Abstract: A process for the simultaneous partial oxidation and desulfurization of sulfur and silicate-containing solid carbonaceous fuel for the production of gaseous mixtures comprising H.sub.2 and CO and containing less than about 0.05 volume % of H.sub.2 S and COS. In the process, an aqueous slurry of the solid carbonaceous fuel and a copper-containing compound are reacted by partial oxidation in the reaction zone of a free-flow unobstructed down-flowing vertical refractory lined gas generator with a controlled amount of free-oxygen containing gas and with optionally a temperature moderator so that an equilibrium oxygen concentration is provided in the gas phase in the reaction zone having a partial pressure which is less than about 10.sup.-6 atmosphere. The O/C atomic ratio is in the range of about 0.5 to 2.0. The H.sub.2 O/solid carbonaceous fuel weight ratio is in the range of about 0.2 to 0.7. Further, the total moles of copper in the reaction zone is at least equal to about 1.

Abstract: A fluidized bed disproportionation of carbon monoxide is effected using ferrous metal component-containing catalysts in particulate form. The bed also contains an abradant to continuously remove from the surface of those particles a substantial quantity of the carbonaceous fibers formed on those surfaces. The method produces a carbonaceous material of desired carbon and ferrous metal content. The process allows the use of two beds in series for producing high carbon content products.

Abstract: This invention relates to a two-fluid nozzle which is adjustable to provide a substantially constant mixing energy. Adjustment of the two-fluid nozzle is made in accordance with the pressure and mass flow values of the liquid and gas fed to the nozzle. A microprocessor calculates the mixing energy from these values and provides an output to the nozzle to adjust it should its mixing energy be in variance with a pre-selected mixing energy.

Abstract: Coal is gasified to produce carbon monoxide which is converted to carbon by a reverse Boudouard reaction2CO.fwdarw.CO.sub.2 +CThe carbon dioxide is recycled and reacted with coal to create more carbon monoxide by the Boudouard reactionCO.sub.2 +C.fwdarw.2COThe resulting carbon is recovered and mixed with a liquid to form a liquid slurry of particulate carbon which is useful as a liquid fuel. The liquid may be water or hydrocarbonaceous liquids. The process optimizes recovery of carbon from coal in a usable form, substantially free of sulfur, hydrogen, ash and nitrogen.

Abstract: Process and apparatus for the preparation of synthesis gas by the partial combustion of a carbonaceous fuel with an oxygen-containing gas in a reactor also producing molten slag, the molten slag being removed through a slag discharge in the bottom portion of the reactor and being passed by gravity into a water bath where it is solidified by quenching. Solidified slag floating on the water of the water bath is removed therefrom by lowering the water level in the water bath to a location or point below the lower end of a baffle, the baffle being arranged in the water bath and dividing the water bath into an upper quenching zone and a lower capturing zone, and by raising the water level again to above the upper end of the baffle, thereby capturing floating slag under the baffle, the captured slag being discharged from the water bath through an outlet arranged at or near the top of the capturing zone.

Abstract: Method for gasifying carbonaceous fine-grained or sludgy material, such as powdered brown coal or biomass, in fixed bed reactors. Carbonaceous material to be gasified is pre-heated and dried, and mixed with coarse-grained, non-carbonaceous ballast material. This mixing is carried out prior to, during or after the pre-heating and drying of the carbonaceous material, to thereby obtain a pre-heated and dried mixture of the carbonaceous material and the ballast material, and to also obtain vapor from the pre-heating and drying of the same. The heated and dried mixture is contacted with a gasification medium within a fixed bed reactor, at a temperature sufficiently high to gasify the carbonaceous material. The gasification medium includes the vapor from the pre-heating and drying of the carbonaceous material. The ballast material provides sufficient gas permeability to the fine-grained or sludgy carbonaceous material, to permit gasification thereof in the fixed bed reactor.

Abstract: Carbon dioxide is facilely converted into carbon monoxide and water, and advantageously into a syngas, by establishing a thermally homogeneous gaseous admixture including carbon dioxide and hydrogen having a temperature of at least 800.degree. C., within a period of time essentially insufficient for the production of carbon monoxide therefrom, and wherein said carbon dioxide is next autogenously reduced under reaction equilibrium conditions to carbon monoxide and water by reaction with hydrogen, with each molecule of carbon monoxide formed having, or essentially instantaneously being brought to, a temperature of at least 800.degree. C.

Abstract: A sulfide catalyst is prepared by depositing inorganic metal sulfide, by-products from the partial oxidation of fuels and ores, on a surface of a carrier, such as slag.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the coproduction of a combustible feed gas stream useable as an energy source and a sulfur-containing second gas stream useable as a feedstock for the production of sulfuric acid. The process includes heating coal in the presence of an oxygen-lean atmosphere under partial coal gasifying conditions to produce a solid carbonaceous char and a crude coal-gas stream. Sulfur-containing compounds are removed from the coal gas stream and converted to solid sulfur-containing materials. The solid sulfur-containing materials are combined with the solid carbonaceous char and gypsum to form a feed mixture. The non-gypsum portion of the feed mixture contains sufficient reducing potential to release substantially all of the sulfur in the gypsum as gaseous compounds of sulfur in a +4 or lower oxidation state. The feed mixture is heated under reducing conditions to produce a sulfur-containing second gas stream and a solid sintered product.

Abstract: In a process for the gasification of carbonaceous substances, exothermic and endothermic gasification agents are injected into the reaction area through at least one nozzle comprising at least two coaxial pipes, the outer pipe terminating short of the end of the inner pipe, at a distance such that the end face of the outer pipe is in a region of the pressurized interior of the reactor, in which the temperature is below the melting point of the ash of the solid particles to be gasified. The speed of flow of the endothermic agent out of the annular gap between the pipes is substantially higher than the speed of flow of the exothermic agent out of the inner pipe and the flow of endothermic gasification agent tends to be constricted around the flow from the inner pipe. The outer edge of the inner pipe is a sharp, right-angled edge so that in the region thereof eddies are formed which protect the region from the penetration of particles of ash therein.

Abstract: In this process for the removal of residue particles from a discharge opening of a pressurized gasification reactor according to the fluidized bed or flue dust principle the residue particles are removed by a worm conveyor. To avoid pressure fluctuations in the actual gasification process and to perform a continuously operating residue removal not susceptible to disturbances the discharge opening of the worm conveyor housing is provided with an adjustable pressure device for exerting a closing pressure on a closing element.

Abstract: A method of recovering alkaline chemicals from a material containing sodium or potassium compounds. The material is gasified by an external heat source after which the gas is rapidly cooled by arranging it to contact with cooled solid particles separated from the gas.

Abstract: A process including an apparatus for use therein for gasifying a carbonaceous material by means of blowing said carbonaceous material onto a high temperature molten iron bath through a top-blowing lance of the non-immersion type is disclosed.

Abstract: Solid fuels are gasified in a fixed bed under a pressure from 5 to 100 bars by a treatment with oxygen, water vapor and carbon dioxide. The raw gas from the gasifier is cooled so that an aqueous condensate is formed, at least part of which is burnt in a fluidized bed furnace at temperatures in the range from about 750.degree. to 1000.degree. C. The resulting combustion gas contains water vapor and is supplied to the gasifier. The condensate which becomes available as the raw gas is cooled may be treated in a separator to remove at least part of its dust and tar contents before the condensate is supplied to the fluidized bed furnace. A circulating fluidized bed is preferably maintained in the fluidized bed furnace.

Abstract: A process for gasifying a non-gaseous solid material wherein a portion of the gasification is accomplished in the presence of steam and another portion of the gasification is accomplished in the presence of hydrogen and in the substantial absence of carbon dioxide and steam. The gasification will be accomplished at an elevated temperature and pressure.

Abstract: Disclosed is a carbonaceous material which reacts rapidly with hydrogen to produce a methane-rich gas containing at least 20% by volume methane. The carbonaceous material is formed by contacting a carbon monoxide containing gas with an initiator including a ferrous group metal such as iron, cobalt, or nickel. The carbonaceous material grows from the surface of the initiator as fibers which include a ferrous metal component derived from the initiator. This ferrous metal component, which may be a metal, an alloy, a carbide, or other metallic substance, is dispersed throughout the carbon network as small nodules which are at least partially bonded to the carbon.

Abstract: An aqueous dispersion of unreacted particulate petroleum coke substantially comprising carbon and containing a small amount of ash substantially comprising vanadium constituents and other materials from a process for the partial oxidation of petroleum coke to produce synthesis gas is mixed with a hydrocarbon alkoxy sulfate and a frothing agent. After pH adjustment, if necessary, the mixture is subjected to aeration with or without mechanical agitation in a froth flotation zone. About 5 to 25 wt. % of the unconverted particulate petroleum coke (basis carbon) particles float in the froth layer that is formed. The remainder of the unconverted petroleum coke comprising coarser particles is suspended in a bottom aqueous dispersion on which the froth layer floats. In addition, selective separation of the vanadium constituents in the unconverted petroleum coke ash takes place. The vanadium content of the ash in the floated portion of unconverted petroleum coke is unexpectedly increased about 10 to 50 weight percent.

Abstract: An ash fusion temperature increasing agent principally comprising a silicon and/or titanium compound, such as SiO.sub.2 and/or TiO.sub.2 is mixed with an ash-containing fuel comprising a pumpable liquid hydrocarbonaceous material and/or petroleum coke to produce Mixture A. In one embodiment, the ash fusion temperature increasing agent comprises about 55-100 wt. % of silicon compound selected from the group consisting of fine silica or quartz, volcanic ash, and mixtures thereof; and the remainder, if any, of said ash fusion temperature increasing agent comprises a member of the group consisting of aluminum compound such as Al.sub.2 O.sub.3, magnesium compound such as MgO, and mixtures thereof. Mixture A is reacted with a free-oxygen containing gas in a free-flow refractory lined reaction zone of a partial oxidation gas generator. A hot raw effluent gas stream comprising H.sub.2 +CO along with fly-ash having an increased initial deformation temperature are produced at a higher temperature.

Abstract: Deposition of ash in the outlet conduit of a synthesis gas quench chamber is reduced or eliminated by providing a streamlined configuration at the mouth and throat of the outlet conduit.

Abstract: An ash fusion temperature reducing agent principally comprising at least 50.0 wt. % of a manganese compound, such as MnO, and the remainder of the agent comprising a silicon compound, such as SiO.sub.2 is mixed with an ash-containing fuel comprising a pumpable liquid hydrocarbonaceous material and/or petroleum coke to produce Mixture A. In one embodiment, the ash fusion temperature reducing agent comprises a comminuted pyrolusite ore in which the following elements are present in weight percent basis ore: manganese in the range of about 50-75, calcium in the range of about 0-1.0, silicon in the range of about 0-3.0, magnesium in the range of about 0-1.0, and aluminum in the range of about 0-1.0. Mixture A is reacted with a free-oxygen containing gas in a free-flow refractory lined reaction zone of a partial oxidation gas generator. A hot raw effluent gas stream comprising H.sub.2 +CO along with molten ash having a reduced initial deformation temperature are produced at a lower temperature.

Abstract: Separation of clarified water and rapid settling of the particulate solids e.g. ash, slag, char and mixtures thereof from aqueous dispersions of quench cooling and/or scrubbing water as produced in the partial oxidation process for ash-containing solid carbonaceous fuels is effected by mixing with said dispersion a sulfonated product of humic acids and their salts and adjusting the pH of the mixture to a value in the range of about 2 to 6.

Abstract: Process for the production of gaseous mixtures comprising H.sub.2 +CO e.g. synthesis gas, reducing gas, or fuel gas by the partial oxidation of a vanadium-containing liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel, solid carbonaceous fuel, or mixtures thereof in a free-flow vertical refractory lined gas generator. The feed mixture to the gas generator comprises (i) a vanadium-containing fuel; (ii) supplemental iron-containing ash fusion temperature reducing agent; and (iii) at least a portion of the remainder of the iron-containing slag after separation of an enriched vanadium-containing coarse slag fraction. The coarse slag fraction has a decreased Fe/V weight ratio and is formed by depositing a portion of the slag entrained in the hot raw effluent gas stream from the partial oxidation reaction zone on the walls of a slag separation chamber located between the bottom discharge outlet in the reaction zone and the effluent gas quench tank located at the bottom of the gas generator.

Abstract: Nitrogen oxide pollutants are substantially reduced and sulfur dioxide minimized in multisolid fluidized beds by staged combustion of the fuel. The lower combustion region is operated at substoichiometric conditions such that NO.sub.x is reduced by carbon and carbon monoxide to nitrogen gas. The upper combustion region is operated at excess oxygen conditions to complete the combustion of char and carbon monoxide. Elevated temperature excursions in the upper region which deter sulfur capture are prevented by recycling cool entrained bed particles therethrough.

Abstract: This process relates to the upgrading of at least one stream of condensate water by removing water soluble gaseous impurities from the group consisting of HCN, COS, HCOOH, and mixtures thereof as produced in a process for the production of synthesis gas by the partial oxidation of solid carbonaceous fuel and/or liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel. In the process, at least one internally produced condensate stream of water containing the aforesaid water soluble gaseous impurities is mixed with and vaporized into a stream of synthesis gas. The vaporized mixture is then introduced into at least one bed of catalyst where the gaseous impurities are removed by hydrolysis. The upgraded water stream is then recycled in the process for use in cooling and/or scrubbing the hot raw effluent gas stream from a partial oxidation gas generator.

Abstract: A carbonaceous material, such as coal, is gasified through the catalytic action of an alkali metal salt. The alkali metal is provided as a sulfate which is converted to a sulfide during gasification. In one embodiment, sodium sulfate is converted to sodium sulfide at a temperature effective to form a transitory melt condition at an interface which obtains coal gasification at relatively low temperatures and material residence times for the reaction. An alkaline earth sulfate, such as a gypsum, may be concurrently converted to a sulfide during gasification. The alkali metal sulfide may then be regenerated to a sulfate for process reuse while converting the alkaline earth to a carbonate for environmentally safe disposal with concurrent recovery of valuable sulfur. The evolved carbon gases may be used for fuel, for process feed chemicals, or the like.

Abstract: Process for depressurizing fly-ash being contained in a first vessel comprising a pressurized gas by expanding the gas through at least one long and narrow pipe. The inlet of the pipe(s) dips under the upper level of the fly-ash in the first vessel. The outlet of the pipe(s) is situated in a second vessel being kept at a relatively low pressure. The gas flow through the pipe(s) entrains the fly-ash.

Abstract: Disclosed in a pox process for producing hydrogen and carbon monoxide gaseous mixtures. The specific oxygen consumption is maintained between 212 to 235 employing a hydrocarbon feed gas while controlling soot production to 0.1 to 3 weight percent of the total feed carbon.

Abstract: A process for gasification of cellulosic materials in a single gasification vessel wherein the cellulosic materials are introduced directly into a single back-mixed fluidized bed of high heat capacity inert solids. The fluidized bed is maintained at temperatures of about 1200.degree. to about 1600.degree. F., pressures of up to about 500 psig devolatilizing the cellulosic materials. A substantial portion of the heavier hydrocarbons produced by devolatilization of the cellulosic materials is reformed within the gasification vessel and a substantial portion of the devolatilized cellulosic materials is gasified by reaction with hydrogen and steam within the fluidized bed. Cellulosic materials residue is combusted in an oxygen-rich atmosphere in the lower portion of the fluidized bed to principally form heat and cellulosic materials ash. The highly back-mixed fluidized bed results in temperature variation along the height of the bed, including the combustion zone, of less than 100.degree. F.

Abstract: A method of cooling partial oxidation gas entraining finely divided impurities employs nitrogen obtained as a by-product in a low temperature air decomposing plant delivering oxygen into a gasifier where a fuel is partially oxidized at a temperature above slag melting point. Crude gas exiting from the gasifier is quenched by the admixture of nitrogen to a temperature immediately below the fusing of softening point of dust particles entrained in the crude gas. Then the mixture is indirectly cooled in a waste heat boiler and subsequently additionally cooled in a second gas quencher by the admixture of further nitrogen. Nitrogen remains admixed to the gas during subsequent separating and desulphurizing treatment and is also supplied in the combustion chamber of a gas turbine.

Abstract: The present invention cleans gas produced from solid carbonaceous materials in a two stage gas producer. Second stage gas from the gas producer is passed through a first precipitator to remove oil mist and particulates from the second stage gas. First stage gas from the gas producer is passed through a cyclone to remove particulates from the first stage gas. The first stage gas from the cyclone is cooled and then mixed with the second stage gas from the first precipitator. The temperature of the gas mixture is maintained at least at the temperature of the second stage gas. The gas mixture is cooled to a temperature in the range of about 25.degree. F. to about 125.degree. F. above the water dew point of the gas mixture. The cooled gas mixture is subsequently passed through a second precipitator to remove oil mist and particulates from the gas mixture and to yield an industrial usable gas.

Abstract: Low sulfur, iron and calcium containing solid carbonaceous fuel having a high melting point ash is mixed with a sufficient amount of iron sulfide containing material or supplemental iron and sulfur containing reactant materials that react in the reaction zone to produce iron and sulfur containing compounds. The mixture of materials is reacted in a free-flow gasifier by partial oxidation to produce a raw gas stream of synthesis gas, reducing gas or fuel gas, containing entrained particulate matter including molten slag. By the process, sufficient iron and sulfur are in the reaction zone so that the melting point of the fuel ash is decreased, and the mole ratio H.sub.2 S/H.sub.2 +CO in the raw gas stream is greater than 0.01. Further, the amount of iron in the molten ash is greater than 10.0 wt. %, and preferably at least 14 wt. % of the molten ash. By this means, the fluid temperature of the molten ash entrained in the raw gas stream is reduced at least 100.degree. F.

Abstract: Method for the continuous gasification of solid carbonaceous fuel, especially fuel having a high water content such as biomass and brown coal, in which the fuel is indirectly heated by condensing steam. Steam removed from the fuel during drying is then utilized to aid in the gasification of the same, thus producing generator gas, which is directly recovered.

Abstract: Method and installation for processing a material in a circulating fluidized bed, in which, in the filtration compartment (4) traversed by the fluidization gas at a speed which is so regulated as to put into suspension only the particles having dimensions smaller than a given limit, the unburnt largest particles (25) which are recovered and are directly recycled in the fluidized bed (21) and the fine particles (24) are subjected in an adjacent compartment (5) to a processing for agglomerating the ashes by forming in the processing compartment (5) a high temperature zone (96), the agglomerated ashes (26) being withdrawn at the base of the processing compartment (5) and the unburnt fine particles (27) being returned to fluidized bed (21) through a recycling circuit (54).

Abstract: A concentrated aqueous black liquor containing carbonaceous material and alkali metal sulfur compounds is treated in a gasifier vessel containing a relatively shallow molten salt pool at its bottom to form a combustible gas and a sulfide-rich melt. The gasifier vessel, which is preferably pressurized, has a black liquor drying zone at its upper part, a black liquor solids gasification zone located below the drying zone, and a molten salt sulfur reduction zone which comprises the molten salt pool. A first portion of an oxygen-containing gas is introduced into the gas space in the gasification zone immediatley above the molten salt pool. The remainder of the oxygen-containing gas is introduced into the molten salt pool in an amount sufficient to cause gasification of carbonaceous material entering the pool from the gasification zone but not sufficient to create oxidizing conditions in the pool.

Abstract: Carbon and catalyst containing chars obtained from a catalytic coal gasification or combustion operation may be separated into two layers of fractions by contacting them with an inert gas so as to fluidize them and thereby separately recover fractions of carbon-rich chars and fractions of carbon-poor chars, and collecting the separate fractions. The carbon-rich chars may then be recycled to the gasifier to be gasified, and the carbon-poor chars may be treated to recover the catalyst. Larger catalyst containing chars may be effectively separated in the presence of a host medium of a bed of solids fluidized by the inert gas. Smaller chars may be separated in the absence of such a host medium.

Abstract: A process for producing a synthesis gas containing methane and using a reactor having a fuel containing carbon comprises directing gasification gases in a circulation system through a bed of fuel containing carbon to form a synthesis gas containing methane and carbon dioxide. Thereafter, the synthesis gas is cooled in a regenerator and subjected to the gas separation wherein the syngas is subjected to a gas cleansing by means of a pressure change absorption in a gas scrubber to remove most of the methane and carbon dioxide and its water content is increased. The separated gas is then heated and subsequently the portion is returned into the system together with the waste gases and fuel containing carbon. The process includes a 4-pole heater which includes the first heat exchange passage for the syngas which is cooled and a second heat exchange passage for the recirculation of the syngas and is further cooled and passed through a scrubber.

Abstract: Heat energy is generated from low-grade alkaline fuels (such as manure and lignite) in a gasifier-combustor system. The fuel is gasified at a temperature of less than 900.degree. C. in a circulating fluidized bed gasifier comprising a first cyclone separator. The gas leaving the first separator is conveyed to a second cyclone separator. The gas leaving the second separator is burned in a boiler at a temperature of at least 900.degree. C. Alkaline containing material is removed and collected from the gasifier, the first and second separators, the boiler and a filter before the gas is vented to the atmosphere.

Abstract: A method is provided for turning down from design conditions or below the output of raw product gas from a free-flow partial oxidation gas generator, or when operating below design conditions the output of raw product gas from the gas generator may be turned up while maintaining substantially constant the efficiency of the gas generation, or conversion of the fuel to gas, and the quality of the gas produced. The flow rates of the feedstreams to the burner are adjusted down or up a predetermined amount for each of the feedstreams to the burner to obtain a specified output of raw product gas while maintaining substantially constant in the reaction zone the levels of O/C atomic ratio and the H.sub.2 O/fuel weight ratio. Further, a pressure adjustment in the system is made which produces a corresponding adjustment to the pressure in the gas generator. The adjusted pressure is a direct function of the adjusted flow rate for the adjusted fuel or oxidant feedstream.

Abstract: Process for producing synthesis gas, reducing gas, or fuel gas substantially free-from volatile metal hydride impurities e.g. a hydride of arsenic, germanium, antimony, lead, tin, silicon, and mixtures thereof starting with the partial oxidation of liquid hydrocarbon fuel and/or solid carbonaceous fuel containing at least one mtal impurity from Group IV A and V A of the Periodic Table of Elements. At least one intermetallic reaction product of said metal impurity from Group IV A and V A leaves the gas generator in admixture with the hot raw process gas stream. A metal hydride forms when the gas stream is quench cooled and scrubbed with water. The metal hydride is then decomposed into its elements e.g. H.sub.2 and a Group IV A aor V A metal when the cooled and scrubbed gas stream contacts a solid sorbent material having a minimum surface area of 10 square meters per gram in a gas-solids contacting zone at a temperature in the range of about 0.degree. C. to 350.degree. C.

Abstract: Synthesis gas is produced by the partial oxidation of a fuel feedstock comprising sulfur-containing petroleum coke and/or heavy liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel and having a nickel and iron-containing ash in a free-flow refractory lined partial oxidation reaction zone. The production of toxic nickel subsulfide (Ni.sub.3 S.sub.2) in said slag is prevented, and there is a substantial reduction in the concentration of H.sub.2 S+COS in the raw product gas stream by introducing an iron-containing additive into the reaction zone along with the feed. The weight ratio of iron-containing additive to ash in the fuel feedstock is in the range of about 0.5 to 10.0. The weight ratio of iron to nickel in said mixture of iron-containing additive and fuel feedstock is greater than 0.33. The additive combines with at least a portion of the nickel and iron constituents and sulfur found in the feedstock to produce a very fluid sulfide phase of iron and nickel, and an Fe, Ni alloy phase.

Abstract: Synthesis gas is produced by the partial oxidation of a feedstock comprising petroleum coke and/or heavy liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel containing sulfur and having an ash that contains nickel, vanadium and a comparatively low level of silicon. An iron-containing additive is introduced into the reaction zone along with the feed. The additive combines with at least a portion of the nickel constituents and sulfur found in the feedstock to produce a liquid phase washing agent that collects and transports at least a portion of the vanadium-containing oxide laths and spinels and other ash components out of the reaction zone. In another embodiment, a minor amount of an additional material selected from the group of elements consisting of magnesium, chromium and mixtures thereof is included in the iron-containing additive. In still another embodiment, the iron-containing additive is uniformly dispersed in petroleum coke having a nickel and vanadium-containing ash.

Abstract: Synthesis gas is produced by the partial oxidation of a feedstock comprising petroleum coke and/or heavy liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel containing sulfur and having an ash that contains nickel, vanadium and a comparatively high level of silicon. An iron and calcium-containing additive is introduced into the reaction zone along wth the feed. Separate portions of the additive (i) combine with a portion of the nickel, calcium and sulfur to generate a liquid phase washing agent that collects and transports out of the gas generator a portion of the vanadium-containing oxide laths and spinels and other ash components; and (ii) combine with a portion of the nickel, calcium and silicon to generate a liquid oxide-silicate phase that fluxes e.g. dissolves substantially all of the remaining portion of said vanadium-containing oxide laths and spinels and other ash components.

Abstract: The temperature of a burner in the reaction zone of a partial oxidation gas generator is controlled so that there is substantially no condensation of H.sub.2 O from the hot raw product gas on the surface of the burner. Burner corrosion is thereby reduced. In the method, burner coolant is introduced into the burner at a pressure greater than that in the reaction zone and at a temperature in the range of about 5.degree. to 50.degree. F. higher than the dew point of the raw product gas contacting the burner in the reaction zone. The heated water coolant leaving the burner flows to a pressurized receiving vessel and its temperature is reduced by expansion into a feed vessel. Saturated steam is produced from a portion of the flashed water and is separated in the feed vessel for use as a heat source. Steam condensate is thereby produced and recycled to the feed vessel as make-up. The cooled liquid water coolant is then pumped into the inlet to the burner at a higher pressure than that in the feed vessel.

Abstract: Aqueous slurries of solid carbonaceous fuel having an increased reactivity of the solid material are produced by maintaining the solid carbonaceous fuel-water slurry at a temperature in the range of about 300.degree. to 650.degree. F. and a pressure in the range of about 100 to 3500 psia and sufficient to maintain the H.sub.2 O in the slurry in liquid phase; at substantially constant temperature depressurizing said slurry to a pressure in the range of about above atmospheric to 250 psia above that in the reaction zone of a partial oxidation gas generator, thereby partially vaporizing the water in the slurry and producing steam. After depressurizing, the slurry is cooled so that the solid particles drop in temperature about 2.degree. F. to 10.degree. F. and the water in the slurry drops in temperature about 100.degree. F. to about 200.degree. F.

Abstract: Control process for producing an aqueous slurry of solid carbonaceous fuel having a desired solids concentration for feed to a partial oxidation gas generator by grinding together in a size reduction zone a recycle aqueous slurry stream comprising carbon-containing particulate solids, a stream of solid carbonaceous fuel, and a specific amount of make-up water. No valves are in the line or path between the size reduction zone and the feed tanks for the solid carbonaceous fuel and recycle aqueous slurry. A system control unit automatically calculates the amount of make-up water and provides a corresponding signal to control the flow rate. Input signals that are provided to the system control unit include those corresponding to the weigh belt feeder speed and moisture content for the solid carbonaceous fuel; and pump speed, weight fraction, temperature, and density of the solids for the slurry of recycle particulate solids.

Abstract: An aqueous dispersion of unreacted particulate petroleum coke substantially comprising carbon and containing a small amount of ash substantially comprising vanadium constituents and other materials from a process for the partial oxidation of petroleum coke to produce synthesis gas is mixed with a K.sup.+ amyl xanthate vanadium collection agent and a frothing agent. After pH adjustment, if necessary, the mixture is subjected to aeration with or without mechanical agitation in a froth flotation zone. About 70 to 95 wt. % of the unconverted particulate petroleum coke particles (basis carbon) float in the froth layer that is formed. The remainder of the unconverted petroleum coke comprising coarser particles is suspended in a bottom aqueous dispersion on which the froth layer floats. In addition, selective separation of the vanadium constituents in the unconverted petroleum coke ash takes place.

Abstract: An ash fusion temperature reducing agent comprising a comminuted ore mixture of the silicates of iron, calcium, magnesium and aluminum is mixed with an ash containing pumpable liquid hydrocarbonaceous material to produce Mixture A. Mixture A is reacted with a free-oxygen containing gas in a partial oxidation gas generator. A hot raw effluent gas stream comprising H.sub.2 +CO along with molten ash having a reduced ash fusion temperature are produced at a lower temperature. Alternatively, Mixture A may be first introduced into a coking zone and converted into petroleum coke in which the ash fusion temperature reducing agent is dispersed throughout. The petroleum coke is then introduced into the partial oxidation gas generator where the hot raw effluent gas stream comprising H.sub.2 +CO is produced along with molten petroleum coke ash having a reduced ash fusion temperature.

Abstract: A process for electrochemically gasifying coal by establishing a flowing stream of coal particulate slurry, electrolyte and electrode members through a transverse magnetic field that has sufficient strength to polarize the electrode members, thereby causing them to operate in combination with the electrolyte to electrochemically reduce the coal particulate in the slurry. Such electrochemical reduction of the coal produces hydrogen and carbon dioxide at opposite ends of the polarized electrode members. Gas collection means are operated in conjunction with the process to collect the evolved gases as they rise from the slurry and electrolyte solution.

Abstract: Carbonaceous materials comprising major amounts of carbon, and minor amounts of hydrogen and ferrous group metal components, particularly nickel and cobalt, react with steam at low temperatures, and produce commercially attractive quantities of such gases as hydrogen, methane, carbon oxides and other light hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A process is provided for the reforming of alcohols, particularly methanol, in the presence of Group VIIA and VIIIA metal carbides at elevated temperature.