Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of at least one protein, in particular at least one hydrophobin or at least one derivative thereof, for improving phase separation in compositions comprising at least two liquid phases, to methods for separating at least two liquid phases in a composition comprising at least two liquid phases, and to formulations comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of fuels, combustibles, crude oils or water-soluble or oil-soluble polymer solutions and at least one protein, in particular at least one hydrophobin or derivatives thereof.

Abstract: A fuel emulsion consists of diesel, water and an emulsifier composition having a hydrophile/lipophile balance value of at least 4. The emulsifier composition comprises a polymeric non-ionic surfactant having hydrophilic and hydrophobic repeating units together with at least one component selected from fatty acid esters or partial esters of polyhydric alcohols; alkoxylated fatty acid esters or partial esters of polyhydric alcohols; and alkoxylated primary alcohols. Preferred emulsifier compositions according to the invention include mixtures of the polymeric non-ionic surfactant with at least two of the components. Especially preferred compositions comprise mixtures of the polymeric non-ionic surfactant with the fatty acid (partial) esters or alkoxylated fatty acid (partial) esters. The emulsifier composition may include an emulsion coupler such as a primary alcohol, e.g. octanol.

Abstract: A water emulsion production apparatus including a water emulsion container, a pump for applying a pressure to an oil-water mixture, an injection nozzle injecting the oil-water mixture supplied through the pump into the water emulsion container, and a collision plate which is arranged opposed to the injection nozzle in the water emulsion container and with which the oil-water mixture injected through the injection nozzle is caused to collide.

Abstract: The invention provides a water blended fuel composition made by combining (i) a normally liquid hydrocarbon fuel; (ii) water; (iii) a nitrogen-free surfactant; and an acid having a pKa of up to about 6.

Abstract: [Object] To provide an oil emulsion which can be readily ignited using a conventional, commercially available burner without need of a specific type of device and which has a high ratio of water to an oil and is inexpensive. [Solving Means] An oil emulsion is obtained by mixing under agitation an oil, an emulsifier and a specific type of water obtained by initially passing water through an ion exchange resin, passing either tourmaline or a silicon dioxide-rich rock selected among igneous rocks and further passing the other. The oil emulsion obtained by mixing the oil, the emulsifier and the water is inexpensive and is able to maintain a stable emulsified state.

Abstract: An emulsified liquid fuel utilizes minor proportions of petroleum, maximum proportions of water (H2O) and minimal amounts of acetone and alcohol, all readily available, plentiful and inexpensive.

Abstract: A fuel emulsion having a three-phase composition, based on at least one hydrocarbon and on water, the fuel emulsion including: a continuous hydrocarbon phase; a phase of cavitation water vapor bubbles dispersed within the continuous hydrocarbon phase; and a phase of water droplets dispersed within the continuous hydrocarbon phase, wherein the emulsion is obtainable by vibroacoustic processing.

Abstract: A water-in-hydrocarbon emulsion includes a water phase, a hydrocarbon phase and a surfactant, wherein the water phase is present in an amount greater than or equal to about 5% vol. with respect to volume of the emulsion, and the water phase and the surfactant are present at a ratio by volume of the water phase to the surfactant of at least about 1. A method for preparing the emulsion is also provided.

Abstract: An emulsion fuel of high quality that can be handled and used in the same manner as for ordinary fuel oil and that can maintain a very good emulsion condition over a prolonged period of time. There is provided an emulsion fuel consisting of a liquid of mixture composed of 40 to 95 vol. % of fuel oil, 60 to 5 vol. % of reduced water with a redox potential of +100 mV or below and 0.1 to 10 wt. %, based on the weight of fuel oil, of emulsifier. Electrolyzed-reduced water obtained by electrolysis of water is preferred as the reduced water. Preferably, the emulsion fuel is obtained by using, as the electrolyzed-reduced water, electrolyzed-reduced water produced by electrolysis of water with the use of diaphragm cell with a positive electrode and negative electrode disposed apart while applying ultrasonic waves by means of ultrasonic wave generating means. In the electrolysis, preferably, an electrode of hydrogen storing metal or alloy is used as the negative electrode.

Abstract: Methods for the formation of colloidal suspensions. The method includes combining an aqueous substance with a second substance that is normally immiscible with the aqueous substance, to form a mixture, and before, during or after the combining removing dissolved gases from one or both of the aqueous and second substance, whereby the aqueous and second substances mix and form a colloidal suspension. The methods for the formation of colloidal suspensions include methods for the formation of emulsions as well as particulate dispersions. The methods used to form the colloidal suspensions in accordance with the present invention produce colloidal suspensions that are stable for periods from an hour to several weeks in the absence of surfactants or stabilizing agents.

Abstract: An emulsified biofuel composition comprising: (A) a continuous phase comprising about 50-95 wt % of at least one liquid oil of vegetable or animal origin or mixtures thereof; (B) a water-containing dispersed phase comprising about 1-50 wt % water; (C) about 1-25 wt % of hydroxyl-containing organic compound selected from the group consisting of mono-, di-, tri- and polyhydric alcohols, provided that when a monohydric alcohol is used there is also present at least one of tert-butyl alcohol, at least one C2-C4 alkylene glycol or a mixture of both; (D) about 0.05-10 wt % of at least one emulsifier; wherein the dispersed water-containing droplets have an average particle size of less than about 20 microns. The biofuel is prepared from these components by mixing under high shear conditions, preferably with ultrasonic energy. The emulsifier(s) preferably exhibit a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of about 8.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a chemical change reagent which is used as an additive to coal to enhance the complete combustion of the coal after turning it into a synthetic fuel. The composition is a chemical change agent in that it converts the coal/composition mix into a different material which, when burned, results in lower NOx emissions. The composition includes a wax, a base for ph adjustment and water and is mixed with the coal prior to combustion.

Abstract: Improved highly stable formulation for aqueous fuel emulsion compositions with a water continuous phase, having reduced NOx emissions. The fuel emulsion formulation includes diesel fuel, purified water, and an additive package that includes one or more surfactants, lubricity additive, cetane improver, anti-corrosion additive, and an alcohol or other suitable antifreeze, the emulsion having an average droplet size of less than 10 microns.

Abstract: Use of a high shear mechanical device in a process to produce aerated fuels for efficient combustion in an engine. In instances, the method comprises forming an emulsion of a gas and liquid fuel in a high shear device prior to introduction to an engine. A vehicular system for producing aerated fuels comprising a high shear device.

Abstract: Taught is a modified emulsified fuel oil and its preparation method, prepared by mixing the below materials in weight percentage: heavy oil 40-50 wt %; softened water 10-25 wt %; emulsifier 0.1-0.5 wt %; light oil 5-30 wt %; modifier 1-15 wt %; and auxiliary agent 7.5-15 wt %. The heating value of said modified emulsified fuel oil is 8000-13000 kJ/kg. The emulsified fuel oil can be used for high-speed diesel engine trucks and fuel boilers.

Abstract: One or more stable, clear, water-in-fuel microemulsion-forming surfactants may be used in a liquid fuel or oil which is immiscible with water to: a) scavenge free-water which exists in or is introduced into the liquid fuel or oil thereby to render or retain the liquid fuel or oil in a usable state; and/or b) inhibit the growth of aquatic micro-organisms in the liquid fuel or oil when the fuel or oil becomes contaminated with free-water thereby to retain the liquid fuel or oil in a usable state.

Abstract: Hydrophobins for stabilizing phases in biphasic liquid systems.

Abstract: A fuel composition for use in internal-combustion engines has an alcohol component, a water component, and a cetane-enhancer component. An anhydrous emulsifier component may be either a glyceryl monooleate or ammonium oleate, and is present in an amount effective for the fuel, alcohol, water, and emulsifier components to form an emulsion. The fuel, alcohol, water, and emulsifier components are present in amounts effective to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides by a threshold amount upon combustion of the fuel composition, relative to fuel alone.

Abstract: A fuel for a fuel cell comprises a mixed solution of water and methanol, and an organic compound represented by the following formula (I) dissolved in the mixed solution as an antifreeze: (OH)m—R1—R2—(OH)n??(I) where R1 and R2 each denote a radical having an indan or indene structure, which are either the same or different; and m and n are integers of 1 to 20.

Abstract: The invention relates to an aqueous fuel composition having a homogeneous liquid phase, a so called microemulsion, containing a liquid hydrocarbon fraction, ethanol and an additive with an emulsifying and solubilizing ability. The composition contains a) 70-95% by weight of an hydrocarbon fraction having a boiling point within the range from 130 to 425° C., b) 2-25% by weight of ethanol, c) 0.002-0.8% by weight of water, and d) 0.2-25% by weight of an additive comprising 5-100% by weight of an nitrogen-containing surractant, such as an amine surfactant, an ether amine surfactant, an amine oxide surfactant and an amido surfactant, and optionally an alcohol having a hydrocarbon group of 5-24 carbon atoms. Preferably the additive contains 5-90% by weight of the nitrogen-containing surfactant and 10-95% by weight of the alcohol. The composition, which can be stored for long periods. may be used as a fuel in diesel engines.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a fuel oil includes making a fuel, conveying the fuel to a storage tank, providing a liquid and a modified fuel additive, and mixing the fuel, the liquid and the modified fuel additive to form a product of an environmental protection fuel oil. The fuel and the hydrogen and oxygen contained in the liquid are modified by the modified fuel additive so that the fuel and the hydrogen and oxygen contained in the liquid are dissolved completely. Thus, the environmental protection fuel oil only contains the fuel having a determined rate to reach the same burning efficiency, thereby saving the fuel and price.

Abstract: A device and method a provided for mixing and enhancing reaction between oil and a non-oil liquid by exploiting the formation, implosion and explosion of numerous cavitation bubbles within a cavitation device. Intense localized energy from the collapse of the cavitation bubbles subjects the mixture to intense heat and pressure, thereby accelerating reaction between the oil and non-oil liquid. In one embodiment, the non-oil liquid is an alcohol, and the cavitation device is used to enhance a transesterification reaction to convert the oil and alcohol into biodiesel in the presence of a catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the preparation of ?-(dimethylisopropenylbenzylurethane) polyalkylene glycols with ?-alkoxy or ?-dihydroxy groups and to the use thereof as hydrolysis-stable macromonomers for the dispersion and crosslinking of polymers in which, A is C2-C4-alkylene, m is an integer from 5 to 900, and R is C1-C20-alkyl, C6-C18-aryl or a radical according to formula 2a, 2b, 2c, 3a, 3b or 3c which is bonded to the terminal oxygen atom of the alkoxy group (A-O) in formula 1 via the valence denoted by *, and in which A is not exclusively C3- or C4-alkylene.

Abstract: A manufacturing method of a water emulsion fuel by which the O/W type water emulsion fuel can be reliably manufactured. For this purpose, an initial method of the manufacturing method has a fuel and additive charging step, an agitating step of agitating the fuel and the additive, a water charging step of charging a predetermined amount of water into a mixing tank, a fine processing step of pumping out a mixture solution of the fuel and the additive, and the water to pass them through the fine processing means and returning them into the mixing tank, a separating step of separating the water and the fuel, and an emulsifying step of emulsifying the fuel, the additive and the water by the step of pumping out the charged solution from the mixing tank, passing it through the fine processing means and returning it to the mixing tank.

Abstract: This invention disclosure describes a conditioned single phase hydrocarbon-based fuel, a method for producing such fuel and components useful in such method. The described conditioned hydrocarbon-based fuel is a single phase hydrous fuel with improved performance, handling and storage characteristics. A method is also is also provided for producing the conditioned hydrocarbon-based fuel using a semi-solid activator. The resulting conditioned hydrocarbon-based fuel has a volume greater than the unmodified hydrocarbon-based fuel, a BTU content greater than the BTU content of the unmodified hydrocarbon-based fuel, less particulate emissions and less non-particulate emissions than the unmodified hydrocarbon-based fuel, and a water content less than the water content of the unmodified hydrocarbon-based fuel.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for manufacturing emulsified fuels by using “oily water” that is proceeded by following steps: (1) preparing the “oily water” that has 0.02—30% (w/w) of combustible fuels dissolved in water and is blended with surfactants (or called as emulsifiers) by 0.01˜3% (w/w); (2) primarily mixing the emulsified “oily water with surfactants”, that was finished by step (1), with 60˜95% (w/w) of heavy fuel oil (abbreviation as heavy oil) or with 75˜98% (w/w) of diesel, respectively; and (3) keeping the mixtures that were finished by step (2), respectively, and mixed up further by using homogenizer to become an “oily water emulsified heavy oil” (OWEH) or an “oily water emulsified diesel” (OWED).

Abstract: A diesel fuel formulation is disclosed containing a water-in-fuel emulsion of (a) a Fischer-Tropsch derived gas oil, optionally in combination with conventional diesel, (b) a fatty acid alkyl ester in an amount of at least 1% v/v and (c) water. An emulsifier may be present. Formulations have useful emissions properties and retain performance characteristics in spite of the presence of water. Methods of preparing the formulations and their uses are also described.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of a water-in-oil or oil-in-water nanoemulsion wherein the dispersed phase is distributed in the dispersing phase in the form of droplets having a diameter ranging from 1 to 500 nm, comprising: 1) the preparation of a homogeneous water/oil blend (I) characterized by an interface tension lower than 1 mN/m, comprising water in an amount of 30 to 70% by weight, at least two surface-active agents having a different HLB, selected from non-ionic, anionic, polymeric surface-active agents, said surface-active agents being present in such a quantity as to make the blend homogeneous; 2) the dilution of the blend (I) in a dispersing phase consisting of oil or water with the addition of a surface-active agent, selected from non-ionic, anionic, polymeric surface-active agents, the quantity of the dispersing phase and surface-active agent being such as to obtain a nanoemulsion having a HLB different from that of the blend (I).

Abstract: This invention disclosure describes a conditioned single phase hydrocarbon-based fuel, a method for producing such fuel and components useful in such method. The described conditioned hydrocarbon-based fuel is a single phase hydrous fuel with improved performance, handling and storage characteristics. A method is also is also provided for producing the conditioned hydrocarbon-based fuel using a semi-solid activator. The resulting conditioned hydrocarbon-based fuel has a volume greater than the unmodified hydrocarbon-based fuel, a BTU content greater than the BTU content of the unmodified hydrocarbon-based fuel, less particulate emissions and less non-particulate emissions than the unmodified hydrocarbon-based fuel, and a water content less than the water content of the unmodified hydrocarbon-based fuel.

Abstract: This invention disclosure describes a conditioned single phase hydrocarbon-based fuel, a method for producing such fuel and components useful in such method. The described conditioned hydrocarbon-based fuel is a single phase hydrous fuel with improved performance, handling and storage characteristics. A method is also is also provided for producing the conditioned hydrocarbon-based fuel using a semi-solid activator. The resulting conditioned hydrocarbon-based fuel has a volume greater than the unmodified hydrocarbon-based fuel, a BTU content greater than the BTU content of the unmodified hydrocarbon-based fuel, less particulate emissions and less non-particulate emissions than the unmodified hydrocarbon-based fuel, and a water content less than the water content of the unmodified hydrocarbon-based fuel.

Abstract: Oil continuous fuel emulsion composition having high stability and reduced nitrogen oxide emissions. The fuel emulsion formulation includes diesel fuel, purified water, and an additive package that includes, among other additives, a combination of surfactants, including a primary surfactant, such as a fatty acid diethanolamide, a block copolymer, and a polymeric dispersant.

Abstract: The present invention relates to emulsion compositions for starting a reformer of a fuel cell system. In particular, the invention includes emulsion compositions comprising hydrocarbon fuel, water and alkoxylated alcohol surfactants for starting a reformer of a fuel cell system.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an emulsifier package is disclosed. The method comprises blending a flow of fuel soluble product, a flow of stabilizer, and a flow of water in a mixing vessel to form a mixture. Mixing the mixture in the mixing vessel and recirculating the mixture through the mixing vessel. Lastly, shearing the mixture with a shearing device at a rate of about 27,500 shears per second to about 87,500 shears per second. A method for manufacturing an aqueous fuel emulsion is also disclosed.

Abstract: A fuel composition comprising a water-in-oil phase emulsion comprises bio-diesel; water; and at least one type of polymeric surfactant.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a fuel-saving accelerator for internal combustion engine, which comprises a water tank for storing water therein as auxiliary fuel for the inner combustion engine; a water processing unit communicating with the water tank to process the water supplied from the water tank; and a water control unit which is connected between the water processing unit and a combustion chamber of the inner combustion engine to control the amount of the processed water supplied from the water processing unit and supply a controlled amount of water to the combustion chamber.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a succinic diester polymer which is used in the preparation of water-in-oil macroemulsions. Said polymer, which has an excellent ability to stabilize a water-in-oil macroemulsion, has the formula (I) wherein L is a polyalkenyl group having a number average molecular weight of from 600 to 1,500, A1 and A2 independently are poly(alkyleneoxy) chains with a molecular weight of from 500 to 1,200, where each alkyleneoxy group contains 2 or 3 carbon atoms and the number of alkyleneoxy groups being ethyleneoxy groups is at least 50% of the total number of alkyleneoxy groups, and R1 and R2 independently are alkyl groups having of from 1 to 3 carbons atoms.

Abstract: An apparatus for the production of a bio-fuel or a bio-fuel additive from plant-derived oils, animal fats or a mixture thereof, suitable for use in a diesel engine is disclosed. The apparatus comprises a porous membrane for separating a reaction mixture from a permeate, the reaction mixture comprising an alcohol, a feedstock comprising plant-derived oils, animal fats or mixture thereof, and a catalyst for converting said feedstock to a bio-fuel or a bio-fuel additive, wherein said porous membrane is substantially impermeable to the feedstock and substantially permeable to said bio-fuel or bio-fuel additive.

Abstract: The present invention relates a surfactant composition for use as an emulsifier in water blended fuel mixture. The said composition includes ethoxylate of cashew nut shell liquid. In addition ethoxylate of cashew nut shell liquid, the said composition comprises a co-surfactant having a hydrophilic lipophilic balance in the range of 4 to 12 and a polymeric dispersant. The water blended fuel mixture using emulsifiers of the present invention, overcome some of the shortcomings of the previously known emulsions. The ethoxylate of cashew nut shell liquid is of the formula (I).

Abstract: Disclosed is a multiphase fuel composition formed of an emulsion containing (a) a distillate fuel first phase, (b) a second phase formed of boric acid and a liquid that is a solvent for boric acid, but immiscible in the first phase, such as glycerol, and (c) a surfactant.

Abstract: Novel nano-sized rare earth metal oxide prepared from aqueous reverse micelles is provided. The engineered nanoparticles have large surface area to volume ratios, and sufficient oxygen vacancies on the surface of each particle, so that when mixed with carbon-containing combustible fuels, the particles remain suspended indefinitely; there is a significant reduction in soot and other by-products of combustion, an increase in engine efficiency and less fuel consumed per mile traveled in various vehicles, such as, but not limited to, automobiles, defense vehicles, airplanes, ships and other surface or air-bearing vehicles.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of an emulsified fuel in combination with an engine oil that shows a synergistic effect in reducing emissions such as particulate matter, hydrocarbons and/or nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2, N2O, collectively NOx) and/or reducing wear from an engine.

Abstract: The present invention relates to emulsion compositions for starting a reformer of a fuel cell system. In particular, the invention includes emulsion compositions comprising hydrocarbon fuel, water and alkoxylated alcohol surfactants for starting a reformer of a fuel cell system.

Abstract: The invention relates to a liquid fuel composition of: 10-80 vol % of a first component which includes at least two aliphatic organic non-hydrocarbon compounds; 20-65 vol % of a second component including at least one hydrocarbon and having an aromatic content of less than 15 vol % of the total of the second component; 1-35 vol % of a third component, which includes an oxygenate; and 0.01 to 20 vol % water, wherein at least one compound in the fuel composition is miscible with both water and hydrocarbons to provide a single phase composition. Such fuels have been found to reduce undesirable emissions in the exhaust gases and enable the use of recycled compounds and water in the fuel.

Abstract: The present method for producing a high stability, low emission, invert fuel emulsion composition comprises blending additives having a surfactant package with a hydrocarbon petroleum distillate fuel in an in-line blending station to create a composition. The surfactant package includes a primary surfactant, a block copolymer, and a polymeric dispersant, and the hydrocarbon petroleum distillate fuel is a continuous phase of the emulsion. The method also comprises blending purified water with the composition in a second in-line blending station to produce a second composition and aging the second composition in a reservoir to produce an aged composition and passing the aged composition through a shear pump to a storage tank.

Abstract: An emulsified liquid fuel utilizes minor proportions of petroleum, maximum proportions of water (H2O) and minimal amounts of acetone and alcohol, all readily available, plentiful and inexpensive.

Abstract: Emulsions of mineral automobile fuel, such as gasoline and diesel oil, and containing at least 77 percent by weight of water, are described as a usable motor fuel. When vegetable oil is worked into the mixture, the automotive fuel can contain a percentage of water that can vary over a wide range. The advantages in using fuel mixtures are lower fuel consumption, lower CO2 emissions, affordable automobile fuel, and a lengthening of the period for which the increasingly scarce reserves of mineral oil will be available.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an alternative emulsified fuel. The emulsified fuel is formed by forming a mixture of 70˜80 wt % bunker-C oil and 20˜30 wt % carbide aqueous solution, followed by heating and stirring the mixture, applying ultrasonic waves of 20 kHz˜1 MHz to the mixture for 20˜30 minutes to induce ionic bonding between molecules in the mixture, and rotating the mixture at a high speed in an emulsifying machine to prevent oil-water separation of the mixture. 0.5˜2 parts by weight of calcium chloride is added as an emulsification agent to 100 parts by weight of the mixture of the bunker-C oil and carbide aqueous solution. The carbide aqueous solution contains 0.1˜1 wt % of carbide dissolved in water. The alternative emulsified fuel is useful for winter heating for horticulture or flowering plants, for drying agricultural and fisheries products, and other applications.

Abstract: A stable, substantially clear and homogeneous fuel composition contains an additive comprising a nitrogen donor and carrier, the nitrogen donor being present in an amount sufficient to reduce the NOx emissions of the fuel when subject to combustion and the carrier being selected to render the nitrogen donor soluble and to give the additive a molecular weight compatible with the energy properties of the fuel.

Abstract: The invention provides methods of removing chemical species likely to lead to fuel filter plugging from a biodiesel fuel. The invention also provides biodiesel fuels and fuel blends made by these methods. Additionally, the invention provides methods of testing a biodiesel fuel for the presence of these chemical species and evaluating the quality of the fuel and its propensity to plug fuel filters based on the results of this testing.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an emulsifier package is disclosed. The method comprises blending a flow of fuel soluble product, a flow of stabilizer, and a flow of water in a mixing vessel to form a mixture. Mixing the mixture in the mixing vessel and recirculating the mixture through the mixing vessel. Lastly, shearing the mixture with a shearing device at a rate of about 27,500 shears per second to about 87,500 shears per second. A method for manufacturing an aqueous fuel emulsion is also disclosed.