Abstract: A method for determination for a given oil the relative stability of a water-in-oil emulsion that will be formed by that oil with water comprises measuring for the given oil the weight fraction of the oil that is most strongly adsorbed on a silica gel column successively eluted with n-hexane, toluene and methylene chloride-methanol mixture solvents and determining whether said weight fraction is greater than about 0.05; with a value above 0.05 being determinative of an emulsion more stable than one with a value less than 0.05.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for splitting bitumen into two fractions and rendering a heavier bottom fraction as a useable emulsion fuel. The process is particularly effective in creating an alternate fuel to natural gas in a steam-based bitumen recovery process wherein bitumen is recovered from an underground reservoir.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a fuel composition for diesel engines. The fuel composition comprises 0.1-99% by weight of a component or a mixture of components produced from biological raw material originating from plants and/or animals and/or fish. The fuel composition comprises 0-20% of components containing oxygen. Both components are mixed with diesel components based on crude oil and/or fractions from Fischer-Tropsch process.

Abstract: A method for enabling the use of heavy oil residuum by conversion to a useful product. The method, in one embodiment, involves the use of a heavy oil residuum which is substantially non flowable. The viscosity of the residuum is reduced by heat or a combination of heat and a diluent and subsequently mixed with water such that the mixing is high shear mixing. This results in the formation of an emulsion of predispersed residuum in an aqueous matrix. The emulsion is formed such that the aqueous matrix is in a size distribution suitable for use as a combustible fuel.

Abstract: A water-in-hydrocarbon emulsion includes a water phase, a hydrocarbon phase and a surfactant, wherein the water phase is present in an amount greater than or equal to about 5% vol. with respect to volume of the emulsion, and the water phase and the surfactant are present at a ratio by volume of the water phase to the surfactant of at least about 1. A method for preparing the emulsion is also provided.

Abstract: Biodiesel is formed by blending an with a hydrocarbon fuel, preferably #2 diesel, gasoline, or kerosene. Water in the mixture, and other impurities, are removed by adding a coalescing aid such as naphtha, xylene or naphthalene and passing the mixture through a series of filters including a coalescing filter. Optional components that can be added to the fuel include cetane additives, lubricants such as trimethylbenzene and ethylene, as well as performance enhancers such as acetone.

Abstract: An apparatus produces a diesel-oil/water microemulsion and injects the emulsion into a diesel engine. The apparatus has three high pressure cylinders, inlets of two of the high pressure cylinders are connected to a static raw emulsion premixer. Outlets of the two high pressure cylinders are connected to a homogenizing valve. An inlet of the third high pressure cylinder is connected to the outlet of the homogenizing valve and the outlet of the third high pressure cylinder is connected to the diesel engine. The three pistons of the three high pressure cylinders are constituent parts of a pressure booster whose drive piston is guided in a drive cylinder which is connected to a hydraulic drive unit.

Abstract: The invention relates to a composition and process for improving the combustion of any kind of combustible. Also the invention relates to a process and device for obtaining such composition. The variant destined to the firing installations using common liquid/gaseous combustible as well as those ones using solid combustibles and, simultaneously liquid/gaseous combustibles for enhancing the combustion contain ?20% of 6% watery solution of potassium dichromate, treated with monochromatic light having/=480?490. 10?9 m; 0.02 ammonia; 0.3% non-additivated mineral oil and ?80% demineralized water. The variant destined to the firing installations using solid combustibles ?10% of 5% watery solution of potassium permanganate, treated with monochromatic light having/=595?625. 10?9 m; 0.05% urea 0.3% non-additivated mineral oil and ?90% de-mineralized water.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to oil-in-water-in-oil (O/W/O) emulsion compositions for starring a reformer or a fuel cell system. The oil-in-water-in-oil (O/W/O) emulsion compositions include hydrocarbon fuel, water, alkoxylated alkyl alcohol, alkoxylated alkyl ester and alkyl polyglycerol surfactants, and are used for starring a reformer of a fuel cell system.

Abstract: A water-in-fuel emulsion composition containing a Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel and water, and its use in a compression ignition engine is provided. Emissions, for example of NOx, black smoke and/or particulate matter, are lower as compared to conventional fuels but without lengthening the ignition delay and reducing the cetane number. This is achieved without the need for, or at reduced levels of, ignition improving additives, and without engine modifications.

Abstract: Improved fuel compositions and fuel additive packages are disclosed which serve to increase the combustion efficiency of conventional fuels while reducing the level of CO2 emissions generated upon the combustion of the fuels. The fuels may be essentially water-free hydrocarbon fuels such as gasoline or diesel fuel, or may be in the form of hydrosols. The additive packages of the invention include sorbitan oleate, a polyoxyethylene alcohol, an alkylene glycol, and an amine.

Abstract: There is described a fuel additive composition comprising an oleic alkanolamide and an alkoxylated oleic acid. There is also described a fuel composition comprising a hydrocarbon fuel and a fuel additive comprising an oleic alkanolamide and an alkoxylated oleic acid and also a method of running a combustion engine using the fuel if the invention.

Abstract: A method for determination for a given oil the relative stability of a water-in-oil emulsion that will be formed by that oil with water comprises measuring for the given oil the weight percent asphaltenes (A), total acid number (TAN), and ratio of the amount of naphthenic acids in the 450+ molecular weight to 450 molecular weight range (R); calculating an emulsion stability parameter, S=A+TAN*R; and determining whether the emulsion stability parameter, S, is greater than about 3; with a value above 3 being determinative of an emulsion more stable than one with a value less than 3.

Abstract: The present invention relates to emulsion compositions for starting a reformer of a fuel cell system. In particular, the invention includes emulsion compositions comprising hydrocarbon fuel, water and alkoxylated triazine surfactants for starting a reformer of a fuel cell system.

Abstract: Fuel made from an emulsion between water and a liquid hydrocarbon and polymeric surfactant, used to stabilize the emulsion, obtainable by (a) reacting (i) at least one polyolefin oligomer functionalized with at least one group deriving from a dicarboxylic acid, or a derivative thereof; and (ii) at least one polyoxylalkylene having linear oxyalkylene units, the polyoxyalkylene being linked to a long-chain alkyl group optionally containing at least one ethylenic unsaturation; and (b) reacting the product of step (a) with (ii) at least one nitrogen compound selected from monoamines, polyamines and quaternary ammonium hydroxides. The fuel has high stability over time, without forming carbonaceous deposits adhering to metal surfaces.

Abstract: A fuel of an emulsion between water and a liquid hydrocarbon. The emulsion is stabilized by adding a polymeric surfactant obtainable by reaction between: (i) a polyolefin oligomer functionalized with at least one group deriving from a dicarboxylic acid, or a derivative thereof; and (ii) a polyoxyalkylene of linear oxyalkylene units. The polyoxyalkylene is linked to a long-chain alkyl group optionally containing one or more ethylenic unsaturations. The fuel has high stability over time, without forming carbonaceous deposits which adhere to metal surfaces.

Abstract: A fuel, particularly for Diesel engines, in microemulsion form, comprising a liquid fuel, an emulsifier and an emulsive agent, the emulsive agent having an HLB value higher than 9. The invention also relates to a method for preparing a fuel, particularly for Diesel engines, in microemulsion form, which comprises the mixing of a liquid fuel, particularly a liquid fuel for Diesel engines, an emulsifier and an emulsive agent, the emulsive agent having an HLB value of more than 9, and to a fuel which can be obtained by means of the method.

Abstract: A novel crosslinked emulsifier is employed to produce a stable aqueous hydrocarbon fuel emulsion.

Abstract: A process for preparing a bimodal emulsion of viscous hydrocarbon in water includes providing a stream of water at ambient temperature; providing a liquid additive that tends to gel when mixed with water at temperatures less than a gelling temperature TG; heating the stream to provide a heated stream at a temperature TC which is greater than ambient temperature and less than the gelling temperature TG; feeding the heated stream to a mixer having a mixer inlet so as to impart energy to the heated stream; adding the liquid additive to the heated stream downstream of the mixer inlet, whereby the liquid additive mixes with the stream and the energy inhibits gelling of the liquid additive to provide a substantially homogeneous solution of additive in water. The solution is then divided and used to make two different droplet sized emulsions which are mixed to form the bimodal emulsion.

Abstract: A chemical change agent containing water, tall oil, glycerides, and surfactants is used to create synthetic fuels. An alternate composition contains water, glycerides, and surfactants. The chemical change agent is formed by heating the tall oil; combining water, fatty acids, and surfactant; and adding the heated tall oil and the water, fatty acid, and surfactant to form an emulsion. The synthetic fuel contains coal and the chemical change agent. The synthetic fuel is formed by mixing coal with the chemical change agent and pressing the two components into a briquette or other suitable treatment to create a finished product.

Abstract: Emulsion compositions for starting a reformer of a fuel cell system comprises hyrdocarbon fuel, water and alkoxylated alkyl ester and alcohol surfactants.

Abstract: The present invention re lates to a liquid synfuel additive composition which is used as an additive to coal fines to enhance the complete combustion of the coal after turning it into a synthetic fuel. The composition is a chemical change agent in that it converts the coal/composition mix into a different material which, when burned, results in lower noxious emissions. The composition includes a wax, a base for ph adjustment and water.

Abstract: This invention relates to an emulsified water-blended fuel composition comprising: (A) a hydrocarbon boiling in the gasoline or diesel range; (B) water; (C) a minor emulsifying amount of at least one fuel-soluble salt made by reacting (C)(I) at least one acylating agent having about 16 to 500 carbon atoms with (C)(II) ammonia and/or at least one amine; and (D) about 0.001 to about 15% by weight of the water-blended fuel composition of a water soluble, ashless, halogen-, boron-, and phosphorus-free, amine salt, distinct from component (C). In one embodiment, the composition further comprises (E) at least one cosurfactant distinct from component (C); in one embodiment, (F) at least one organic cetane improver; and in one embodiment, (G) at least one antifreeze. The invention also relates to a method for fueling an internal combustion engine comprising fueling said engine with the composition of the present invention.

Abstract: The present method for producing a high stability, low emission, invert fuel emulsion composition comprises blending additives having a surfactant package with a hydrocarbon petroleum distillate fuel in an in-line blending station to create a composition. The surfactant package includes a primary surfactant, a block copolymer, and a polymeric dispersant, and the hydrocarbon petroleum distillate fuel is a continuous phase of the emulsion. The method also comprises blending purified water with the composition in a second in-line blending station to produce a second composition and aging the second composition in a reservoir to produce an aged composition and passing the aged composition through a shear pump to a storage tank.

Abstract: An aqueous hydrocarbon fuel is produced by a batch or continuous process. The process employs a reactant emulsion as a starting component with a hydrocarbon fuel, emulsifier and water. The resulting aqueous hydrocarbon fuel emulsion has improved stability.

Abstract: A combustion modifier for an aqueous hydrocarbon fuel emulsion that reduces nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter from the emissions of internal combustion engines. A class of combustion modifiers used in this invention contain nitrogen. The nitrogen-containing combustion modifiers are nitro compounds, hydroxylamines or salts thereof, nitrogen compounds having at least one strained ring group containing from 3 to 5 ring atoms, nitrites, nitramines and mixtures thereof. The non nitrogen-containing combustion modifier comprises compounds containing at least one strained ring compound.

Abstract: Fuel made from an emulsion between water and a liquid hydrocarbon and polymeric surfactant, used to stabilize the emulsion, obtainable by (a) reacting (i) at least one polyolefin oligomer functionalized with at least one group deriving from a dicarboxylic acid, or a derivative thereof; and (ii) at least one polyoxylalkylene having linear oxyalkylene units, the polyoxyalkylene being linked to a long-chain alkyl group optionally containing at least one ethylenic unsaturation; and (b) reacting the product of step (a) with (ii) at least one nitrogen compound selected from monoamines, polyamines and quaternary ammonium hydroxides. The fuel has high stability over time, without forming carbonaceous deposits adhering to metal surfaces.

Abstract: A surfactant package for a water-in-hydrocarbon emulsion includes a fatty acid component; a fatty acid salt component; an alcohol component and a salt of carboxylic acid. Emulsions formed using this surfactant package are stable and have ratios of water to surfactant of at least about 3.

Abstract: Fuel composition which combusts instantaneously, comprising from 40 to 95% by weight of an instantaneously combusting fossil fuel and from 60 to 5% by weight of a non-fossil solid fuel chosen from the group comprising urban solid waste, elastomeric and non-elastomeric polymer materials and, mixtures thereof, this fuel being suitably treated so as to be instantaneously combustible. Method and plant for the instantaneous combustion of the said composition.

Abstract: A water-in-fuel emulsion composition containing a Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel and water, and its use in a compression ignition engine is provided. Emissions, for example of NOx, black smoke and/or particulate matter, are lower as compared to conventional fuels but without lengthening the ignition delay and reducing the cetane number. This is achieved without the need for, or at reduced levels of, ignition improving additives, and without engine modifications.

Abstract: A process for the utilization of a fuel having an initial boiling temperature or prevailing initial boiling temperature range at 1 bar of between 231 K and 830 K, characterized by the following features: (a) the fuel is contacted with at least one oxidant preheated to from 520 K to 880 K at a pressure, p, of ≧1 bar, or at a lower pressure with a reduction of the temperature range, and a C/O molar ratio of between 1:0.

Abstract: The invention provides an emulsified fuel containing a major portion of hydrocarbon liquid and a minor portion of water, containing a set of additives including an emulsifying system comprising from 2.5 to 3.5 parts by weight of at least one sorbitol ester, from 1.5 to 2.5 parts by weight of at least one polyalkoxylated fatty acid ester and from 0.5 to 2.0 parts by weight of at least one polyalkoxylated compound selected from di- and tri-alkylated iso alcohols, the HLB of the emulsifying system varying from 6 to 8. Additive compositions are also provided.

Abstract: The present invention relates to microemulsion compositions for starting a reformer of a fuel cell system. In particular, the invention includes low temperature stable microemulsion compositions comprising hydrocarbon fuel, water and alkyl ethoxylated amine-alkyl aromatic sulfonic acid complex surfactants for starting a reformer of a fuel cell system.

Abstract: An aqueous fuel composition comprising hydrocarbon petroleum distillate, purified water, and an additive composition, in which the aqueous fuel composition, and particularly the additive composition, is comprised of components which are essentially free of silicon, resulting in a fuel having reduced particulate emissions with a resulting reduction in exhaust system deposits. The disclosure further provides for an aqueous fuel composition adapted for use in an internal combustion engine having selected components of the fuel system coated with a metal nitride coating, such as chromium nitride or titanium nitride.

Abstract: A method to use diesel fuel alchohol micro emulsions (E-diesel) to provide a source of reductant to lower NOx emissions using selective catalytic reduction. Ethanol is stripped from the micro emulsion and entered into the exhaust gasses upstream of the reducing catalyst. The method allows diesel (and other lean-burn) engines to meet new, lower emission standards without having to carry separate fuel and reductant tanks.

Abstract: Aqueous diesel oils are disclosed which may be stored over several days without separating out as a result of the added emulsifier mixture.

Abstract: The present invention relates to emulsion compositions for starting a reformer of a fuel cell system. In particular, the invention includes oil-in-water-in-oil (O/W/O) emulsion compositions comprising hydrocarbon fuel, water, alkoxylated alkyl alcohol, alkoxylated alkyl ester and alkyl polyglycerol surfactants for starting a reformer of a fuel cell system.

Abstract: The present invention relates to emulsion compositions for starting a reformer of a fuel cell system. In particular, the invention includes water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion compositions comprising hydrocarbon fuel, water, alkoxylated alkyl alcohol, alkoxylated alkyl ester and ethoxylated alkyl amid surfactants for starting a reformer of a fuel cell system.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a process for creating an asphalt emulsion for use in manufacturing synthetic fuel and a novel process for introducing an asphalt emulsion into a synthetic fuel process.

Abstract: An aqueous hydrocarbon fuel is produced by a batch or continuous process. The process employs a reactant emulsion as a starting component with a hydrocarbon fuel, emulsifier and water. The resulting aqueous hydrocarbon fuel emulsion has improved stability.

Abstract: A novel low energy process to produce water in oil emulsions in particular water blended fuels by employing a low molecular weight surfactant with an emulsifier package.

Abstract: The invention concerns an emulsified fuel containing a major part of hydrocarbon liquid and a minor part of 5 to 35 wt. % of water, containing a set of additives, among which an emulsifying system comprising 2.5 to 3.5 parts by weight of at least a sorbitol ester, 1.5 to at least 2.5 parts by weight of an least a polyalkoxylated fatty acid ester and 0.5 to 2.0 parts by weight of at least a polyalkoxylated compound selected among iso-, di- or trialkyl alcohols.

Abstract: An acqueous synfuel composition to be used as an additive for coal and like combustible materials to cause chemical bonding with the coal or materials to transform it into a substance legally defined by United States Air Quality Regulations as a synfuel. The composition contains polyvinyl alcohol, a hydrocarbon wax, and water which interact with the coal or material.

Abstract: The present invention relates to compositions to stabilize hydrocarbon fuel, over a range of alcohol and water concentrations, against phase separation, containing a blend of two or more wide or one or more wide and one or more tall gaint hydrophobe nonionic surfactants. It also relates to fuel compositions stable toward such phase separation, which include (a) a major portion of a hydrocarbon fuel; (b) a minor amount of a low-alkyl (C1-C3) alcohol; (c) a minor portion of water; and (d) a minor portion of a stabilizer comprising a blend of wide or wide and tall giant hydrphobe nonionic surfactants. Optionally, the fuel compositions also include (e) a minor amount of a combustion aid, such as a cetane improver and (f) a minor amount of a solvent, such as a water solubilizing higher (C4 to C16) alcohol.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an emulsion fuel oil and its forming method. The emulsion fuel oil includes 550-800 parts by weight of a fuel oil, 200-450 parts by weight of a water, and 2-20 parts by weight of an additive including a non-ionic surfactant having an HLB (Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance) value ranged from 2.5 to 8, a combustion-assisting reagent, a stabilization reagent and a promotion reagent. The method for forming the emulsion fuel oil includes steps of (a) providing a mixture including 550-800 parts by weight of a fuel oil, 200-450 parts by weight of a water and 2-20 parts by weight of an additive, wherein the additive includes a non-ionic surfactant having an HLB (Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance) value ranged from 2.5 to 8, a combustion-assisting reagent, a stabilization reagent and a promotion reagent, (b) stirring the mixture by a shearing speed of 2-50 m/s at 70-95° C.

Abstract: The present invention relates to emulsion compositions for starting a reformer of a fuel cell system. In particular, the invention includes emulsion compositions comprising hydrocarbon fuel, water and ethoxylated alkyl amine surfactants for starting a reformer of a fuel cell system.

Abstract: Fuel-water emulsions in which an alkoxylated, preferably an ethoxylated, polyisobutene is used as an emulsifier are described. Stable emulsions, in particular of diesel-water mixtures, which have advantageous properties when used as fuel in internal combustion engines can be prepared in this manner.

Abstract: The present invention relates to emulsion compositions for starting a reformer of a fuel cell system. In particular, the invention includes emulsion compositions comprising hydrocarbon fuel, water and alkyl polyglycerol surfactants for starting a reformer of a fuel cell system.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for reducing the level of pollutants in the exhaust of a diesel engine, comprising: operating said diesel engine using as the fuel a water-diesel fuel emulsion; and contacting the exhaust gas from said diesel engine with an after-treatment such as a filter.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for splitting bitumen into two fractions and rendering a heavier bottom fraction as a useable emulsion fuel. The process is particularly effective in creating an alternate fuel to natural gas in a steam-based bitumen recovery process wherein bitumen is recovered from an underground reservoir.