Abstract: Marked mineral oils containing basic dyes which have at least two, optionally substituted, amino groups and which, on addition of a protogenic acid and, optionally, a metal halide, experience a bathochromic shift of their absorption maximum and an increase in absorbance, and a method of marking mineral oils with basic dyes.

Abstract: A process and catalyst have been developed for hydrotreating halogen containing olefinic feedstock including resins. The process and catalyst dehalogenates both saturated and unsaturated feedstock. The catalyst is not deactivated by prolonged exposure to a halogen. The composition of the catalyst includes oxides from Group VIIIA, tungsten oxide or molybdenum oxide and a basic promoter oxide from Group IA, Group IIA, Lanthanides and Actinides.

Abstract: Hydrogen sulfide gas evolution from water or hydrocarbons, especially during storage or transport of petroleum residua is suppressed by the incorporation of an effective amount of a diamine of the formula ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 are independently an alky radical containing 1 to 14 carbon atoms, (CH.sub.2).sub.n --OR.sub.6 or cycloalkyl containing 5 or 6 carbon atoms and R.sub.5 is hydrogen or methyl. R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 can be alkylene groups joined together with their respective adjacent N to form a heterocyclic ring. R.sub.6 is hydrogen or an alkyl radical having 1 to 5 carbon atoms and n is an integer of 1 to 5.

Abstract: A method of producing and upgrading crude oil in flowable form which is characterized by the steps of forming hydrogen from methane gas and hydrogenating only a portion of the crude oils and produce a less viscous bottom stream that is then admixed with the remainder of the crude to form a flowable crude and transporting the flow of crude to a refinery.

Abstract: In a fluid for electrical discharge machining, a low viscosity mineral or synthetic oil is used as the base oil, to which is added ultrahigh-viscosity oil, the low viscosity oil raising the efficiency of chip removal from the workpiece-to-electrode gap adequately cooling said gap, while the addition of ultrahigh viscosity oil enables the voltage across the discharge electrodes to be increased, allowing an even larger amount of electrical discharge energy to be applied to the workpiece-to-electrode gap, providing a fluid for electrical discharge machining which enables discharge efficiency to be greatly raised and discharge machining speed to be increased.

Abstract: The invention concerns a regeneration process and the corresponding apparatus for regeneration of a reforming catalyst, the reforming operation being carried out in at least two reactors in series, through which the catalyst and the charge successively flow, the pressure in the first reactor through which the catalyst and the charge pass being under a pressure of between 3 and 8 bars.

Abstract: A process for the production of hydrocarbon white oil by means of hydrogenating a heavy aromatic alkylate is disclosed. The process is characterized in that its feedstock is a previously undesired heavy hydrocarbon byproduct of aromatic alkylation. A white oil derived from such a process has good color and odor properties and results in a superior white oil lubricant.

Abstract: Disclosed is a refrigerating machine oil composition comprising:(A) 85 to 30% by weight of alkyl benzene having a kinematic viscosity at 40.degree. C. of 30 cSt or more;(B) 5 to 70% by weight of a paraffin-based mineral oil having a kinematic viscosity at 40.degree. C. of 20 to 500 cSt, a pour point of -35.degree. C. or lower, a viscosity index of 60 or more, and a sulfur content of 100 ppm or less; and(C) 1 to 30% by weight of a naphthene-based mineral oil having a kinematic viscosity at 40.degree. C. of 5 to 500 cSt, a pour point of -30.degree. C. or lower, and a sulfur content of 0.05 to 1% by weight, the total sulfur content of said composition being 0.01 to 0.10% by weight.The present composition is excellent in stability, lubricity, compatibility with refrigerants, and low temperature property.

Abstract: Fouling of heat exchangers in chemical processing or oil refining systems is inhibited by incorporating into a petroleum derived stock an effective antifouling amount of a mixture of(a) a condensation product of an alkylphenol, an aldehyde, and an amine; and(b) a diaminomethane.

Abstract: Disclosed are pour point depressants of the general, average formula ##STR1## in which R.sup.1 is alkyl with 18 to 36 carbon atoms with the proviso, that at least 40% of the alkyl groups have at least 22 carbon atoms,R.sup.2 is hydrogen, methyl or an entity containing polar groups, it being possible for R.sup.2 to have different meanings within the average molecule,N.gtoreq.30 andM=0 to n/2.Also disclosed are crude oils containing from 0.005 to 0.15 weight percent of the above compounds and a process for reducing the pour point of crude oils by incorporating therein said compounds, optionally in a solvent.

Abstract: A method for transmitting power which is characterized by the use of a traction drive fluid containing, as a base stock, a composition composed of 40 to 80 wt % of 2,4-dicyclohexyl-2-methylpentane and 20 to 60 wt % of a mixture of polycyclohexylalkane and a perhydroindane derivative, with the weight ratio of the perhydroindane derivative to the polycycloalkane being up to 0.5, and having a viscosity (at 100.degree. C.) of 5.0 to 15.0 cSt (10.sup.-2 cm.sup.2 /sec). This fluid has a high traction coefficient and a good oxidation stability.

Abstract: In a process for the treatment of heavy oil, in which a hydrocarbon diluent is added to the heavy oil stream, part of the diluent is substituted by an LPG liquid stream. The LPG stream is added to the heavy oil stream after removal of light components including methane and carbon dioxide to reduce the vapor pressure of the stream, producing a sales oil stream.

Abstract: As a flow improver in a crude oil or a liquid hydrocarbon fuel are used polymers containing more than one amide group, the amide being an amide of a secondary amine, and either the amide group or an ester group of the polymer containing a hydrogen- and carbon-containing group of at least 10 carbon atoms, provided that if the polymer is derived from the polymerization of an aliphatic olefin and maleic anhydride, the polymer must have both an amide group and an ester group each of which contains a hydrogen- and carbon-containing group of at least 10 carbon atoms, for example, a diamide of a copolymer of an alkyl fumarate, vinyl acetate and maleic anhydride.

Abstract: Crude oil (one of which is a high fouling crude oil) are blended to maintain the incompatible asphaltene thereof below a predetermined level thereby reducing the fouling tendency of the high fouling crude oil. Paraffinic liquids, LPG's, and condensates may also be blended with crude oil, while monitoring and controlling incompatible asphaltenes thereof.

Abstract: Basic nitrogen compounds (BNC) are selectively removed from solvent extracted oils by adsorption of said BNC's by solid acidic polar adsorbents. The oils are extracted using any of the common extraction solvents, such as furfural, phenol, SO.sub.2, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), preferably NMP. The resulting raffinate, which contains the desirable oil fraction, has the BNC's present therein removed by adsorption thereof onto an adsorbent, characterized as being a solid, polar acidic adsorbent, exemplified by silica-alumina, a high alumina base amorphous cracking catalyst (such as manufactured by Ketjen/Akzo) and crystalline zeolite (such as H-Y zeolites) are effective adsorbents. The adsorbents may additionally contain fluorine or may contain up to 30 weight percent water. The adsorbents are regenerated by either purging with hydrogen at elevated temperature and pressure, or by washing the BNC saturated adsorbent with extraction process extraction solvent, such as NMP.

Abstract: The process of the invention relates to the production of dehazed white oil possessing long-term low temperature storage stability. The white oil is dehazed with a dehazing catalyst comprising a Group VIII metal incorporated with a shape-selective molecular sieve selected from the Group consisting of a ZSM-5 type zeolite and a crystalline borosilicate molecular sieve.

Abstract: Alkoxylated Mannich product compositions and methods of use of same as process antifoulants are disclosed. The alkoxylated Mannich products deactivate metals and inhibit oxygen promoted polymerization in hydrocarbons and petrochemicals.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for refining an electrical insulating oil by refining a heavy by-product oil obtained in the preparation of ethylbenzene or ethyltoluene. The method comprises distilling off the lighter components from the by-product oil, then dehydrogenating, distilling and hydrogenating.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a refrigerator oil composition which comprises 70 to 98 wt % of a paraffin base oil having a pour point of not more than -35.degree. C., a sulfur content of not more than 50 ppm (parts per million), and a kinematic viscosity at 40.degree. C. of 5 to 500 cSt (centistrokes) and 30 to 2 wt % of a naphthene base oil having a pour point of not more than -35.degree. C., a sulfur content of 0.05 to 1 wt % and a kinematic viscosity at 40.degree. C. of 5 to 500 cSt, and in which the sulfur content is 0.01 to 0.10 wt %.The refrigerator oil composition of the present invention effectively prevents the formation of valve sludge. The refrigerator oil composition of the present invention is also excellent in anti-wear properties. Furthermore the refrigerator oil composition of the present invention is excellent in stability and baking resistance in the condition that is in contact with the refrigerant (Furon) and further is excellent in low temperature solubility.

Abstract: Medicinal white oils and medicinal paraffins are prepared from petroleum fractions containing aromatics and nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur compounds, e.g. light and heavy atmospheric gas oils, vacuum gas oils and residues, which have been pretreated in a first stage by acid treatment or catalytic hydrogenation, by hydrogenation in a second stage over a nickel-containing catalyst under from 50 to 200 bar and at elevated temperatures, by a process in which the catalyst used in the second stage and present in the oxide form is reduced with a hydrogen-containing gas, passivated and then again activated with hydrogen, before the hydrogenation to medicinal white oils or paraffins is carried out.

Abstract: A process for producing a lubricant base oil with low pour point and high aromaticity from a feedstock oil which is either a distillate fraction boiling at 250.degree. C. or above that is obtained from a paraffin base or mixed base crude or a deasphalted oil obtained from a vacuum distillation residual oil of said crude, and process comprising:(a) the step of bringing said feedstock oil into contact with a hydrofining catalyst in the presence of hydrogen and recovering a hydrofined oil;(b) the step of dewaxing said hydrofined oil and recovering the dewaxed oil;(c) the step of subjecting said dewaxed oil to extraction with a solvent having selective affinity for aromatic hydrocarbons so as to separate the feed into the raffinate portion and the extract portion, and removing the solvent from said extract portion to obtain an extract oil; and(d) the step of treating said extract oil by means of contact with a solid adsorbent or sulfuric acid.

Abstract: This invention relates to an electrical insulating oil consisting essentially of a oil having a boiling point of not less than 150.degree. C., a viscosity of 2 to 500 centistokes (at 40.degree. C.), a pour point of not more than -35.degree. C., a sulfur content of from more than 5 ppm to not more than 1,000 ppm, an aromatic hydrocarbon content (%C.sub.A) of more than 5% and a cloud point of less than -25.degree. C.

Abstract: A process for preparing an electrical insulating oil comprising a reaction product having a boiling range of higher than 260.degree. C. obtained by treating a hydrocarbn feed at a reaction temperature in the range of 0.degree. to 300.degree. C. in liquid phase in the presence of an acid catalyst, said hydrocarbon feed comprising a distillate from a thermal-cracked oil obtained in a thermal cracking process for thermally cracking a petrolic heavy residual oil at a temperature not lower than 400.degree. C. and not exceeding 700.degree. C., said distillate consisting mainly of hydrocarbons boiling in the range of 120.degree. to 290.degree. C. and said distillate containing at least 30 weight percent of paraffins and at least 10 weight percent of aliphatic olefins, and separating said reaction product from the resulting mixture containing at least said reaction product and unreacted hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the preparation of a hydrocarbonaceous distillate and a hydrocarbonaceous residue, which comprises mixing a residual fraction of a product obtained by catalytic cracking or hydrocracking a hydrocarbonaceous feedstock, with a second hydrocarbonaceous fraction having such a boiling range that at least 50% w boils at a temperature above 400.degree. C., and subjecting the resulting mixture to a subatmospheric distillation yielding at least one distillate fraction and one residue. The residue thus prepared is a suitable component in bitumen compositions.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a method of inhibiting the formation of coke during the elevated temperature cracking of hydrocarbons. The method generally comprises adding to the hydrocarbon an effective amount of an ammonium borate, particularly ammonium biborate and ammonium pentaborate. Preferably, the ammonium borates are in a glycollic solvent or water.

Abstract: A simpler and new process for the polycondensation of a sulfonated coal tar fraction comprising: sulfonating a coal tar fraction having a distillation range of 200.degree. to 240.degree. at normal pressure, with an excess of 20-30% mole of sulfuric acid, as opposed to 105% in the prior art, for 4-8 hours at a temperature of 160.degree. C..+-.10.degree. C. under reflux. The product is diluted with water to render it fluid at about 80.degree. C. and molar ratio of formaldehyde per mole of the sulfonated coal tar fraction is then added gradually at a temperature of about 85.degree. C..+-.5.degree. C., then gradually heated for about 1 to 4 hours at 100.degree. to 106.degree. C., and then further raised to 106.degree. C.-120.degree. C. for 2 to 4 hours. The product is then cooled and neutralized. With this process, new polycondensates with improved properties are produced. The polycondensation including neutralization is completed within 16 hours from the time the formaldehyde is added.

Abstract: This invention relates to an electrical insulating oil consisting essentially of a oil having a boiling point of not less than 150.degree. C., a viscosity of 2 to 500 centistokes (at 40.degree. C.), a pour point of not more than -35.degree. C., a sulfur content of from more than 5 ppm to not more than 1,000 ppm and an aromatic hydrocarbon content (% C.sub.A) of more than 5%.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for reducing the pour point of a crude oil by adding a pour-point depressant selected from the group consisting of raw bitumen and hydrotreated bitumen to form a blend possessing a relatively lower pour point.

Abstract: An integrated, continuous (or batch) process for the beneficiation and/or liquefaction of coal, especially low rank coals, is provided, the process generally involving admixing coal with an organic liquid medium under high shear agitation, further beneficiating the coal by admixing the same in an aqueous medium optionally containing a monomer and a polymerization catalyst therefor and subjecting the resultant coal product to further high shear agitation in the presence of certain organic liquid media to provide a liquefied coal extract product and a further solid coal product. Beneficiated solid and liquefied coal products are also provided.

Abstract: The invention provides a novel compound 1-cyclohexyl-1,4-dimethyl decahydronaphthalene which is useful as fluids for traction drive. The compound can be synthesized by the hydrogenation of 1,4-dimethyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene and analytical results for the identification of the compound are given.

Abstract: The invention provides a novel class of compounds dicyclohexylcyclopentanes or, in particular, 1,3-dicyclohexyl-1-methyl cyclopentane which is synthesized by the hydrogenation of 1-methyl-1,3-diphenyl cyclopentane which in turn is obtained by the dimerization reaction of .alpha.-methylstyrene in the presence of metallic sodium as the catalyst. The compound is useful as a fluid for traction drive.

Abstract: This invention relates to electric insulating oils consisting of mineral oils having boiling point of 200.degree. C. or higher, preferably from 250.degree. to 450.degree. C., and having a viscosity of from 2 to 500 cst (at 40.degree. C.), pour point of -35.degree. C. or below, a sulfur content of 5 ppm or less and an aromatic hydrocarbon content (% C.sub.A) of 5% or less.

Abstract: The problem of creaming during formation of disperse-slurry of H-coal residue by ball milling with water is eliminated by use, as an anti-creaming additive, of the triethanolamine salt of dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid.

Abstract: An electrical insulating oil, comprising:a base oil selected from the group consisting of a mineral oil, an alkylbenzene, and a mixture of a mineral oil and an alkylbenzene;a non-basic nitrogen content in an amount of 16 ppm or more; anda basic nitrogen content in an amount of 6% or less based on the weight of the non-basic nitrogen content.

Abstract: A fluid for traction drive is described, containing a liquid material as a base stock wherein the liquid material is prepared by bringing naphthalene or tetralin into contact with a Friedel-Crafts catalyst and then hydrogenating the resulting compounds. This traction drive fluid exhibits a superior traction coefficient from low temperature to elevated temperature and further has a low viscosity. Thus the fluid contributes to the production of small-sized drive mechanisms and can be widely used in various machines.

Abstract: A process for producing a high quality refrigerator oil from an oil fraction boiling at a temperature within boiling point of lubricating oil by contacting said oil fraction with a solvent to extract undesirable components thereby lowering % C.sub.A of said oil fraction, hydrogenating said solvent extracted fraction under the specific conditions, and then contacting said hydrogenated oil with a solid absorbant to remove impurities; said oil fraction being obtained from a low grade naphthenic crude oil.

Abstract: Caking coals can be solvent extracted in high yields without agglomeration by a first stage extraction of 380.degree. C. to 420.degree. C. and at a pressure above the critical pressure of the solvent, followed by a second stage at a temperature above the critical temperature of the solvent in the range 440.degree. C. to 490.degree. C. Conveniently, the extraction is done by a cocurrent flow, using a hydrogen donor solvent.

Abstract: An electrical insulating oil composition which is characterized in that said insulating oil composition contains 5 to 300 ppm (as sulfur) of sulfur compounds and exerts excellent deterioration resistance when the insulating oil composition is fed through or used in contact with a substance made of lead or a lead alloy.

Abstract: Liquid hydrocarbon streams, preferably petroleum streams, most preferably lube and specialty oil streams and in particular transformer oils are rendered resistant to oxidation by treatment with a silver salt impregnated adsorbent, preferably silver nitrate impregnated alumina by the process of contacting the hydrocarbon oil stream with the silver salt impregnated adsorbent and recovering a hydrocarbon stream of reduced pro-oxidant heteroatom compound (nitrogen compound and sulfur compound) content. The silver salt impregnated adsorbent is regenerated by sequential washing with portions of aromatic solvent and polar solvent. The aromatic solvent strips aromatic sulfides from the adsorbent. This fraction may be recombined with the hydrocarbon stream, especially in the case of transformer oils, so as to enhance the oxidation stability/resistance of the oil. The polar solvent, such as 3% methanol in toluene, strips the aliphatic sulfides from the absorbent. The regenerated column is then ready for reuse.

Abstract: The pour point of shale oil is lowered by contacting with fresh oil shale. The temperature of contacting is preferably below 350.degree. F.

Abstract: Coal liquids are disclosed wherein the hydrogen of substantially all of the hydroxyl groups of the coal liquids have been replaced with C.sub.1 to C.sub.20 alkyl or acyl groups.

Abstract: The preparation of high quality, e.g., high viscosity index, base lubricating oils and white oils, particularly food grade white mineral oils, of suitable viscosity in high yield from a mineral oil distillate of suitable lubricating oil viscosity comprises contacting the distillate with hydrogen in four catalytic stages. The first reaction stage employs hydrocracking conditions. Subsequent reaction stages employ hydrogenation conditions. The second reaction stage, preferably employs a sulfur-resistant hydrogenation catalyst and produces a product suitable as a high quality lubricating oil base stock. The third reaction stage preferably employs a sulfur-resistant hydrogenation catalyst to obtain further aromatic saturation. The final stage employs a selective hydrogenation catalyst, optionally activated with a halogen, and produces a product suitable as a white oil, preferably a food grade white oil.

Abstract: An electrical insulating oil composition consisting essentially of 50-85 parts by weight of a paraffinic or mixed base crude oil-derived electrical insulating oil, 50-15 parts by weight of a naphthenic base crude oil-derived electrical insulating oil, and 0.001-1.0% by weight of a hydrocarbon-derived pour point depressant, based on the total weight of said two oils.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for improving the properties of carbonous materials and products thereof by oxygen-alkylation. The carbonous material is treated with a quaternary base then heated to temperatures from about 100.degree. C. to 400.degree. C.

Abstract: A liquid composition and method for forming the composition, the composition being intended for use in an oil-filled electrical apparatus to minimize the detrimental effects that can occur during high fault conditions which oil composition is biodegradable and formed from natural hydrocarbons and synthetic hydrocarbons which when combined form a flat pseudo-rectangular molecular weight distribution curve.

Abstract: This invention provides a method for converting waxy or viscous hydrocarbon oils to lower pour point or less viscous oils. By this method, reactive dispersions of zeolites, such as HZSM-5 crystals, are prepared with the oil to be converted, and conversion is effected by heating the dispersion.

Abstract: A process for producing organic liquid product from solid organic waste. The process comprises pyrolyzing the solid organic waste to produce pyrolysis vapors and solid pyrolysis residue. The solid residue is separated from the pyrolysis vapors leaving entrained particulate matter in the vapor. At least a portion of the pyrolysis vapor is condensed for producing pyrolysis liquid containing entrained particulate matter. The pyrolysis liquid is centrifuged producing a light fraction containing entrained particulate matter, a middle fraction substantially free of particulate matter and a heavy fraction containing entrained particulate matter. The middle fraction is recovered as organic liquid product substantially free of entrained particulate matter. The light fraction and heavy fraction are mixed and filtered. The liquid filtrate produced is distilled for producing additional organic liquid product.

Abstract: Coal liquids are rendered compatible with petroleum liquids by selective oxygen alkylation or oxygen acylation of weakly acidic protons such as phenolic and carboxylic functionalities by means of a phase transfer reaction. Phenolic and carboxylic functional substituents, which are very polar, are converted to relatively non-polar ethers and esters, respectively. The O-alkylation or O-acylation is carried out in a binary liquid phase solution (organic/water). A quaternary ammonium or phosphonium salt is reacted with alkali or alkaline earth base (caustic) to produce the corresponding quaternary ammonium or phosphonium base (an example of a phase transfer reagent). This quaternary base is non-nucleophilic and readily removes the phenolic and carboxylic protons, but does little else to the coal liquid molecules. After the removal of the weakly acidic protons by the quaternary base, the phenoxides and carboxylates which are produced then undergo O-alkylation or O-acylation.

Abstract: Increased solubility of heavy fractions of coal (e.g., coal liquefaction bottoms and coal solubilization bottoms) is obtained by oxygen-alkylation or oxygen-acylation of weakly acidic protons such as phenolic and carboxylic functionalities by means of a phase transfer reaction. Phenolic and carboxylic functional substituents, which are very polar, are converted to relatively nonpolar ethers and esters, respectively. The O-alkylation or O-acylation is carried out in a binary liquid phase solution (organic and water phases with a solid phase suspended in the medium). A quaternary ammonium or phosphonium salt is reacted with alkali or alkaline earth base to produce the corresponding quaternary ammonium or phosphonium base (an example of a phase transfer reagent). This quaternary base is non-nucleophilic and readily removes the phenolic and carboxylic protons but does little else to the coal structures.

Abstract: A process for purifying mineral spirits which have been used to clean Otto uel II propelled torpedoes by heating the mineral spirits to decompose 1,2-propanediol dinitrate and remove hydrogen cyanide and other gaseous decomposition produces, and then distill the mineral spirits from the remaining contaminants.