsified by passing it over a plurality of obstructions, such as a threaded interior surface of the primary passage, located within the primary passage downstream of the inlet.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an additive composition for a combustible fuel to utilize readily available and renewable resources and to produce improved combustion and reduced smoke and particulate production of the combusted fuel, which additive composition comprises:

Abstract: This invention describes systems and methods for mixing two fluids. A first fluid, usually fuel, is passed through a primary passage that typically leads to a carburetor or other inlet to a combustion engine. A second fluid, usually air, is mixed with the first by introducing it to the primary passage through an inlet located upstream in the primary passage. The mixture of fluids is then further emulsified by passing it over a plurality of obstructions, such as a threaded interior surface of the primary passage, located within the primary passage downstream of the inlet.

Abstract: A process to make water-blended fuel by emulsifying the emulsifier in a portion of the fuel, then adding the water under high shear mixing to give a concentrated water fuel emulsion. The concentrated emulsion is then diluted with final portion of fuel using mixing or blending conditions resulting in an emulsified water blend fuel.

Abstract: The invention provides a scheme for combusting a hydrocarbon fuel to generate and extract enhanced translational energy. In the scheme, hydrocarbon fuel is nanopartitioned into nanometric fuel regions each having a diameter less than about 1000 angstroms; and either before or after the nanopartitioning, the fuel is introduced into a combustion chamber. In the combustion chamber, a shock wave excitation of at least about 50,000 psi and with an excitation rise time of less than about 100 nanoseconds is applied to the fuel. A fuel partitioned into such nanometric quantum confinement regions enables a quantum mechanical condition in which translational energy modes of the fuel are amplified, whereby the average energy of the translational energy mode levels is higher than it would be for a macro-sized, unpartitioned fuel. Combustion of such a nanopartitioned fuel provides enhanced translational energy extraction by way of, e.g.

Abstract: This invention describes systems and methods for mixing two fluids. A first fluid, usually fuel, is passed through a primary passage that typically leads to a carburetor or other inlet to a combustion engine. A second fluid, usually air, is mixed with the first by introducing it to the primary passage through an inlet located upstream in the primary passage. The mixture of fluids is then further emulsified by passing it over a plurality of obstructions, such as a threaded interior surface of the primary passage, located within the primary passage downstream of the inlet.

Abstract: A composition of a hydrocarbon in water colloidal dispersion including hydrocarbon particles having a mean softening point exceeding 95° C., a water soluble dispersion agent and water, process and apparatus for the production thereof are disclosed. These dispersions have a median particle size below about 4.5 microns and 90% of the hydrocarbon particles have a size less than about 60 microns. These dispersions are storage stable, stable towards transportation, and can be pumped without destabilizing.

Abstract: A splash-blendable, solubilized diesel fuel composition includes a diesel fuel, ethanol, a stabilizing additive and, optionally, an alkyl ester of a fatty acid and/or a co-solvent. The stabilizing additive is either a mixture of fatty acid alcohols, a polymeric material, or a combination of the mixture and the polymeric material.

Abstract: An aqueous macroemulsion to be used in place of petroleum residuum-based fuel oils such as No. 4, No. 5, and No. 6 fuel oils, as well as the vacuum residuum from the fraction distillation of petroleum, is formed by emulsifying the fuel oil with water or an aqueous liquid, the fuel oil forming the dispersed phase and the aqueous liquid forming the continuous phase. An emulsion stabilizer, and optionally various other additives, notably a lower allyl alcohol, are included to stabilize the properties of the emulsion. The emulsion is prepared by heating the fuel oil, particularly No. 6 fuel oil, and the water to a temperature above about 60° C., and combining the two heated liquids in an appropriate ratio and shearing the mixture to form the macroemulsion.

Abstract: A fuel composition comprising a hydrocarbon in water colloidal dispersion including spherical hydrocarbon particles having a mean softening point exceeding about 95.degree. C., and a water soluble dispersion agent comprising a surfactant and stabilizer. The process for the production thereof is disclosed. These dispersions have a median particle size below about 4.5 microns and about 90% of the particles have a mean particle size diameter less than about 60 microns. These dispersions are storage stable, stable towards transportation, and can be pumped and passed through a burner apparatus without destabilizing.

Abstract: Liquid energy sources, e.g., liquid fuels comprising lipid vesicles having fuel additives such as water are disclosed herein. The liquid energy sources, methods for preparation, and methods of enhancing engine performance disclosed herein employing the lipid vesicles result in enhanced fuel efficiency and/or lowered engine emissions. The invention further relates to liquid energy sources containing such additives which further comprise a polymeric dispersion assistant, which reduces the interfacial tension and coalescence of vesicles during dispersion process and storage, and thereby provide transparent looks to the liquid energy source.

Abstract: Methods and additive compounds for retarding the dispersion in water of bitumen-in-water emulsions, and in particular ORIMULSION, are disclosed. Methods include applied mixing at high speed and changing the pH of the emulsion. Additives include salts and flocculants.

Abstract: A novel fuel which is an emulsion of water in at least one hydrocarbon, and which contains an emulsifying system containing at least one sorbitol ester, at least one fatty acid ester and at least one polyalkoxylated alkylphenol. The system has an overall HLB of between 6 and 8, and the emulsion contains droplets of aqueous disperse phase which are less than or equal to 3 .mu.m in size.

Abstract: A process for preparing a hydrocarbon in water emulsion includes the steps of providing a hydrocarbon phase containing inactive natural surfactant; mixing a solid carbon additive with the hydrocarbon phase, the solid additive being selected from the group consisting of coal, coke and mixtures thereof so as to provide a hydrocarbon suspension including the solid carbon additive; and forming an emulsion from the hydrocarbon suspension and an aqueous phase in the presence of a surfactant activating additive so as to activate the inactive natural surfactant and form a hydrocarbon in water emulsion having the solid carbon additive suspended in the hydrocarbon phase. A hydrocarbon in water emulsion is also provided including a hydrocarbon phase, a water phase, a surfactant, and a solid carbon additive suspended in the hydrocarbon phase, the solid carbon additive being selected from the group consisting of coal, coke and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A method of forming particles of capsularized emulsion fuel with high combustion efficiency and low pollutant emission. The method includes the steps of preparing an emulsion fuel oil and disperse phase of water generally uniformly distributed and suspended in the dispersion medium of oil, and spraying the emulsion fuel oil into minute particles so that substantially each of the particles has a core encapsulated by fuel oil. The emulsion fuel oil includes an emulsifying additive solution essentially consisting of NaOH, CaCl.sub.2 and water in a weight ratio ranging from about 10:10:100 to about 50:50:100 and a mixture of water and oil. The mixture of water and oil has an exemplified weight ratio ranging from about 5:95 to about 30:70. In the emulsion fuel oil, an example of a weight ratio of the mixture of oil and water and the emulsifying additive solution ranges from about 1:0.003 to about 1:0.002.

Abstract: A system for producing a water-in-oil emulsion fuel oil of improved combustion efficiency. The production system includes an additive solution tank for producing an emulsifying additive solution by mixing NAOH and CaCl.sub.2 and water and storing the additive solution therein, a water tank for producing mixed water by mixing the emulsifying additive solution from the additive solution tank with water in a weight ratio greater than 1:100, a mixing tank for mixing heavy oil and the mixed water from the water tank having the water and emulsifying additive solution so that the water substantially uniformly distributed and suspended in the dispersion medium of the heavy oil to produce the water-in-oil oil emulsion fuel, and a storage tank for storing the water-in-oil emulsion fuel therein to provides the emulsion fuel to a burning facility.

Abstract: Low viscosity water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsion fuels, that are stable without any phase separation over a wide range of temperatures including temperatures below the freezing point of water, made by low shear mixing of petroleum products with an additive solution resulting in microemulsion fuels for the internal combustion engine and oil heating furnaces, either plant or home, with said microemulsion fuels having the unique features of enhancing the reduction of the oxides of nitrogen, reducing particulate matter such as smoke in the exhaust gases and flue gases, and neutralizing the sulfur acids derived from the oxidation of the sulfur in the petroleum product that occurs during combustion of the microemulsion fuel thereby resulting in the abatement of air pollution.

Abstract: Supercritical water fuel composition and combustion system. In one aspect, the invention is a composition of matter comprising a mixture of 5-50% water and a hydrocarbon wherein the water/hydrocarbon mixture is near the critical point such that the mixture is a homogeneous single phase. A suitable temperature is 400.degree. C. and a suitable pressure is 4,000psi. In another aspect, the invention is a fuel system including structure containing a water/hydrocarbon fuel mixture near the critical point such that the mixture is a homogeneous single phase. Structure is provided for delivering the mixture for combustion. Combustion may occur in an internal combustion engine, turbine engine or other burner.

Abstract: A petroleum derived oil is subjected to crude oil distillation or propane deasphalting to yield a viscous asphalt residue. The viscous asphalt residue is combined with an aqueous emulsifier comprising an EO-PO-EO block copolymer and passed through a mixer at 60.degree. C. to 70.degree. C. to form an emulsion. Criticality has been found in the amount of propylene oxide in the block copolymer and in the asphalt particle size. These emulsions are stable and can be transported by pumping through a pipeline. They are used as boiler fuel. They are also gasified with insufficient oxygen to produce synthesis gas.

Abstract: The present invention provides combustible compositions utilizing water clusters characterized by high oxygen reactivity due to protruding, delocalized p.pi. orbitals. In preferred embodiments, the compositions include one or more surfactants having molecular orbitals that interact with and participate in the delocalized p.pi. orbitals. The invention also provides methods of designing, producing, and using the compositions.

Abstract: A new liquid fuel is prepared by mixing an emulsion which is a mixture of one portion of lubricating oil with not more than three portions of water, into diesel oil, or by adding water to a mixture of A and C heavy oil. The new liquid fuel causes no pollution and maintains internal combustion engines clean with prices inexpensive.

Abstract: An emulsified combustible fuel is prepared by mixing the fuel with 10 to 50 wt. % of a water mixture containing 0.01 to 1.0 parts by weight of an anionic surfactant, 0.01 to 0.5 parts by weight of polyethylene oxide and 0.001 to 0.2 parts by weight of mathothyl per 100 parts by weight of water. The emulsified fuel can reduce the amount of discharged pollutants by optimizing combustion, thereby saving energy due to high efficiency. Further, it can be used in small, medium or large boiler systems without any control means to constantly maintain the optimal ratio of combustible fuel to water.

Abstract: The invention provides a scheme for combusting a hydrocarbon fuel to generate and extract enhanced translational energy. In the scheme, hydrocarbon fuel is nanopartitioned into nanometric fuel regions each having a diameter less than about 1000 angstroms; and either before or after the nanopartitioning, the fuel is introduced into a combustion chamber. In the combustion chamber, a shock wave excitation of at least about 50,000 psi and with an excitation rise time of less than about 100 nanoseconds is applied to the fuel. A fuel partitioned into such nanometric quantum confinement regions enables a quantum mechanical condition in which translational energy modes of the fuel are amplified, whereby the average energy of the translational energy mode levels is higher than it would be for a macro-sized, unpartitioned fuel. Combustion of such a nanopartitioned fuel provides enhanced translational energy extraction by way of, e.g.

Abstract: A combustible fuel for diesel engines and a process for forming same in the form of a water in hydrocarbon emulsion wherein the mean water drop diameter is .ltoreq.4 .mu.m with a maximum diameter of .ltoreq.10 .mu.m.

Abstract: A method of removing hazardous sulfur compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans and sulfur oxides, from a fluid stream comprising contacting the fluid stream with an aqueous composition comprised of a tertiary amine oxide. The amine oxide reacts with the hazardous sulfur compounds to eliminate the compounds from the fluid stream.

Abstract: A combustible fuel for diesel engines and a process for forming same in the form of a water in hydrocarbon emulsion wherein the mean water drop diameter is.ltoreq.4 .mu.m with a maximum diameter of.ltoreq.10 .mu.m.

Abstract: A process for preparing a hydrocarbon in water emulsion includes the steps of: providing a hydrocarbon phase containing a contaminant selected from the group consisting of vanadium, sulfur, and mixtures thereof; mixing a solid additive with the hydrocarbon phase, the solid additive being selected from the group consisting of calcium compounds, magnesium compounds and mixtures thereof so as to provide a hydrocarbon suspension including the solid additive; and forming an emulsion from the hydrocarbon suspension and an aqueous phase including a surfactant so as to form a combustible hydrocarbon in water emulsion having the solid additive suspended in the hydrocarbon phase.

Abstract: A multiple emulsion includes a continuous water phase; an oil droplet phase dispersed through the continuous water phase; an inner water droplet phase dispersed through the oil droplet phase; and a water insoluble compound suspended in the inner water droplet phase. The multiple emulsion is useful as a transportable and combustible fuel.

Abstract: Methods and compositions are provided to facilitate the transportation and combustion of highly viscous hydrocarbons by forming reduced viscosity hydrocarbon-in-water emulsions, and in particular, bioemulsifier-stabilized hydrocarbon-in-water emulsions.