Abstract: The invention is directed to a fuel composition for diesel engines. The fuel composition comprises 0.1-99% by weight of a component or a mixture of components produced from biological raw material originating from plants and/or animals and/or fish. The fuel composition comprises 0-20% of components containing oxygen. Both components are mixed with diesel components based on crude oil and/or fractions from Fischer-Tropsch process.

Abstract: A method of burning emulsion fuel oil, having the advantages of excellent combustion efficiency and fuel saving effect, by selectively burning only a portion having a better emulsification state among the emulsion fuel oil, including a fuel oil additive composition mixed with water using a circulating system. The emulsification state of the fuel oil is maintained at a predetermined level using the circulating system.

Abstract: A manufacturing method of a water emulsion fuel by which the O/W type water emulsion fuel can be reliably manufactured. For this purpose, an initial method of the manufacturing method has a fuel and additive charging step, an agitating step of agitating the fuel and the additive, a water charging step of charging a predetermined amount of water into a mixing tank, a fine processing step of pumping out a mixture solution of the fuel and the additive, and the water to pass them through the fine processing means and returning them into the mixing tank, a separating step of separating the water and the fuel, and an emulsifying step of emulsifying the fuel, the additive and the water by the step of pumping out the charged solution from the mixing tank, passing it through the fine processing means and returning it to the mixing tank.

Abstract: The invention relates to an emulsified water fuel blend containing aqueous organic ammonium salts. The emulsified water fuel blend lowers nitrogen oxide emissions from engines.

Abstract: A system and process for improving the combustion of fuel oil in boilers employs: (1) dual homogenization of fuel oil and water; (2) recovery of heat from, and injection of, boiler waste water in the homogenization system; (3) mixing of urea and boiler waste water and injection into the boiler exhaust gases.

Abstract: A process for preparing a hydrocarbon in water emulsion, comprising the steps of providing a liquid additive that tends to gel when mixed with water at temperatures less than a gelling temperature TG; providing a stream of water at a temperature TC less than the gelling temperature TG; feeding said stream to a mixer having a mixer inlet so as to impart energy to the stream; adding the liquid additive to the stream downstream of the mixer inlet, whereby the liquid additive mixes with the stream and the energy inhibits gelling of the liquid additive so as to provide a substantially homogeneous solution of the liquid additive in the water; and mixing the solution with a hydrocarbon in a mixer so as to form a hydrocarbon-in-water emulsion. In further accordance with the invention, different emulsions can be formed and combined so as to provide a combined emulsion having desired properties.

Abstract: A gas turbine is driven by combustion of a fuel which is a hydrocarbon oil-in-water emulsion. Successful operation is achieved with minimized corrosion of turbine blades by keeping the Na+ content of the emulsion to less than 1 ppm. Deionized water is generally to be used in making up the emulsion. Heavy oils can be used because their conversion to oil-in-water emulsion form makes them suited to the pre-atomization requirements of gas turbine combustion.

Abstract: An aqueous additive containing a metal compound is used to improve the operation of combustion exhaust after treatment systems. The additive is introduced into the combustion chamber as part of an emulsion with the fuel or, alternatively, in the emulsion or alone as an aqueous stream introduced into the exhaust or emission path. The metal compound scavenges combustion byproducts in order to protect and make more efficient the after treatment system.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for reducing the level of pollutants in the exhaust of an engine, comprising: operating the engine using as the fuel a water fuel emulsion; and contacting the exhaust gas from the engine with an oxidation catalyst.

Abstract: A method of formulating a fuel emulsion composition for use in a specified compression ignition engine in which the fuel composition includes a hydrocarbon petroleum distillate, purified water; alcohol; and an additive composition comprising various ingredients. The types and amounts of the fuel and alcohol are selected so that the sum of its net heating value (lower heating value * percent of total composition) and the net heating value of the additive composition yields a net heating value of the aqueous fuel composition that is within the operating parameters for fuel heating values for the engine.

Abstract: A process to make water-blended fuel by emulsifying the emulsifier in a portion of the fuel, then adding the water under high shear mixing to give a concentrated water fuel emulsion. The concentrated emulsion is then diluted with final portion of fuel using mixing or blending conditions resulting in an emulsified water blend fuel.

Abstract: This invention relates to an emulsified water-blended fuel composition comprising: (A) a hydrocarbon boiling in the gasoline or diesel range; (B) water; (C) a minor emulsifying amount of at least one fuel-soluble salt made by reacting (C)(I) at least one acylating agent having about 16 to 500 carbon atoms with (C)(II) ammonia and/or at least one amine; and (D) about 0.001 to about 15% by weight of the water-blended fuel composition of a water soluble, ashless, halogen-, boron-, and phosphorus-free, amine salt, distinct from component (C). In one embodiment, the composition further comprises (E) at least one cosurfactant distinct from component (C); in one embodiment, (F) at least one organic cetane improver; and in one embodiment, (G) at least one antifreeze. The invention also relates to a method for fueling an internal combustion engine comprising fueling said engine with the composition of the present invention.

Abstract: A friction modifier for combustible fuels is provided that is prepared by combining a saturated carboxylic acid and an alkylated amine. Furthermore, there also is an additive concentrate for use in fuels, especially in gasoline for internal combustion engines, comprising (a) a friction modifier comprising of a branched saturated carboxylic acid salt of an alkylated amine, such as n-butylamine isostearate; (b) a detergent package, as well as the combustible fuels containing this additive concentrate. The particular selection of friction modifier (a) enables a stable additive concentrate to be formulated providing a significant benefit in friction loss when incorporated in gasoline used to fuel an internal combustion engine, and hence an improvement in fuel economy.

Abstract: An emulsion fuel additive to be mixed with a fuel oil and water for forming an emulsion fuel oil is disclosed. The emulsion fuel oil additive includes an emulsion reagent for forming a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion fuel oil with the fuel oil and the water, a combustion-assisting reagent for improving ignition and combustion of the emulsion fuel oil, a stabilization reagent for forming an interface membrane between the fuel oil and the water by a chemical reaction at a specific temperature, a promotion reagent for promoting emulsification of the fuel oil and the water and promoting the interface membrane formation by the stabilization reagent, and an antioxidant reagent for preventing deterioration of the emulsion fuel oil during storage.

Abstract: Glyoxal in an aqueous solution is used in a fuel additive in order to reduce pollutants in the exhaust gases of gasoline and diesel engines. It is sufficient to add glyoxal in aqueous solution to gasoline in the dilution in the ratio of 1:10 000 and higher in order to obtain a reduction of unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide in vehicles with catalytic converters at idle and at increased idle of almost 100%. Esterified aliphats and polyethyleneglycol are added as emulsifiers and solubilizers. Additionally, glyoxal can be used in form of its acetals and hemiacetals with the resultant product being added to the fuel in combustion engines in order to reduce the pollutant emission and carbon particles/deposits.

Abstract: The present invention relates to emulsion compositions for starting a reformer of a fuel cell system. In particular, the invention includes emulsion compositions comprising hydrocarbon fuel, water and alkoxylated triazine surfactants for starting a reformer of a fuel cell system.

Abstract: Emulsions of a hydrocarbon and water in which the hydrocarbon preferably is a Fischer-Tropsch derived hydrocarbon fuel and in which emulsion a major portion of the hydrocarbon has particle sizes of 1 micron or less produce reduced particulate matter emissions upon combustion.

Abstract: Fuel comprising an emulsion between water and a liquid hydrocarbon, said emulsion being stabilized by adding a polymeric surfactant obtainable by reaction between: (i) a polyolefin oligomer functionalized with at least one group deriving from a dicarboxylic acid, or a derivative thereof; and (ii) a polyoxyalkylene comprising linear oxyalkylene units, said polyoxyalkylene being linked to a long-chain alkyl group optionally containing one or more ethylenic unsaturations. The fuel has high stability over time, without forming carbonaceous deposits which adhere to metal surfaces.

Abstract: The present invention relates to emulsion compositions for starting a reformer of a fuel cell system. In particular, the invention includes emulsion compositions comprising hydrocarbon fuel, water and alkyl polyglycerol surfactants for starting a reformer of a fuel cell system.

Abstract: The present invention relates to microemulsion compositions for starting a reformer of a fuel cell system. In particular, the invention includes microemulsion compositions comprising hydrocarbon fuel, water and alkyl ethoxylated amine-alkyl salicylic acid complex surfactants for starting a reformer of a fuel cell system.

Abstract: The present invention relates to emulsion compositions for starting a reformer of a fuel cell system. In particular, the invention includes emulsion compositions comprising hydrocarbon fuel, water and ethoxylated alkyl amine surfactants for starting a reformer of a fuel cell system.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for reducing the level of pollutants in the exhaust of a diesel engine, comprising: operating said diesel engine using as the fuel a water-diesel fuel emulsion; and contacting the exhaust gas from said diesel engine with an oxidation catalyst.

Abstract: An improved method for producing highly stabile aqueous fuel emulsions. The method provides for selectively combining prescribed quantities of diesel fuel, purified water, alcohol, and an additive package and emulsifying the fuel mixture using a high shear mixer. The optimum viscosity and stability in the aqueous fuel emulsion is achieved by bypassing a selected quantity of the fuel emulsion around the high shear mixing device such that the final fuel emulsion includes a bi-modal droplet size distribution having droplet sizes less than about 15 microns in size. Additional stability and performance features of the aqueous fuel emulsion are attributed to the contents of the additive package that includes a combination of surfactants, lubricity additive, cetane improvers, citric acid, and methanol wherein each of the various additives may perform multiple functions.

Abstract: A method for enabling the use of heavy oil residuum by conversion to a useful product. The method, in one embodiment, involves the use of a heavy oil residuum which is substantially non flowable. The viscosity of the residuum is reduced by heat or a combination of heat and a diluent and subsequently mixed with water such that the mixing is high shear mixing. This results in the formation of an emulsion of predispersed residuum in an aqueous matrix. The emulsion is formed such that the aqueous matrix is in a size distribution suitable for use as a combustible fuel.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for industrial-scale preparation of an emulsified fuel including a water phase in a continuous organic phase which contains less than 20% by volume of water, and at least one additive necessary for forming the emulsified fuel. The fuel is formed by mixing and homogenizing the organic phase and the additives, forming a volume V, inside an homogenization tank with internal circulation rate Qc, such that Qc/V≧100 h−1, circulating the homogenized fluid in a branch loop emerging from the tank at a rate Qcirc, and through at least one emulsifying system located on said loop, at a rate such that 0 h<V/Qcirc≦2 h, feeding the aqueous phase into the branch loop upstream of the emulsifying system, and maintaining the homogenization in the tank and the circulation of the liquid in the branch loop until the emulsion acquires a desired characteristic of storage stability.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods of inhibiting growth and reproduction of microorganisms in rapidly biodegradable hydrocarbonaceous products, containing minor amounts of aqueous liquids. The present invention also relates to rapidly biodegradable hydrocarbonaceous products containing an effective amount of a petroleum-derived hydrocarbonaceous product such that the rapidly biodegradable hydrocarbonaceous product resists visible growth of microorganisms.

Abstract: Binder compositions for converting coal waste into fuel including a distillable petroleum hydrocarbon emulsified with a surfactant and water are provided. The invention also includes methods for making the binder compositions. The methods include blending a distillable petroleum hydrocarbon petroleum hydrocarbon with water and a surfactant. In another aspect, a fuel product is provided which includes the reaction product of carbonaceous fine particles and a binder composition of this invention. The binder composition is provided in an amount necessary to increase the hydrophobic characteristics of the carbonaceous fine particles and bring about a statistically significant change in their chemistry. In one embodiment the binder composition is present in an amount between about 1.5 percent and about 4.0 percent of the total weight. Methods are also provided for making fuel from fine carbonaceous materials, which include exposing the carbonaceous materials to a binder composition of this invention.

Abstract: A method for enabling the use of heavy oil residuum by conversion to a useful product. The method, in one embodiment, involves the use of a heavy oil residuum which is substantially non flowable. The viscosity of the residuum is reduced and subsequently mixed with water such that the mixing is high shear mixing. This results in the formation of an emulsion of predispersed residuum in an aqueous matrix. The emulsion is formed such that the aqueous matrix is in a size distribution suitable for use as a combustible fuel.

Abstract: An aqueous hydrocarbon fuel is produced by a continuous process. Further, the continuous process employs at least two emulsification devices, in series, to produce an aqueous hydrocarbon fuel containing aqueous droplets having a mean diameter of less than 1.0 microns.

Abstract: 1 In re Application of: RUDOLF W. GUNNERMAN Filed: Simultaneously Herewith Serial No.

Abstract: An acqueous synfuel composition to be used as an additive for coal and like combustible materials to cause chemical bonding with the coal or materials to transform it into a substance legally defined by United States Air Quality Regulations as a synfuel. The composition contains polyvinyl alcohol, a hydrocarbon wax, and water which interact with the coal or material.

Abstract: Fuel-water emulsions in which an alkoxylated, preferably an ethoxylated, polyisobutene is used as an emulsifier are described. Stable emulsions, in particular of diesel-water mixtures, which have advantageous properties when used as fuel in internal combustion engines can be prepared in this manner.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an emulsion fuel oil and its forming method. The emulsion fuel oil includes 550-800 parts by weight of a fuel oil, 200-450 parts by weight of a water, and 2-20 parts by weight of an additive including a non-ionic surfactant having an HLB (Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance) value ranged from 2.5 to 8, a combustion-assisting reagent, a stabilization reagent and a promotion reagent. The method for forming the emulsion fuel oil includes steps of (a) providing a mixture including 550-800 parts by weight of a fuel oil, 200-450 parts by weight of a water and 2-20 parts by weight of an additive, wherein the additive includes a non-ionic surfactant having an HLB (Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance) value ranged from 2.5 to 8, a combustion-assisting reagent, a stabilization reagent and a promotion reagent, (b) stirring the mixture by a shearing speed of 2-50 m/s at 70-95° C.

Abstract: An emulsion fuel oil additive to be mixed with a fuel oil and a water for forming an emulsion fuel oil is disclosed. The emulsion fuel oil additive includes an emulsion reagent for forming an water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion fuel oil with the fuel oil and the water, a combustion-assisting reagent for improving ignition and combustion of the emulsion fuel oil, a stabilization reagent for forming an interface membrane between the fuel oil and the water by a chemical reaction at a specific temperature, a promotion reagent for promoting emulsification of the fuel oil and the water and promoting the interface membrane formation by the stabilization reagent, and an antioxidant reagent for preventing deterioration of the emulsion fuel oil during storage.

Abstract: Combustible compositions in the form of homogeneous water-in-oil and/or organic emulsions, deriving from heterogeneous fatty waste and containing solid particles in suspension are prepared by carrying out a dynamic homogenisation operation and an emulsification operation in the presence of an emulsifying agent and/or a base such as an alkali or alkaline-earth metal hydroxide. These combustible compositions can be used for combustion in a variety of furnace types.

Abstract: A method for enabling the use of heavy oil residuum by conversion to a useful product. The method, in one embodiment, involves the use of a heavy oil residuum which is substantially non flowable. The viscosity of the residuum is reduced and subsequently mixed with water such that the mixing is high shear mixing. This results in the formation of an emulsion of predispersed residuum in an aqueous matrix. The emulsion is formed such that the aqueous matrix is in a size distribution suitable for use as a combustible fuel.

Abstract: A water-in-oil type emulsion fuel oil is prepared by dispersing and emulsifying in heavy oil a water/carbon mixture prepared by dispersing carbon fine particles in water with a dispersant and a protective colloid. The emulsion fuel oil includes 100 vol % of heavy oil and 20 to 45 vol % of the water/carbon mixture. Water particles are uniformly dispersed and emulsified in the heavy oil in the form of particles having diameters exceeding 20 &mgr;m but not exceeding 35 &mgr;m, and when the amount of the water/carbon mixture to be mixed with 100 vol % of the heavy oil is 20 to 35 vol %, the dispersed water particles have diameters ranging from 25 to 35 &mgr;m, while when the amount is 35 to 45 vol %, they have diameters of from more than 20 &mgr;m to 25 &mgr;m. Because, in this emulsified fuel oil, flame temperature does not change in comparison with the heavy oil combustion to which water is not add, this emulsified fuel oil is extremely advantageous in view of a heat balance.

Abstract: Stable hydrocarbon in water emulsions are formed by emulsifying the hydrocarbon with a non-ionic surfactant and water obtained from the Fischer-Tropsch process.

Abstract: This invention relates to an emulsified water-blended fuel composition comprising: (A) a hydrocarbon boiling in the gasoline or diesel range; (B) water; (C) a minor emulsifying amount of at least one fuel-soluble salt made by reacting (C)(I) at least one acylating agent having about 16 to 500 carbon atoms with (C)(II) ammonia and/or at least one amine; and (D) about 0.001 to about 15% by weight of the water-blended fuel composition of a water soluble, ashless, halogen-, boron-, and phosphorus-free, amine salt, distinct from component (C). In one embodiment, the composition further comprises (E) at least one cosurfactant distinct from component (C); in one embodiment, (F) at least one organic cetane improver; and in one embodiment, (G) at least one antifreeze. The invention also relates to a method for fueling an internal combustion engine comprising fueling said engine with the composition of the present invention.

Abstract: A transportable fuel emulsion blending system is provided. The disclosed embodiments of the transportable fuel emulsion blending system includes a plurality of fluid circuits, including a hydrocarbon circuit, a fuel emulsion additive circuit, a water circuit and an optional alcohol/methanol circuit all of which are disposed on a transportable platform such as a vehicle or moveable skid.

Abstract: A steam fuel slurrifier is described wherein a jet of liquid fuel is intersected by a jet of wet steam to atomize the liquid fuel into many small droplets, each coated with a film of liquid water. Water is then added to this mixture to create a slurry of liquid fuel droplets suspended in a continuous liquid water phase. By thusly preatomizing the liquid fuel, high viscosity and residual type fuels can be efficiently burned in medium and small bore diesel engines.

Abstract: An aqueous hydrocarbon fuel is produced by a batch or continuous process. The process employs a reactant emulsion as a starting component with a hydrocarbon fuel, emulsifier and water. The resulting aqueous hydrocarbon fuel emulsion has improved stability.

Abstract: A splash-blendable, solubilized diesel fuel composition includes a diesel fuel, ethanol, a stabilizing additive and, optionally, an alkyl ester of a fatty acid and/or a co-solvent. The stabilizing additive is either a mixture of fatty acid alcohols, a polymeric material, or a combination of the mixture and the polymeric material.

Abstract: A novel crosslinked emulsifier is employed to produce a stable aqueous hydrocarbon fuel emulsion.

Abstract: An emulsified water-blended fuel composition comprising:

Abstract: An improved feedstock for fuel processing systems, and fuel processing systems incorporating the same. The fuel processing system includes a fuel processor adapted to produce a product hydrogen stream from a carbon-containing feedstock. The fuel processing system may also include a fuel cell stack adapted to produce an electric current from the product hydrogen stream. The feedstock is at least substantially formed of a hydrocarbon or alcohol. In an exemplary embodiment, the feedstock includes methanol. The feedstock also includes at least one odorant adapted to produce a strong and characteristic odor, even when present in only low concentrations. The odorant, or odorants, are selected to be free or at least sufficiently free from compounds that will poison the catalyst used in the fuel processor.

Abstract: A heavy oil emulsified fuel evaporator system is provided in which a heavy oil emulsified fuel, after being preheated at a preheater, flows into an evaporator to be heated and then to a separator for separation of its water content. The water content, after being separated, is used as a preheating source medium for said preheater, wherein water content separation at a predetermined level is enabled irrespective of load change in a heavy oil fuel combustion equipment, and no light oil content is discharged together with the separated water content. Heavy oil emulsified fuel 11a is preheated at a preheater 13, is heated at an evaporator 14 and flows into a separator 15 to be separated of its water content. Water content, after being separated, is sent via a piping 15a to be used as the preheating source medium for the preheater 13.

Abstract: In a process for producing stable emulsions of at least two substantially immiscible fluids, particularly emulsions of a liquid fuel with water, a considerable increase in the efficiency of the emulsion-formation process is achieved by injecting the fluids to be emulsified into an emulsification chamber provided with an injection system which imparts to the fluids a motion in a direction which is substantially perpendicular to the general direction in which the fluids travel through the emulsification chamber. This injection system can be provided by means of a diffuser having an inlet hole, through which a stream of liquid is fed in a substantially axial direction, and at least one outlet hole, which leads into the chamber and whose axis lies on a plane which is substantially perpendicular to the direction of the inlet stream.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for making an aqueous hydrocarbon fuel composition, comprising: (A) mixing a normally liquid hydrocarbon fuel and at least one chemical additive to form a hydrocarbon fuel-additive mixture; and (B) mixing said hydrocarbon fuel-additive mixture with water under high shear mixing conditions in a high shear mixer to form said aqueous hydrocarbon fuel composition, said aqueous hydrocarbon fuel composition including a discontinuous aqueous phase, said discontinuous aqueous phase being comprised of aqueous droplets having a mean diameter of 1.0 micron or less. An apparatus for operating the foregoing process is also disclosed. Aqueous hydrocarbon fuel compositions are disclosed.

Abstract: A process for preparing a hydrocarbon in water emulsion includes the steps of providing a hydrocarbon phase containing inactive natural surfactant; mixing a solid carbon additive with the hydrocarbon phase, the solid additive being selected from the group consisting of coal, coke and mixtures thereof so as to provide a hydrocarbon suspension including the solid carbon additive; and forming an emulsion from the hydrocarbon suspension and an aqueous phase in the presence of a surfactant activating additive so as to activate the inactive natural surfactant and form a hydrocarbon in water emulsion having the solid carbon additive suspended in the hydrocarbon phase. A hydrocarbon in water emulsion is also provided including a hydrocarbon phase, a water phase, a surfactant, and a solid carbon additive suspended in the hydrocarbon phase, the solid carbon additive being selected from the group consisting of coal, coke and mixtures thereof.