Abstract: A technique for managing storage space includes establishing an MSR (minimum space reservation) of a thin file system built upon a storage pool. In response to a set of storage requests to the file system to store new data, the method further includes obtaining an additional space guarantee from the storage pool. After deleting data from the file system such that the size of the file system falls below the MSR, the technique further includes performing a space reclaim operation, the space reclaim operation (i) compacting the file system to a size less than the MSR, (ii) canceling the additional space guarantee such that the storage pool no longer guarantees the additional space for the file system, and (iii) continuing to reserve the full MSR of the file system, even though the size of the file system is smaller than the MSR.

Abstract: An electronic device includes a memory controller selecting map data to be output to a host. The memory controller includes an address counter and a map data selector. The address counter counts a number of times a logical block address corresponding to a request is received based on the request received from the host and outputs an activation signal indicating that an index to which the logical block address belongs is an activation index when an activation count corresponding to the index is equal to or greater than a preset value, the activation count being generated based on a counting result. The map data selector selects map data to be output to the host based on the activation signal. The address counter decreases the activation count by a preset size when a size of the selected map data exceeds a storage capacity of the host allocated for storing map data.

Abstract: A storage management computing device obtains an information lifecycle management (ILM) policy. A data protection scheme to be applied at a storage node computing device level is determined and a plurality of storage node computing devices are identified based on an application of the ILM policy to metadata received from one of the storage node computing devices and associated with an object ingested by the one of the storage node computing devices. The one of the storage node computing devices is instructed to generate one or more copies of the object or fragments of the object according to the data protection scheme and to distribute the object copies or one of the object fragments to one or more other of the storage node computing devices to be stored by at least the one or more other storage node computing devices on one or more disk storage devices.

Abstract: Disclosed embodiments relate to opportunistically updating Electronic Control Unit (ECU) software in a vehicle. Operations may include receiving, at a controller in a vehicle, a wireless transmission indicating a need to update software running on at least one ECU in the vehicle; monitoring an operational status of the vehicle to determine whether the vehicle is in a first mode of operation in which an ECU software update is prohibited; delaying the ECU software update when the operational status is prohibited; continuing to monitor the operational status of the vehicle to determine whether the vehicle is in a second mode of operation in which the ECU software update is permitted; and enabling updating of the at least one ECU with the delayed ECU software update when it is determined that the vehicle is in the second mode of operations.

Abstract: Techniques disclosed herein are used for restoring deduplicated backup data from cloud-based storage and from multi-node replicated files systems, and they also may be used in more traditional data storage technologies. Pre-restore steps include analysis of deduplication indexes to identify data segments that are stored consecutively on storage media. Reading data in aggregate runs of consecutively stored data segments reduces interactions with storage media that hosts the deduplicated data and speeds up retrieval. Parallel reads from multiple storage devices in multi-node replicated file systems also speed up retrieval. An illustrative enhanced media agent pre-fetches data (stored in deduplicated form) in anticipation of read requests that are expected in the restore operation.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method to reduce Input/Output (I/O) command latency. The method includes receiving, by a first storage pool, a plurality of I/O commands, wherein the first storage pool includes a first throttling limit, and the first throttling limit. The method further includes determining a first processing rate of the first storage pool is at the first throttling limit. The method also includes determining a second processing rate of a second storage pool is below a second throttling limit, wherein the second storage pool is communicatively coupled to the first storage pool. The method includes sending, by the first storage pool to the second storage pool, one or more of the plurality of I/O commands. The method further includes processing, by the second storage pool, the one or more I/O commands of the plurality of I/O commands. The method includes returning processed I/O commands to the host.

Abstract: A technique manages drive space within a storage system having a main data services environment configured to perform data storage operations on behalf of a set of hosts and a simple data services environment configured to load the main data services environment. The technique involves, while the simple data services environment is running on the storage system, using the simple data services environment to load the main data services environment on to the storage system. The technique further involves, after the main data services environment is loaded on to the storage system, providing a drive space communication from the simple data services environment to the main data services environment. The technique further involves receiving, by the simple data services environment, allocation of drive space from the main data services environment in response to the drive space communication.

Abstract: Storage management techniques involve: obtaining a historical usage of storage capacity for a storage device, and a historical feature characterizing the historical usage of storage capacity; generating a predicted usage of storage capacity for the storage device based on the historical feature and a predictor for predicting a usage of storage capacity; and updating the predictor by comparing the historical usage of storage capacity with the predicted usage of storage capacity. Therefore, such techniques can accurately predict the usage of storage capacity for the storage device.

Abstract: A method includes receiving a request for a cache operation at a first storage device and identifying at least a first input/output operation at a first data block at the first storage device, the first data block having a corresponding first data range. The method also includes identifying a second input/output operation at a second data block having a corresponding second data range and initiating a read operation at the first storage device that comprises the first data block and the second data block. The method further includes combining the first data block and the second data block into a first data volume and writing the first data volume to a second storage device as a third input/output operation.

Abstract: Certain embodiments described herein are generally directed to selecting a target storage profile for comparison to a recovered storage profile in support of a data recovery operation. In some embodiments, a method includes comparing a first plurality of fields of the reference storage profile with a second plurality of fields of a first target storage profile of the one or more target storage profiles to determine a degree to which the first target storage profile matches the reference storage profile, the first plurality of fields comprising a first plurality of storage requirements, and the second plurality of fields comprising a second plurality of storage requirements.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are disclosed herein for remote, direct memory access (RDMA) technology that enables direct memory access from one host computer memory to another host computer memory over a physical or virtual computer network according to a number of different RDMA protocols. In one example, a method includes receiving remote direct memory access (RDMA) packets via a network adapter, deriving a protocol index identifying an RDMA protocol used to encode data for an RDMA transaction associated with the RDMA packets, applying the protocol index to a generate RDMA commands from header information in at least one of the received RDMA packets, and performing an RDMA operation using the RDMA commands.

Abstract: In a memory system in an embodiment, in a case of normal operation, a control unit returns a write completion response upon completion of reception of write data from a host, and writes the write data into nonvolatile memory in a multiple values. In a case of unordinary power-off, changeover to operation using a backup battery is conducted and the control unit writes dirty data that is not completed in writing into the nonvolatile memory, into the nonvolatile memory with two values. When next boot, the control unit reads the dirty data from the nonvolatile memory into the volatile memory, and thereafter writes the dirty data into the nonvolatile memory in a multiple values.

Abstract: Provided herein is a method, an electronic device, and a computer program product for managing a storage system. A method can comprise, in response to determining that a first storage unit of a storage system is faulty, writing, by a system comprising a processor, a data block stored in the first storage unit into a hidden file of the storage system. The hidden file can be distributed across at least a second storage unit and a third storage unit of the storage system, wherein the second storage unit and the third storage unit are different from the first storage unit. Writing the data block can comprise creating the hidden file in the storage system, and creating an index information item corresponding to the data block for the hidden file, which index information item indicates a physical address of the data block.

Abstract: In a data storage system in which a full-size allocation unit is used for storage of uncompressed data, an optimal reduced size allocation unit is selected for storage of compressed data. Changes in the compressed size of at least one full-size allocation unit of representative data are monitored over time. The representative data may be selected based on write frequency, relocation frequency, or both. Compression size values are counted and weighted to calculate the optimal reduced allocation unit size. The optimal reduced size allocation unit is used for storage of compressed data. A full-size allocation unit of data that cannot be accommodated by a reduced size allocation unit when compressed is stored uncompressed.

Abstract: Methods and systems support managed use of a Storage Class Memory (SCM) by one or more applications operating on an IHS (Information Handling System). The operations that are supported by an IHS processor for flushing data from the SCM are determined. Applications are identified that operate using the persistent data storage capabilities of the SCM. The SCM flushing operations invoked by each these applications are monitored. The utilization of the SCM by each of the first plurality of applications is determined based at least in part on the monitored flushing operations by each application. The utilization of the SCM may also be based on calculated metrics of SCM utilization by the respective applications. The applications are classified based their determined SCM utilizations. Based on the classifications of SCM utilization, a subset of the applications may be identified for removal from use of the SCM.

Abstract: A method includes receiving a write request to store a data object; identifying object parameters associated with the data object; selecting a memory type based on the identified object parameters; selecting a selected memory based on the memory type; and facilitating storage of the data object in the selected memory, wherein the data object is dispersed error encoded.

Abstract: A binning subsystem of a GPU includes a storage subsystem, a shader core to output first data via a first path, a selector to receive the first data via the first path, and to receive second data from the storage subsystem via a second path. The storage subsystem includes a binner unit and a control logic unit. The control logic unit causes the selector to transfer the first data or the second data to the binner unit. The binner unit may transfer binner output data to the shader core via a third path. The binner unit may transfer the binner output data to one or more subsequent stages of a graphics pipeline via a fourth path. The binner unit may transfer the binner output data to the storage subsystem via a fifth path. The control logic unit may control the binner unit such that the binner unit can be used for general purpose computation.

Abstract: Statistical detection of firmware-level compromises can be enabled and performed on a computing system. During pre-boot, a pre-boot agent can access firmware loaded in memory and cause it to be stored in a manner that will allow the firmware to be accessed at runtime. During runtime, the firmware can be accessed and stored as files in the file system or other storage location accessible to an antivirus solution. The antivirus solution can then analyze the files using statistics-based techniques to thereby detect compromises in firmware.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to systems and methods of implementing a neural network using in-memory, bit-serial, mathematical operations performed by a pipelined SRAM architecture (bit-serial PISA) circuitry disposed in on-chip processor memory circuitry. The on-chip processor memory circuitry may include processor last level cache (LLC) circuitry. The bit-serial PISA circuitry is coupled to PISA memory circuitry via a relatively high-bandwidth connection to beneficially facilitate the storage and retrieval of layer weights by the bit-serial PISA circuitry during execution. Direct memory access (DMA) circuitry transfers the neural network model and input data from system memory to the bit-serial PISA memory and also transfers output data from the PISA memory circuitry to system memory circuitry.

Abstract: A request to access to a logical location in a file stored in a content addressable storage (CAS) system can be processed by retrieving first tree data from a first node in a first hash tree that represents a first version of the file. Based on the first tree data, a second node is selected from which a CAS signature is compared to a reserved CAS signature to determine the proper file version. In response to a match, a third node is accessed in a second hash tree that represents a second version of the file. Tree data is retrieved from a third node.

Abstract: A data storage device including, in one implementation, a non-volatile memory device and a controller coupled to the non-volatile memory device. The non-volatile memory device includes a memory block. The controller is configured to receive a cycle operation request and perform a wear-level mitigation operation in response to receiving the cycle operation request. To perform the wear-level mitigation operation, the controller is configured to determine a read state condition of the memory block, perform the requested cycle operation, and increment a cycle count of the memory block by a value based on the determined read state condition of the memory block. The first read state of the memory block and the second read state of the memory block are based on a wordline voltage that is associated with the memory block.

Abstract: A virtual storage device may be generated that replicates a layout of a physical storage device it is replacing. The virtual storage device may be used to store data formerly stored in the physical storage device. The layout may detail various configurations of the physical storage device such as if the physical storage derive implements fixed or variable-block sizes and/or if it implements a level of redundant array of independent disks (RAID). By replicating the layout of a physical storage device that it may replace, the virtual storage device described within various embodiments may offer advantages over other virtual storage devices.

Abstract: A method and system of managing memory, the method including receiving a request for storage space in the memory system; obtaining a timestamp for a new Logical Unit Number (LUN); allocating a range of logical blocks to the new LUN in accordance with its requested size, the range of logical blocks including a starting logical block and a number of blocks; assigning the timestamp to the new LUN as the LUN creation timestamp; and saving the LUN creation timestamp with other metadata identifying the new LUN and the allocated logical blocks. Methods and system for deleting LUNs and using a deletion timestamp are disclosed as is a process to format a LUN.

Abstract: Data items are aggregated in a quantile sketch according to a compactor hierarchy. A first number of data items are stored in a first buffer corresponding to a first (i.e., lowest) compaction level of the compactor hierarchy, and a top level number of data items are stored in a top buffer corresponding to a top compaction level of the compactor hierarchy. For a first subset of the first number of data items, each data item is already stored in the top buffer, and a weight of the respective data item stored in the top buffer is increased by 1. For a second subset of the first number of data items, each data item does not match any data item stored in the top buffer, and a second number of data items are selected from the second subset and stored in a second buffer of a second compaction level.

Abstract: The disclosure provides an approach for implementing a deduplicated (DD) assisted caching policy for a content based read cache (CBRC). Embodiments include receiving a first input/output (I/O) to write first data in storage as associated with a first logical block address (LBA); when the first data is located in a CBRC or in a DD cache located in memory, incrementing a first deduplication counter associated with the first data; when the first data is located in neither the CBRC nor the DD cache, creating the first deduplication counter; when the first deduplication counter meets a threshold after incrementing, and the first data is not located in the DD cache, adding the first data to the DD cache; and writing the first data to the storage as associated with the first LBA.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for performing block management regarding a non-volatile memory are provided. The method includes: determining whether a first blank block belongs to a cold block group or a hot block group according to an erase count of the first blank block; in response to the first blank block belonging to the cold block group, selecting the first blank block from a plurality of blank blocks as a target block, for performing data writing; according to at least one characteristic parameter regarding first data to be written, determining whether the first data belongs to a cold data group or a hot data group; and in response to the first data belonging to the hot data group, writing the first data into the first blank block to use the first blank block as a data block of the first data.

Abstract: A method of initializing a data storage system (DSS) is provided. The method includes (a) in response to the DSS booting, reading data from a first plurality of disks marked as part of a raw mirror which mirrors configuration data of the DSS between the first plurality of disks; (b) comparing sequence numbers from the read data read and selecting data from a disk of the first plurality having a latest sequence number; (c) obtaining configuration data of the DSS from the selected data; (d) using the configuration data to construct a topology of the DSS which includes information describing a relationship between a second plurality of disks of the DSS, RAID groups of the DSS, and logical disks presented to users, the second plurality of disks being larger than and including the first plurality of disks; and (e) initializing the RAID groups and the logical disks described by the topology based on the information of the topology.

Abstract: Within hash tables, bitmask(s) may be used to determine whether a given key is part of a collision chain or otherwise contained within the hash table. In some instances, using bitmask(s) may avoid linearly probing an entirety of the collision chain. For example, bitmask(s) may be used when searching low hit rate hash tables or hash tables where misses predominantly occur. Upon locating a collision chain within the hash table, or when probing the collision chain, the bitmask(s) may indicate whether subsequent keys within the collision chain correspond to the given key. The bitmask(s) may represent subsequent keys within the collision chain, and therefore, comparing the given key with the bitmask(s) may indicate similarities therebetween for use in determining whether to search a remainder of the collision chain.

Abstract: Systems, apparatuses, and methods related to managing memory objects are discussed. An example method can include monitoring a first characteristic set for each of a plurality of memory objects written to a first memory device or a second memory device; monitoring a second characteristic set for each of the plurality of memory objects; monitoring a performance characteristic set for the first memory device and the second memory device, wherein the first memory device and the second memory device comprise different types of memory media; and writing each of the plurality of memory objects in a particular respective location of the first memory device or the second memory device based, at least in part, upon the first characteristic set, the second characteristic set, and the performance characteristic set.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for selecting data access resources in a distributed storage network (DSN) are disclosed. In various embodiments, a processing module(s) receives a data access request including a data identifier. Addressing information is determined for the data access request. In addition, the processing module obtains DSN configuration information associated with a plurality of access resources that interface with DSN memory. Ranked scoring information is determined for the plurality of access resources based, at least in part, on the DSN configuration information and the addressing information. In an example, a distributed agreement protocol module is utilized to calculate the ranked scoring information as a processing capacity of a respective access resource divided by a negative log of a normalized deterministic function value based on the addressing information and an identifier. The ranked scoring information is then utilized to select an access resource for processing of the data access request.

Abstract: A key-value pair comprising a key and a value associated with the key is stored in a current segment of a data container. The key comprises a segment identifier identifying the current segment. The data container comprises a plurality of segments residing on a non-volatile memory device. Responsive to determining that a size of the current segment exceeds a threshold, a new segment is added to the container. The plurality of key-value pairs having respective current segment identifiers referencing one or more least recently created segments of the data container is deleted.

Abstract: A method includes identifying, for each port of a storage controller, an optimal path between a port of the storage controller to a computer and identifying a port of the computer connected to the optimal path. Two or more interconnected switches connect the computer and the storage controller. The method includes assigning a static IP address to each port of the storage controller, and transmitting to the computer, for each port of the storage controller, a static MAC address of a port of the storage controller and the corresponding port of the computer that is part of the optimal path between the port of the storage controller and the computer. The computer uses the static MAC addresses and the corresponding ports to create a static map and uses the static map to determine which port of the computer to use to service a storage request.

Abstract: A monitoring system for mapping and monitoring inter-application communications in a computing ecosystem is described. The monitoring system provides consolidated visibility to computing ecosystems by providing end-to-end mapping and monitoring of inter-application communications and events, changes, incidents, and status information of applications, services, and systems. As described, the monitoring system is configured to (a) identify communication paths linking the host devices, (b) generate an ecosystem map based on the communication paths, (c) transmit a monitoring signal to the network, (d) receive a monitoring response from the host devices in response to the monitoring signal including at least a first status, (e) process the monitoring response with the ecosystem map to generate an active ecosystem map, and (f) display the active ecosystem map including the host devices and at least one status associated with the host devices.

Abstract: An information handling system includes a non-volatile memory (NVRAM) and a processor. The NVRAM stores a plurality of NVRAM variables and a basic input/output system (BIOS) of the information handling system. The BIOS includes system BIOS variable services. The processor executes the system BIOS variable services. While executing the system BIOS variable services, the processor determines whether a holding area of a first NVRAM variable of the NVRAM variables is completely used. In response to the storage being completely used, the processor calculates a new size of the holding area based on metadata of the first NVRAM variable, and creates a new storage area for the first NVRAM variable. The size of a second holding area of the new storage area equals the new size.

Abstract: A system and method of managing storage on non-volatile memory (NVM) storage media, by at least one processor, may include receiving, from at least one client computing device, one or more data write requests, associated with application metadata, to store one or more respective data objects on the NVM storage media; performing a first classification of the one or more data objects, based on the application metadata, so as to associate each data object to a group of data objects; storing the data objects of each group in a dedicated storage set of a logical address space; and transmitting, or copying the data objects of each storage set to be stored in a respective, dedicated range of the NVM storage media.

Abstract: Representative embodiments set forth herein disclose techniques for implementing improved links between paths of one or more file systems. According to some embodiments, techniques are disclosed for establishing a system volume and a data volume within a container. According to other embodiments, techniques are disclosed for establishing a link from a source path of a system volume within a container to a target path of a data volume within the container. According to yet other embodiments, techniques are disclosed for determining whether to allow a file system operation on a data volume of a container based on at least determining whether a target path is associated with a reference to a source path.

Abstract: Techniques are disclosed relating to efficiently processing of concurrent database transactions. In one embodiment, a database system receives a first key-value pair for a database transaction and stores the key-value pair in a data structure for active database transactions. The storing may include indexing into a hash table of the data structure with a key of the key-value pair to identify a hash bucket of the hash table corresponding to the key, acquiring a latch associated with the identified hash bucket, and, based on a state of the acquired latch, appending, to the hash bucket, a record specifying the key-value pair. The database system may cause the key-value pair from the data structure to be committed to persistent storage in response to the database transaction being committed.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a local memory that is dedicated to one or more hardware accelerators is divided into a plurality of independently powerable sections. That is, one or more of the sections may be powered on while other ones of the plurality of sections are powered off. The hardware accelerators receive instruction words from one or more central processing units (CPUs). The instruction words may include a field that specifies an amount of the memory that is used when processing the first instruction word, and the power control circuit may be configured to power a subset of the plurality of sections to provide sufficient memory for the instruction word based on the field, while one or more of the plurality of sections are powered off.

Abstract: A method, computer program product, and computer system for partitioning, by a computing device, resources between a plurality of central processing unit (CPU) cores. A logical block address (LBA) space of a user may be divided into a slice with an affinity to a CPU core of the plurality of CPU cores. IO flow processing may be processed by the CPU core of the plurality of CPU cores associated with the LBA space divided into the slice.

Abstract: A system, and corresponding method, is described for updating or calculating ECC where the transaction volume is significantly reduced from a read-modify-write to a write, which is more efficient and reduces demand on the data access bandwidth. The invention can be implemented in any chip, system, method, or HDL code that perform protection schemes and require ECC calculation, of any kind. Embodiments of the invention enable IPs that use different protections schemes to reduce power consumption and reduce bandwidth access to more efficiently communicate or exchange information.

Abstract: A processing device in a host system monitors a data temperature of a plurality of memory pages stored in a host-addressable region of a cache memory component operatively coupled with the host system. The processing device determines that a first memory page of the plurality of memory pages satisfies a first threshold criterion pertaining to the data temperature of the first memory page and sends a first migration command indicating the first memory page to a direct memory access (DMA) engine executing on a memory-mapped storage component operatively coupled with the cache memory component and with the memory-mapped storage component via a peripheral component interconnect express (PCIe) bus. The first migration command causes the DMA engine to initiate a first DMA transfer of the first memory page from the cache memory component to a host-addressable region of the memory-mapped storage component.

Abstract: A system for managing file systems includes memory. The system also includes a manager. The memory is used for storing in-memory data structures. The manager obtains file system references for a file system from a file system manager. The file system manager utilizes storage to provide the file system references. The manager stores the file system references in an in-memory data structure in the memory. To service file system reference requests, the manager utilizes uses the in-memory data structure to service at least one of the file system reference requests.

Abstract: Data is collected during use of an application program to determine an option-selection usage pattern for a given user with respect to a given option-selection list with options listed in a first order. A recommendation is generated for a modified option-selection list with the options listed in a second order based on the option-selection usage pattern. The recommendation is presented to the given user.

Abstract: A media content processing management method according to an embodiment of the disclosure includes: obtaining, from a network based media processing (NBMP) source, workflow information for media content processing; identifying whether to use a feedback task, based on the workflow information, obtaining, from a function repository, function information about a function of the feedback task or about a function of at least one media task for the media content processing, based on the workflow information, obtaining task information based on at least one of the workflow information and the function information, delivering the task information to each of tasks, obtaining client feedback information, and updating the task information based on the client feedback information, wherein the task information includes at least one of input information, output information, configuration information, or connection information of each of the tasks, and the connection information includes connection information of a media pr

Abstract: Provided is a state data of the technical system are captured and fed into a controller, which is configurable by control parameters, in order to control the technical system on the basis of the state data. Furthermore, complexity data quantifying a present computation complexity for the controller are captured and transmitted to a control planner. The control planner takes the complexity data as a basis for ascertaining an updated control parameter that renders the control currently more performant, according to a predefined performance measure, than as a result of the previous control parameter. The controller is then reconfigured by the updated control parameter.

Abstract: A method of operating a storage appliance is provided.

Abstract: Determining drive configurations may include: receiving a data set including tier distributions for data storage systems; applying principal component analysis to the data set to generate a resulting data set having number of dimension in comparison to the data set; determining clusters using the resulting data set, wherein each cluster includes a portion of the tier distributions, wherein each cluster has an associated cluster tier distribution determined in accordance with the portion of the tier distributions in the cluster; selecting one of the clusters; and performing first processing that determines, in accordance with a storage capacity requirement and in accordance with a corresponding cluster tier distribution of the selected one cluster, a drive configuration.

Abstract: Clustered containerized applications are implemented with scalable provisioning. Methods include receiving a data storage request to store one or more data values in a storage volume implemented across a storage node cluster, the storage node cluster including a plurality of storage nodes including one or more storage devices having storage space allocated for storing data associated with the storage volume. Methods may further include identifying a cluster hierarchy associated with the storage node cluster, the cluster hierarchy identifying storage characteristics of the plurality of storage nodes, the cluster hierarchy also identifying physical location information for the plurality of storage nodes, the physical location information indicating node-to-node proximity on a network graph.

Abstract: A storage management subsystem monitors usage of the data stored by a data storage system. Based at least in part on the monitored usage of the stored data, a storage profile is determined for the stored data. The storage profile indicates a first time period during which a first portion of the stored data is anticipated to be accessed and a second portion of the stored data is not anticipated to be accessed and a second time period during which the first portion of the stored data is not anticipated to be accessed. During at least the first time period, the first portion of the data is stored in a decompressed format and the second portion of the data is stored in a compressed format. During at least the second time period, the first portion of the data is stored in the compressed format.

Abstract: An operation method of a storage device configured to implement physical functions respectively corresponding to hosts includes receiving performance information from each of the host devices, setting a performance level of each of the physical functions to a first level, processing a command from a first host through a corresponding first physical function, changing a performance level of the first physical function to a second level based on the performance information and a performance serviced to the first host, and processing a second command from a second host through at least one second physical function corresponding to the second host prior to processing a subsequent first command from the first host, through the first physical function, based on a performance level of the at least one second physical function being the first level and the performance level of the first physical function being the second level.