Abstract: A process for the simultaneous partial oxidation and desulfurization of sulfur and silicate-containing solid carbonaceous fuel for the production of a gas stream comprising gaseous mixtures of H.sub.2 and CO and containing less than about 0.05 volume % of H.sub.2 S and COS, and entrained fly-ash, calcium sulfide, and particulate carbon. In the process, the solid carbonaceous fuel and a calcium-containing compound are entrained in a gaseous medium and are reacted by partial oxidation in the reaction zone of a free-flow unobstructed gas generator with a controlled amount of free-oxygen containing gas and with or without a temperature moderator so that an equilibrium oxygen concentration is provided in the gas phase in the reaction zone having a partial pressure which is less than about 10.sup.-12 atmosphere. The total moles of calcium in the reaction zone is at least equal to about 1.0 times the moles of sulfur in the solid carbonaceous fuel.

Abstract: A method for the pyrolytic production of synthetic gas from components of solid materials, including selected segregated post-consumed waste materials, within a pyrolytic gasifier operably heated by an associated furnace, which includes the steps of: preparing the materials for use as furnace fuel; preparing the materials for use as pyrolytically decomposable gassifier fuel by material proparation means; conveying the materials from the material preparation means to material segregation means by material conveying means operably associated therebetween; segregating the materials into selected segregated components of the gassifier fuel by the material segregation means; delivering the components of gasifier fuel into a desired gasifier fuel formula component ratio by gasifier fuel delivery means so as to comprise a gasifier fuel formula mixture; and compacting the gasifier fuel mixture by compacting means operably connected to gasifier fuel delivery means, so as to substantially eliminate entrapped oxygen and

Abstract: A method and apparatus are described for reforming hydrocarbons, particularly natural gas, to form hydrogen wherein the reformation is performed in a reactor in which the heat of reformed products are utilized to reform the hydrocarbons in a catalytic tube reformer. The reformer can be used in conjunction with a traditional steam reformer to produce hydrogen with less energy consumption, lower steam production and less capital cost.

Abstract: A sulfur-containing heavy liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel and/or solid carbonaceous fuel with a nickel, vanadium, and silicon containing ash is mixed with a silicon-containing material, and a copper and/or cobalt-containing material. The mixture is reacted by partial oxidation in a down-flowing free-flow unobstructed vertical reaction zone with refractory lined walls at a temperature in the range of about 1800.degree. F. to 2900.degree. F. A raw effluent gas stream is produced comprising H.sub.2 +CO and containing entrained slag comprising the following phases: (i) an alloy phase selected from the group consisting fo Cu-Ni, Co-Ni, Cu-Fe, and mixtures thereof; (ii) a silicate phase selected from the group consisting of copper silicate, cobalt silicate, and mixtures thereof; (iii) a spinel phase; and (iv) a fluid oxysulfide phase comprising at least one sulfide from the group consisting of Cu, Co, Fe, and mixtures thereof. There is a reduction in the mole ratio H.sub.2 S+COS/H.sub.

Abstract: A method of carrying out a gas combustion process with recovery of the heat from the combustion gases, which comprises passing said gases during the stationary condition of the process through a recuperator in which a part of the heat released is used for heating the air required for the combustion, and then passing the gases through a reformer in which a part of the residual heat is used for converting fresh gas to be burned with steam, in which method at least during the non-stationary conditions of the process a cooling medium is supplied to the combustion gases before introducing them into the reforming reactor.

Abstract: The hot effluent gas stream comprising H.sub.2 +CO and entrained molten slag from the partial oxidation of an ash-containing heavy liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel, an ash-containing solid carbonaceous fuel, or mixtures thereof is passed in succession through a radiant or quench cooling zone, a metal gas transfer line and a convective cooling zone. By covering the metal surfaces of the gas transfer line or the gas transfer line and the convective cooler connected thereto with a high temperature resistant carbon-containing material, substantially no molten slag sticks to the metal heat transfer surfaces on the inside of the gas transfer line or to the surfaces of the gas transfer line and the convective cooler connected thereto which are contacted by the partially cooled gas stream leaving the radiant or quench cooling zones.

Abstract: The hot effluent gas stream comprising H.sub.2 +CO and entrained molten slag and ash from the partial oxidation of an ash-containing heavy liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel, an ash-containing solid carbonaceous fuel, or mixtures thereof is passed in succession through a radiant cooling zone, a metal gas transfer line with internal metal heat transfer surfaces, and a convection cooling zone. By maintaining the internal metal heat transfer surfaces of the gas transfer line where turbulent flow of gas stream occurs at a temperature in the range of about 150.degree. F. to below 700.degree. F. by noncontact heat exchange with a coolant, substantially no molten slag or ash sticks to the metal heat transfer surfaces on the inside of the gas transfer line.

Abstract: Synthesis gas is produced by the partial oxidation of a feedstock comprising sulfur and ash-containing heavy liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuels, solid carbonaceous fuels, or mixtures thereof. An iron-containing additive is introduced into the reaction zone along with the feed to produce first and second liquid phase washing agents that collect and transport the vanadium-containing oxide laths and spinels and other ash components out of the reaction zone. A gaseous slag fludizing agent is also introduced into the top of the reaction zone so tha the gasifier is operated at a uniform temperature throughout under conditions that maximize the fluidity of the molten slag over the full opereating temperature range in the gasifier. Equilibrium oxygen and sulfur concentrations are provided in the gas phase in the reaction zone which provide specific partial pressures.

Abstract: Process for the partial oxidation of a liquid or solid and/or a gaseous fuel using a multi-orifice burner comprising a central channel and four concentric channels encircling the central channel. Liquid or solid fuel is supplied through the second concentric channel and the oxidizer is supplied through the first concentric channel and the third concentric channel. Hydrocarbon gas and/or moderator is supplied through the central channel and the fourth concentric channel. The mass ratio of liquid or solid fuel to hydrocarbon gas ranges from 0 to 1.

Abstract: The present invention provides a desulfurizing agent comprising a porous oxide carrier, at least one of molybdenum oxide and tungsten oxide as a first component, supported on the carrier, and at least one of manganese oxide, cobalt oxide and nickel oxide as a second component, supported mainly on the surface of the first component. In a coal gasification system using the present desulfurizing agent and a power generation system using the purified gas therefrom, a reduction column for converting a portion of sulfur dioxide in the regenerated gas to hydrogen sulfide as a pretreatment means to a Claus reaction column can be eliminated when the desulfurizing agent is regenerated.

Abstract: For starting a gasifier for the gasification of carbonaceous fuel with an oxygen-bearing gasification agent in a fluidized bed, the gasifier is filled with an inert gaseous medium and put under an increased pressure. After sealing integrity has been established, a combustible gas mixture is ignited in a combustion chamber connected to the lower part of the gasifier, by means of an ignition device which operates under pressure. The gas mixture is thus burnt, while the increased pressure in the gasifier is maintained, at least until the temperature within the gasifier corresponds to the gasification temperature. The arrangement for carrying the method into effect includes a pressure-resistant combustion chamber for combustion of the combustible gas mixture by means of the ignition device. The combustion chamber is connected at least at times to the lower part of the gasifier, by way of an openable slide member.

Abstract: The hot process gas stream from the partial oxidation of sulfur-containing heavy liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel and/or sulfur-containing solid carbonaceous fuel comprising gaseous mixtures of H.sub.2 +CO, sulfur-containing gases, entrained particulate carbon, and molten slag is passed through the unobstructed central passage of a radiant cooler where the temperature is reduced to a temperature in the range of about 1800.degree. F. to 1200.degree. F. From about 0 to 95 wt. % of the molten slag and/or entrained material may be removed from the hot process gas stream prior to the radiant cooler with substantially no reduction in temperature of the process gas stream. In the radiant cooler, after substantially all of the molten slag has solidified, the sulfur-containing gases are contacted with a calcium-containing material to produce calcium sulfide.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for stripping and depressurizing fine particulates mixed with gas discharged from a vessel operated at elevated temperature and pressure conditions to a low pressure vessel using a purge gas injected into a conduit designed for significant frictional pressure loss per unit length of conduit while maintaining a substantially constant velocity of the mixture conveyed.

Abstract: Low heating value liquid hydrocarbonaceous and/or solid carbonaceous hazardous waste materials from the production, refining and marketing of petroleum products are destroyed without contaminating the environment while simultaneously gaseous mixtures comprising H.sub.2 +CO i.e. synthesis gas, reducing gas, or fuel gas are produced. From about 0.3 to 2.0 wt. % of an anionic surface active dispersant and water (if needed) are mixed with the hazardous waste material to produce a first aqueous mixture. A comminuted solid carbonaceous fuel i.e. coal, petroleum coke is mixed with water and from about 0.02 to 1.00 wt. % of the dispersant to produce a second stable pumpable aqueous slurry. The first and second aqueous slurries are mixed together to produce a stable pumpable final blend aqueous slurry which is reacted in a partial oxidation gas generator as the feedstock.

Abstract: A process for the catalytic production of hydrogen, from a wide variety of low heating value fuel gases containing carbon monoxide, comprises circulating a carbonaceous material between two reactors--a carbon deposition reactor and a steaming reactor. In the carbon deposition reactor, carbon monoxide is removed from a fuel gas and is deposited on the carbonaceous material as an active carbon. In the steaming reactor, the reactive carbon reacts with steam to give hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The carbonaceous material contains a metal component comprising from about 75% to about 95% cobalt, from about 5% to about 15% iron, and up to about 10% chromium, and is effective in suppressing the production of methane in the steaming reactor.

Abstract: A two-stage upflow process for coal gasification and an apparatus useful therefor. An oxygen-containing gas and a first increment of a coal-in-water slurry are ignited in a horizontal fired slagging reactor by means of horizontal coaxial juxtaposed burner nozzles mounted in the reactor, thereby converting the oxygen, the coal, and the water into steam and gaseous combustion products. The discharge from the fired reactor is contacted overhead with a second increment of coal-water slurry in a vertical unfired heat-recovery unit connected to the upper end of the reactor. The heat evolved in the reactor is used in the heat recovery unit to convert the second increment of coal-water slurry into more steam, char and synthesis gas. The gas effluent is separated from the solid char, and synthesis gas is passed into a fire-tube boiler to recover heat and the cooled product gas is recovered as the desired fuel-rich product. The solid char is reslurried and recycled to the fired reactor 3 for further combustion.

Abstract: Toxic refractory organic substances are decomposed by exposing them to an oxidizing medium and steam at a temperature in the range of 2500.degree. F. to 3200.degree. F. for a period of 5 to 500 milliseconds in a reaction chamber. The toxic refractory organic substance can be dioxins, polyhalogenated byphenyls, organophosphates, halogenated biocides, waste streams from the production of said toxic substances, and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A method for removing sulfur compounds from gasification product gas during gasification of carbonaceous materials in a fluidized bed, agglomerating discharge reactor and converting harmful and unstable sulfur compounds to an environmentally acceptable form for safe disposal. Particulate sulfur fixation agent is introduced into an ash agglomerating fluidized bed gasifier along with carbonaceous feed solids and reacts with gaseous sulfur compounds formed when gasifying feed solids under reducing conditions in the fluidized bed. Unstable sulfur compounds formed by reaction with the fixation agent are then converted to a stable, environmentally disposable, solid in a lower oxidizing portion of the gasifier for discharge with the ash.

Abstract: A gasification process of improved efficiency is disclosed. A dual bed reactor system is used in which carbon-containing feedstock materials are first treated in a gasification reactor to form pyrolysis gases. The pyrolysis gases are then directed into a catalytic reactor for the destruction of residual tars/oils in the gases. Temperatures are maintained within the catalytic reactor at a level sufficient to crack the tars/oils in the gases, while avoiding thermal breakdown of the catalysts. In order to minimize problems associated with the deposition of carbon-containing materials on the catalysts during cracking, a gaseous oxidizing agent preferably consisting of air, oxygen, steam, and/or mixtures thereof is introduced into the catalytic reactor at a high flow rate in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the reactor. This oxidizes any carbon deposits on the catalysts, which would normally cause catalyst deactivation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a steam reforming method of methanol for obtaining hydrogen gas and a system therefor. The present method and present system utilizes a heat transfer medium for regulating the temperature at each step of the process. By optimizing the flow so that the heat transfer medium circulate through the system as heat-exchanging with reactant at each step, temperature of the reactant is regulated at a desirable temperature for proceeding the reaction. Temperature of the decomposition process and the conversion process of methanol is independently regulated.

Abstract: A process for the production of demercurized synthesis gas, reducing gas or fuel gas. Mercury-containing fossil fuels e.g. coal were reacted by partial oxidation to produce gaseous mixtures comprising H.sub.2, CO, H.sub.2 O, CO.sub.2, H.sub.2 S, COS, entrained slag and/or ash, mercury vapor, and optionally CH.sub.4, NH.sub.3, N.sub.2 and Ar. Unexpectedly, the mercury vapor was produced in the reaction zone; and it was found to be thermodynamically stable even in the presence of H.sub.2 S under the strong reducing conditions that prevailed in the gas generator. No new sulfides of mercury were formed. The mercury vapors were removed from the main body of the process gas stream in a pressurized solvent scrubber at a relatively low temperature. By this means, the mercury vapor was condensed and simultaneously the mercury and sulfur contents of the clean process gas stream were reduced to low levels.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for reversing the flow of a synthesis gas from a coal gasification reactor containing solids that tend to cause fouling of heat transfer surfaces by adjusting the volume and shape of a gas-reversal space within a chamber downstream of the reactor.

Abstract: A process for the treatment of flyslag from the gasification of coal is described, the process being characterized, in one embodiment, by mixing of the flyslag with a cementitious material, a composition capable of converting sulfides in the flyslag at least to sulfur, and an aqueous waste stream from the gasification of coal, in specified proportions. A composition comprising flyslag, a cementitious material, and a composition capable of converting sulfides in the flyslag at least to sulfur, is also disclosed.

Abstract: In a partial oxidation process, the gaseous effluent from the generator is contacted with water to cool the synthesis gas and remove the solid particulates of ash and soot. The water from this operation is then mixed with an organic extractant and feed into a decanter to form aqueous and organic phases. The aqueous phase from the decanter is feed to a water flash separator to remove dissolved gases. The solids are removed from the water flash separator in an aqueous stream which is processed for removal of undesirable sulfides, cyanides, metals and particulate matter and steam stripped for removal of undesirable gases while retaining quantitites of ammonia therein. The overhead, an ammonia containing aqueous stream, is recycled for the control of pH in the quench scrubber vessel and the attendant equipment utilized to process the aqueous phase from the decanter.

Abstract: A process for combusting sulfur and nitrogen containing carbonaceous materials in a two stage combustion process wherein sulfur and nitrogen containing carbonaceous materials and sulfur fixation agent particulates are introduced into a first combustion stage single fluidized bed having a density/size selective solids withdrawal conduit. The carbonaceous materials are combusted in the fluidized bed under substoichiometric oxygen conditions at temperatures of about 1600.degree. to about 2000.degree. F. producing ash and reducing gases forming a reducing region in a major portion of the single fluidized bed, the reducing gases comprising gaseous sulfur compounds. In a reducing region of the fluidized bed, the gaseous sulfur compounds are reacted with oxides of the sulfur fixation agent forming an intermediate solid metallic sulfur compound and nitrogen contained in the carbonaceous materials is converted to molecular nitrogen.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for effecting a high desulphuration of a fuel gas containing sulphur issuing from the gasification of sulphurous fuels, wherein the gas is subjected to the action of vapors of manganese and/or zinc and/or oxides thereof (in the form of aerosols) while it is at a temperature ranging from 1 600.degree. C. to 350.degree. C.

Abstract: In a process and apparatus for the production of gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide from a solid fuel in a fluidized bed, the solid particles contained in the product gas are separated off in a cyclone separator and recycled to the fluidized bed by way of a recycling conduit. The recycling conduit is provided with injection nozzles for introducing gas flows into the recycling conduit in a pulse-like manner in order to loosen up the particles therein. The gas flows may be introduced into the recycling conduit in displaced relationship in respect of time in such a way that, of two adjacent injection locations, gas is injected through the injection location which is arranged at a greater spacing from the reactor at a later time than at the injection location which is closer to the reactor.

Abstract: Part of the synthesis gas produced by coal gasification in an allothermically heated fluidized bed reactor is burned after removal of dust and sulfur and serves as a source of energy to heat the reactor by indirect heat exchange and to produce the steam required for the gasification process. The flue gas exiting from the heat exchanger of the reactor can be used to perform work in expansion turbines. The rest of the synthesis gas is available for use in downstream processes, such as iron ore reduction, or can be burned and used to perform work in turbines to produce electric current. The result is a process that is environmentally safer and operates with a better yield than direct coal burning or autothermal coal gasification, but requires no outside source of energy, such as nuclear power, as prior art allothermal coal gasification processes do.

Abstract: A sulfur-containing heavy liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel and/or solid carbonaceous fuel with nickel, vanadium, and silicon containing ashes is mixed with a copper and/or cobalt-containing material to provide a weight ratio of copper and/or cobalt to nickel in the range of about 0.2 to 10; and the weight ratio of copper and/or cobalt to silicon in said mixture is in the range of about 0.0001 to 0.04. The mixture is reacted by partial oxidation in a down-flowing free-flow unobstructed vertical reaction zone with refractory lined walls at a temperature in the range of about 1800.degree. F. to 2900.degree. F., an equilibrium oxygen concentration in the gas phase in the reaction zone with a partial pressure in the range of about 1.7.times.10.sup.-15 to 2.3.times.10.sup.-8 atmospheres; and an equilibrium sulfur concentration in the gas phase in the reaction zone with a partial pressure in the range of about 2.53.times.10.sup.-7 to 8.1.times.10.sup.-2 atmospheres. A raw effluent gas stream is produced comprising H.

Abstract: A process for the partial oxidation of a sulfur- and silicate-containing carbonaceous fuel to produce a synthesis gas with reduced sulfur content which comprises partially oxidizing said fuel at a temperature in the range of 1800.degree.-2200.degree. F. in the presence of a temperature moderator, an oxygen-containing gas and a sulfur capture additive which comprises an iron-containing compound portion and a sodium-containing compound portion to produce a synthesis gas comprising H.sub.2 and CO with a reduced sulfur content and a molten slag which comprises (i) a sulfur-containing sodium-iron silicate phase and (ii) a sodium-iron sulfide phase. The sulfur capture additive may optionally comprise a copper-containing compound portion.

Abstract: A system is disclosed for converting unconditioned biomass, such as cotton gin trash, into usable energy. This is accomplished by gasifying the biomass, removing the particulate char from the combustible gas using cyclonic separators, burning the gas, and using the heat to generate steam. Two stage combustion helps minimize NO.sub.x formation.

Abstract: A process for the partial combustion of finely-divided coal at high temperatures and pressures to make synthesis gas having entrained particles of fly ash which are separated from the gas at high pressure. The fly ash and a minor amount of entrained gas are handled in a batchwise manner to isolate a batch in a lock hopper, depressurize the batch, strip the synthesis gas from the fly ash and cool the fly ash prior to disposal.

Abstract: Process for the partial oxidation of fuel using a multi-orifice burner comprising a central channel and three substantially concentric channels encirling the central channel. Fuel is supplied through each of the first and third concentric channels and the oxidizer is supplied through each of the central channel and the second concentric channel. The reactant fuel and oxidizer are supplied at specific mass flow distribution and velocities.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for providing additional desulfurization of the hot gas produced in a fluid-bed coal gasifier, within the gasifier. A fluid-bed of iron oxide is located inside the gasifier above the gasification bed in a fluid-bed coal gasifier in which in-bed desulfurization by lime/limestone takes place. The product gases leave the gasification bed typically at 1600.degree. to 1800.degree. F. and are partially quenched with water to 1000.degree. to 1200.degree. F. before entering the iron oxide bed. The iron oxide bed provides additional desulfurization beyond that provided by the lime/limestone.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a novel method of operating a gasifier for production of fuel gas from carbonaceous fuels. The process disclosed enables operating in an entrained mode using inlet gas velocities of less than 7 feet per second, feedstock throughputs exceeding 4000 lbs/ft.sup.2 -hr, and pressures below 100 psia.

Abstract: Synthesis gas is produced by the partial oxidation of a feedstock comprising petroleum coke and/or heavy liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel containing sulfur and having an ash that contains nickel, vanadium and silicon. An iron-containing additive is introduced into the reaction zone along with the feed. A first portion of the additive combines with at least a portion of the nickel, iron and sulfur constituents found in the feedstock to produce a first liquid phase washing agent. A second portion of the additive combines with at least a portion of the silicon, aluminum, calcium, sodium, and/or potassium and iron constituents found in the feedstock to produce a second liquid phase washing agent. The first and second liquid phase washing agents collect and transport at least a portion of the vanadium-containing oxide laths and spinels and other ash components out of the reaction zone.

Abstract: Asbestos-containing hazardous waste materials are known causes of cancer and other serious diseases. By the subject process, asbestos-containing wastes are rendered harmless by altering the physical form of the fibers, by (i) melting the asbestos, and by (ii) incorporating the molten asbestos into the slag phase produced by the partial oxidation of ash-containing liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel and/or solid carbonaceous fuel. Further, gaseous mixtures comprising H.sub.2 +CO e.g. synthesis gas, reducing gas, or fuel gas, are simultaneously produced.

Abstract: Synthesis gas is produced by the partial oxidation of a feedstock comprising petroleum coke and/or heavy liquid hydrocarbon fuel containing sulfur and having an ash that contains nickel, vanadium and silicon. An iron-containing or an iron and calcium-containing additive is introduced into the reaction zone along with the feed. The additive combines with at least a portion of the iron and nickel constituents and sulfur found in the feedstock to produce a liquid phase washing agent that collects and transports at least a portion of the vanadium-containing oxide laths and spinels and other ash components out the reaction zone. Slag and other particulate matter is separated from the effluent gas stream and ground to produce a heterogeneous mixture of magnetic and non-magnetic solid particles.

Abstract: Synthesis gas is produced by the partial oxidation of a feedstock comprising petroleum coke containing metal sulfide compounds and metal oxy-sulfide compounds and having an ash that contains nickel, vanadium and silicon. In the process, a petroleum coke addition agent, such as elemental iron and/or iron compounds, is introduced into the upper section of a delayed coker and above the level of the nickel and vanadium ash-containing heavy liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel being simultaneously introduced upwardly from the bottom of said delayed coker. By this means the petroleum coke addition agent is distributed uniformly across the surface of liquid hydrocarbonaceous material being coked and then uniformly distributed throughout the liquid fuel. In the delayed coker, a portion of the petroleum coke addition agent is reacted with a portion of the sulfur in the heavy liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel to produce metal oxy-sulfides and metal sulfides.

Abstract: A process for the simultaneous partial oxidation and desulfurization of an ash-containing solid carbonaceous fuel comprising (basis solid fuel) 0.2 to 6.0 wt. % sulfur and 0.1 to 30 wt. % of silicate compounds for the production of gaseous mixtures comprising H.sub.2 and CO and entrained molten slag. In the process, the solid carbonaceous fuel and first and second types of supplemental calcium-containing materials are reacted by partial oxidation in the reaction zone of a free-flow unobstructed down-flowing vertical refractory lined gas generator with a controlled amount of free-oxygen containing gas and a temperature moderator so that an equilibrium oxygen concentration is provided in the gas phase in the reaction zone having a partial pressure which is less than about 10.sup.-9 atmospheres. The partial oxidation and desulfurization reactions take place simultaneously at a temperature above about 1900.degree. F. and about 10.degree. to 100.degree. F.

Abstract: A process for the partial oxidation of fuel using a multi-orifice burner comprising a central channel, and three concentric channels encircling the central channel, is disclosed, fuel being supplied through the second concentric channel at a specific velocity and oxygen being supplied through the other channels at specific mass flow distribution and velocities.

Abstract: This invention pertains to the use of an ash-removal additive in the production of hot raw gaseous mixtures comprising H.sub.2 +CO and containing entrained molten slag by the partial oxidation of a feedstock comprising a heavy liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel having a nickel and vanadium-containing ash or petroleum coke having a nickel and vanadium-containing ash. Sticking and build-up of molten slag on the surfaces of a steel quench ring and heat exchanger which may be contacted by the molten slag entrained in the hot raw effluent gas stream is prevented by the high temperature electrodeposition of a protective metal e.g. aluminum or titanium. The protective metal is electrodeposited from an electrolytic bath comprising molten fluorides and diffuses beneath the surface and forms an alloy or solid solution with the subsurface metal.

Abstract: Synthesis gas is produced by the partial oxidation of a feedstock comprising sulfur-containing petroleum coke and/or liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel and having ashes that contain nickel and a comparatively low level of silicon. The production of toxic nickel subsulfide (Ni.sub.3 S.sub.2) in the slag is prevented, and there is substantially no increase in the mole ratio H.sub.2 S+COS/H.sub.2 +CO in the raw product gas stream by introducing an additive comprising about 2 to 100 wt. % of a sulfur-containing material and any remainder comprising a supplemental iron-containing material into the reaction zone along with the feed. The additive combines with substantially all of the nickel constituents and most of the iron constituents and sulfur found in the feedstock to produce molten slag substantially comprising a fluid sulfide phase and a relatively minor amount of an Fe, Ni alloy phase.

Abstract: In the partial oxidation of a sulfur- and metal-containing carbonaceous charge fuel to produce a sulfur-containing synthesis gas and metal-containing molten slag, an integrated method of charge fuel pretreatment and Claus unit tail gas sulfur removal is provided. The process of the instant invention is advantageous over other partial oxidation processes in that: (i) a fluid, molten slag which flows easily is produced, thereby improving reactor performance; and (ii) the overall removal of sulfur compounds from the synthesis gas is made simpler, more efficient, and less costly, as the need for a conventional Claus unit tail gas sulfur removal process is eliminated.

Abstract: Solid particles and gaseous materials are separated by passing a suspension of solid particles and gaseous materials into the upper section of a cyclonic separation vessel equipped with a cyclonic swirl zone which may contain vortex stabilizing means and a lower dense bed zone which may contain stripping means, and wherein separated gaseous materials are removed from the upper section of the cyclonic zone and solid particles are passed in the lower dense bed zone, from which particles are removed by aeration through a discharge means which communicates with the dense bed zone.The present process and apparatus are preferably applied in the separation of gaseous materials from solid particles entrained in hot flue gases obtained in the combustion stage of a process for extracting hydrocarbons from hydrocarbon-bearing substrate such as oil shale and tar sand.

Abstract: Synthesis gas, fuel gas, or reducing gas is produced by the noncatalytic partial oxidation of a sulfur-containing liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel or a slurry of sulfur-containing solid carbonaceous fuel with a free-oxygen containing gas in the first free-flow reaction zone located in a refractory lined gas generator at an autogenous temperature in the range of about 1900.degree. F. to 2900.degree. F. and above the ash-fusion temperature of the slag formed in the reaction zone. About 85 to 99 weight percent of the carbon in the fuel feed to the reaction zone is converted into carbon oxides. At least a portion of the hot effluent gas stream from the reaction zone is passed through a free-flow second reaction zone R.sub.2 in admixture with a second portion of sulfur-containing fuel and an iron-containing additive. In the second reaction zone the carbon in the second portion of fuel, unconverted fuel and particulate matter from R.sub.1 react with H.sub.2 O and/or CO.sub.2 to produce supplemental H.sub.

Abstract: Synthesis gas, fuel gas, or reducing gas is produced by the noncatalytic partial oxidation of a sulfur-containing liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel or a slurry of sulfur-containing solid carbonaceous fuel with a free-oxygen containing gas in the free-flow reaction zone of a refractory lined gas generator at an autogenous temperature in the range of about 1900.degree. F. to 2900.degree. F. and above the ash-fusion temperature of the slag formed in the reaction zone, so that about 75 to 95 weight percent of the carbon in the fuel feed to the reaction zone is converted into carbon oxides. At least a portion of the hot effluent gas stream from the reaction zone is passed through a free-flow radiant cooler in admixture with an iron-containing additive. In the radiant cooler at least a portion of the sulfur-containing gases e.g. H.sub.2 S and COS react with the iron-containing additive to produce particulate matter comprising iron oxysulfide.

Abstract: Synthesis gas, fuel gas, or reducing gas is produced by the noncatalytic partial oxidation of a sulfur-containing liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel or a slurry of sulfur-containing solid carbonaceous fuel with a free-oxygen containing gas in a first free-flow reaction zone R.sub.1 located in a refractory lined gas generator at an autogenous temperature in the range of about 190.degree. F. to 2900.degree. F. and above the ash-fusion temperature of the slag formed in the reaction zone. About 85 to 99 weight percent of the carbon in the fuel feed to the reaction zone is converted into carbon oxides. At least a portion of the hot effluent gas stream from the first reaction zone is passed through a free-flow second reaction zone R.sub.2 in admixture with a second portion of sulfur-containing fuel and a calcium-containing additive. An equilibrium oxygen concentration with a partial pressure which is less than about 10.sup.-12 atmosphere is provided in the gas phase in the first and second reaction zones.

Abstract: A transpiration-protected burner for coal gasification in which a gas such as steam, product synthesis gas or nitrogen is introduced through a porous wall immediately surrounding the openings through which coal and oxygen are introduced.

Abstract: A process for recovering the energy and chemical content of an aqueous black liquor utilizing a reactor containing a drying zone located above a gasification zone. The reactor contains a bed of porous solid carbonaceous material in the gasification zone. Heat losses are restricted, preferably from both zones, by the provision of a layer of insulating material about the reactor. An oxygen-containing gas is introduced into the gasification zone in an amount less than about 60% of that required for complete combustion of the black liquor such that there is produced partial combustion and gasification reactions sufficient to maintain the temperature at an upper surface of the bed in the range of from about 870.degree. to 1200.degree. C. and to form a hot combustible gas which rises from the gasification zone.