Abstract: A backlight unit 12 includes cold cathode tubes 18, a chassis 14, inverter boards 20, and relay connectors 21. The chassis 14 houses the cold cathode tubes 18. The inverter boards 20 are arranged on a side of the chassis 14 opposite from the cold cathode tubes 18. A predetermined amount of clearance C is provided between a reference plane BS and each inverter board 20. Each inverter board 20 is configured to supply drive power to the cold cathode tubes 18. The relay connectors 21 are mounted to the chassis 14 and configured to relay power supply from the inverter boards 20 to the cold cathode tubes 18. Each inverter board 20 is connected to the relay connectors 21 so as to be removable in one direction along a board surface of the inverter board 20. Blocking portions 35 and 36 are provided on the chassis 14 side. The blocking portions 35 and 36 project from the reference plane BS toward ends portions 20e to 20g of the inverter board 20.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide an organic electroluminescent display device and a production method thereof with which an organic electroluminescent display device having a high extraction efficiency is produced in a high yield. The present invention is an organic electroluminescent display device, comprising: a component placement substrate having an organic electroluminescence element; a circuit board having a driver circuit for the organic electroluminescence element, the component placement substrate and the circuit board being joined to each other; and a conductor in a clearance between the component placement substrate and the circuit board, the component placement substrate comprising in this order from an observation face side: a transparent separation layer; a light-scattering layer; a transparent electrode; a light-emitting layer; and the reflective electrode, wherein the conductor electrically connects the reflective electrode to an electrode of the driver circuit.

Abstract: A discharge device includes a dielectric, a first electrode and a second electrode arranged with the dielectric interposed therebetween, and a circuit unit to which the first electrode and the second electrode are electrically connected for generating a high voltage to be applied to the first electrode and to the second electrode. The dielectric is formed in a tube shape or a pipe shape having therein the circuit unit.

Abstract: A bulb-type LED lamp (1) has a bulb (3) mounted on a socket (5). A light source (7), comprising a plurality of LEDs mounted on a PCB (9), is arranged inside the bulb (3). The PCB (9) acts as and/or is connected to cooling means (21). The outer surface (15) of the bulb is formed both by light transmittable surface (22) and/or sub-areas (23) thereof and the cooling means (21), which cooling means extend from inside the bulb into the outer surface of the bulb. Surfaces are mutually flush at locations at the outer surface of the bulb where said surfaces of both the cooling means and the light transmittable sub-areas border each other. The spatial light intensity distribution of the lamp of the invention is significantly improved over the prior art bulb-type LED lamp.

Abstract: An LED lamp set includes a socket connecting to electric power, an ignition circuit board held in the socket to form electric connection therewith and a lamp assembly controlled by the ignition circuit board. The lamp assembly includes a stem and a plurality of LED substrates fastened to the stem. The stem has a plurality of troughs formed on the circumference and a plurality of spacers to separate the troughs. The stem further has an upper holding portion at the upper circumference to form a retaining space with the troughs and a sealed lower side connecting to a circuit board. The circuit board and the ignition circuit board are electrically connected. Each LED substrate has at least a portion wedged in the retaining space and is electrically connected to a plurality of LEDs. The LED substrate has an electric connection portion electrically connected to the circuit board.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a thin film transistor, a method thereof and an organic light emitting device including the thin film transistor. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the thin film transistor includes a substrate, a control electrode, an insulating layer, a first electrode and a second electrode, a first ohmic contact layer and a second ohmic contact layer, and a semiconductor layer. The control electrode is formed on the substrate, and the insulating layer is formed on the control electrode. The first and the second electrodes are formed on the insulating layer. The first ohmic contact layer and the second ohmic contact layer are formed on the first electrode and the second electrode. The semiconductor layer is formed on the first ohmic contact layer and the second ohmic contact layer to fill between the first and the second electrodes.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a self-ballasted lamp includes a light-emitting module, a base body, a first insulating member, a screw, a second insulating member, a cap and a lighting circuit. The light-emitting module has a light-emitting portion including semiconductor light-emitting elements mounted on a surface of a metallic substrate. The base body is made of metal and the light-emitting module is arranged on one end side of the base body. The first insulating member is interposed between the substrate of the light-emitting module and the base body. The substrate of the light-emitting module is fixed to the base body with the screws. The second insulating member is interposed between the screws and the substrate of the light-emitting module. The cap is provided at the other end side of the base body. The lighting circuit is housed inside the base body.

Abstract: A settable light bulb whose brightness can be set by the user, and more particularly, to the use of a switch or a slide built in to the bulb itself to control the brightness in either discrete or continuous increments.

Abstract: Light engine modules comprise a support member and a solid state light emitter, in which (1) the emitter is mounted on the support member, (2) a region of the support member has a surface with a curved cross-section, (3) the emitter and a compensation circuit are mounted on the support member, (4) an electrical contact element extends to at least two surfaces of the support member, and/or (5) a substantial entirety of the module is located on one side of a plane and the emitter emits light into another side of the plane. Also, a module comprising means for supporting a light emitter and a light emitter. Also, a lighting device comprising a housing member and a light emitter mounted on a removable support member. Also, a lighting device comprising a module mounted in a lighting device element. Also, a method comprising mounting a module to a lighting device element.

Abstract: An organic light emitting diode (OLED) display is disclosed. In one embodiment, the OLED display includes: an organic light emitting display panel including i) a base substrate having a pixel area and a pad area and ii) a protection substrate connected to the base substrate to cover the pixel area, wherein the pad area is formed outside of the pixel area and adjacent to an edge of the base substrate. The OLED display also includes a printed circuit board formed on the protection substrate and a chip on film including i) a first terminal electrically connected to the pad area, ii) a second terminal electrically connected to the printed circuit board and iii) a bending portion bent from the first terminal toward the second terminal. The OLED display further includes a spacer formed on the first terminal, wherein the spacer is located inside of the bending portion.

Abstract: LED or other lamps that remove heat using evaporation of water or other coolant inside a lamp enclosure structure such as a glass bulb typically without the use of external heat sinks or fins. Optionally, the pressure inside the enclosure can be reduced to lower the boiling point of the coolant. One or more LEDs or other light source can be mounted on a support structure that conducts heat to an evaporation surface. A coolant, preferably water or alcohol (or a water/alcohol mixture), is included inside the structure and can be optionally wicked to the evaporation surface. Vaporized coolant condenses on the inside surface of the enclosure or bulb transferring heat to the ambient through the enclosure. The condensed liquid coolant can return to a pool in the bottom of the enclosure.

Abstract: A top view light emitting device package and fabrication method thereof include a bilateral circuit is provided for emitting two far light fields with no requirement for multiple devices. Moreover, the top view light emitting device package of the disclosure also provides depressions and reflectors formed on the surfaces of the silicon substrate to enhance the reflective efficiency and fix a specific light field.

Abstract: The present application relates to a lighting applications. In particular, the present application describes examples of lighting fixtures and light bulbs containing a light transmissive optic. The orientation of the solid state emitters together with the contoured output surface of the light transmissive optic produce a tailored light output distribution over a designated planar surface. The light generated by the solid state light emitters is of a sufficient intensity to illuminate the designated planar surface.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for making a global LED lamp (10) having a transparent globe (14) and a base (12) for connecting to a lamp socket. By wrapping the base (12) in expansive foam tape (38) of Compriband type or similar, prior to inserting it in a neck shaped portion (16) of the globe (14), automatic alignment of the base (12) in the globe neck (16) may be obtained. Further, soft metal strips (36) may be wrapped about the tape (38) prior to wrapping the tape (38) about the base (12). The tape (38) acts as an inflatable cushion, which presses the metal strips (36) towards the base (12) and the globe (14). Improved heat transfer between the globe (14) and the base (12) may thus be obtained.

Abstract: An LED-based lighting device and method for making the same are disclosed. The lighting device includes an LED light source mounted on a heat sink, a power adaptor, and a controller. The power adaptor is configured to be interchangeable with a conventional incandescent bulb power adapter. The controller provides an average current to the LED light source when power is coupled to the device via the power adaptor. The average current causes the LED light source to generate light of a predetermined standard intensity that is substantially independent of variations in the LED light source from device to device. In one aspect of the invention, the LED light source includes a plurality of LEDs connected in series, the LEDs are bonded to the heat sink and connected to one another in series by wire bonds and to conducting traces on the heat sink.

Abstract: As an aspect of an embodiment, an electric discharge lamp unit includes a casing which houses an integrated circuit for lighting an electric discharge lamp, and a support member which supports the electric discharge lamp and is integrated with the casing. The casing is filled with filler. The center of the support member in the vertical direction is higher than the center of the casing in the vertical direction and the center of the integrated circuit in the vertical direction.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a lighting device using an LED. One embodiment of the invention provides a lamp-shaped LED lighting device that can replace a known lighting device. The lamp-shaped LED lighting device promptly emits the heat generated by an LED element, which influences the optical output and the lifespan of the LED lighting device, through a lamp-shaped frame with a heat-ventilation structure that facilitates air circulation. In addition, the lamp-shaped LED lighting device prevents glare from an LED light source by using a lateral reflecting member, a diffusion lens and a diffusion cover and diffuses the light from the light source widely without optical attenuation. Another embodiment of the invention provides a tube and panel-shaped LED lighting devices that can be replaced with a previous tube-shaped fluorescent light and a panel-shaped lighting device.

Abstract: An LED lamp set and a lighting bulb used thereon are provided. The LED lamp set comprises a plurality of circuit boards, a support post, an ignition circuit and two conducting wires. The circuit boards are spaced from each other in a parallel manner and mounted on the support post in series. Each of the circuit boards is connected to a plurality of LEDs surrounding the support post. The LEDs have a plurality of light emission surfaces tilted outwards. The ignition circuit receives an input power and transforms the input power to an ignition power. The two conducting wires have one end connected to the ignition circuit and linked to the circuit boards in series to ignite the LEDs. The LED lamp set further is coupled with a socket and a lamp shade to form a profile of a lighting bulb compatible to the socket of the ordinary lighting bulbs.

Abstract: An LED lighting tube includes a strip-shaped metal shell, a LED light source, a white light conversion film, and a driving power supply. The metal shell defines two spaced slots inwardly. The white light conversion film and the LED light source are respectively fixed in the two slots. The white light conversion film is isolated from the LED light source. The driving power supply is accommodated in the metal shell.

Abstract: An LED spotlight includes a light body, a base securely fixed to the light body, and a light cover fixedly connected to the light body. A power supply is disposed on an inside of the base. The light body includes a dissipating heat body firmly connected to the base, a dissipating heat base plate displaced on the dissipating heat body and coupled to the power supply, a plurality of LED lamps fixedly connected to the dissipating heat base plate, and an insulation lamp cup made of glass or transparent plastic disposed over the LED lamps. The lamp cup is provided with at least one lens or reflective bowl, and the lamp cup is integrated with the at least one lens or reflective bowl. The LED spotlight in accordance with the present invention has a simple structure and a low cost, and is safe to use.

Abstract: The present invention provides LEDs and zener diodes that are homopolar and connected in parallel to constitute the first set of LED and zener diode and a second set of LED and zener diode; the first LED and zener diode set and the second LED and zener diode assume a reverse polarity series connection to constitute the tandem LED device with voltage limited and reverse polarity; through the selection of connecting pins, it is used on direct current power source or alternating current power source which is its characteristics.

Abstract: Disclosed are an LED package, an LED package module having the same and a manufacturing method thereof, and a head lamp module having the same and a control method thereof. The light emitting diode package includes: a package substrate; a light emitting diode chip mounted on one surface of the package substrate; an electrode pad formed on the other surface of the package substrate and electrically connected to the light emitting diode chip; and a heat radiation pad formed on the other surface of the package substrate and electrically insulated from the electrode pad.

Abstract: A solid-state lamp using a light-emitting diode (LED) as a light source is described. In some embodiments, a segmented driver allows for greater flexibility with the optical and thermal design of the solid-state lamp.

Abstract: A portable light or device or heat dissipater may comprise a heat sink for having a light source or other heat generating element thermally coupled thereto, and having a plurality of walls extending from a side thereof for defining a cavity and plural passages, a fluid mover in the cavity of the heat sink for selectively causing a fluid to move through the cavity and the plural passages, and a light source or other heat generating element adjacent to and thermally coupled to the heat sink. The heat dissipater may be connected to a housing in various configurations.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling the light intensity of a lamp includes a remote control unit and a built-in module integrated with the lamp. The remote control unit includes a RF transmitter for transmitting a RF signal based on a user input. The built-in module includes a RF receiving module configured for receiving the RF signal from the remote control unit and a lamp driving module controlled by the RF receiving module and configured for controlling the light intensity of the lamp based on the RF signal. In adjusting the light intensity of the lamp, the built-in module is configured to change the light intensity from a current level to a preset level and then from the preset level to an adjusted level. A method for controlling the light intensity of a lamp is also provided.

Abstract: A lamp comprising a solid state light emitter, the lamp being an A lamp and providing a wall plug efficiency of at least 90 lumens per watt. Also, a lamp comprising a solid state light emitter and a power supply, the emitter being mounted on a heat dissipation element, the dissipation element being spaced from the power supply. Also, a lamp, comprising a solid state light emitter and a heat dissipation element that has a heat dissipation chamber, whereby an ambient medium can enter the chamber, pass through the chamber, and exit. Also, a lamp, comprising a light emissive housing at least one solid state lighting emitter and a first heat dissipation element. Also, a lamp comprising a heat sink comprising a heat dissipation chamber. Also, a lamp comprising first and second heat dissipation elements. Also, a lamp comprising means for creating flow of ambient fluid.

Abstract: A lighting device may include a light emitting device and a sidewall extending away from the light emitting device. In addition, a thermally conductive housing may be spaced apart from the sidewall, and a cavity may be defined between the sidewall and the thermally conductive housing. In addition, a lens may be spaced apart from the light emitting device with the sidewall extending away from the light emitting device to the lens to define a mixing chamber adjacent the light emitting device. Moreover, the thermally conductive housing may be outside the mixing chamber, and the sidewall may be reflective.

Abstract: A light-emitting module includes a module substrate, semiconductor light-emitting elements and a connection substrate. On one face of the module substrate, a conductive layer is formed. The semiconductor light-emitting elements and the connection substrate are mounted on the conductive layer of the module substrate. Electric wires, which extend from a lighting circuit, are connected to the connection substrate. Power is supplied to the semiconductor light-emitting elements through the connection substrate and the conductive layer of the module substrate.

Abstract: A self-ballasted lamp includes: a base body; a light-emitting module and a globe which are provided at one end side of the base body; a cap provided at the other end side of the base body; and a lighting circuit housed between the base body and the cap. The light-emitting module has light-emitting portions each using a semiconductor light-emitting element, and a support portion projected at one end side of the base body, and the light-emitting portions are disposed at least on a circumferential surface of the support portion. A light-transmissive member is interposed between the light-emitting module and an inner face of the globe.

Abstract: An LED driving circuit includes a dimming control value detection circuit adapted to detect a dimming control value which indicates a ratio of the actual current to be supplied from a current source to the driving circuit during a predetermined time period with respect to a rated current. A control circuit is adapted to regulate the amount of current supplied to one or more LEDs during the predetermined time period to either of the dimming control value squared or the dimming control value cubed times the rated current. The characteristic of light output to the amount of current supplied from the current source during a predetermined time period is therefore made approximate to that of an incandescent bulb.

Abstract: Disclosed is a heat-dissipating apparatus and an illuminator using the same. The heat-dissipating apparatus includes a heat sink including one side contacted with a heat generating portion and the other side having heat-dissipating pins arranged at the edge thereof and a space formed inside the heat-dissipating pins; and a driver that is positioned in the space and keeps the heat-dissipating pins cool by sucking outside air and discharging inside air with a pumping operation.

Abstract: An LED lamp A1 includes a plurality of LED modules 20, and a controller 40 for switching the LED modules 20 between a light-emission state and a non-light-emission state. The controller 40 performs control to bring only part of the LED modules 20 into the light-emission state. This arrangement allows illumination in a particular direction with less electric power.

Abstract: A white light LED-based lighting device configured for direct replacement of existing incandescent lighting devices is provided. The white light LED-based lighting device comprises a group of solid state light emitting diodes, electronics to activate the light emitting diodes, said solid state light emitters mounted on a planar surface, reflective optics located at the output of the lighting device, the planar surface with solid state light emitters located at the entrance to said reflective optics, and an encapsulating housing configured for direct replacement of existing incandescent lighting devices.

Abstract: An RF electrode-less plasma lighting device. The device has a base member, which has an outer region capable of being coupled to first AC potential and an inner region capable of being coupled to a second AC potential. In a preferred embodiment, the device has an RF module mechanically and integrally coupled to the base member. The RF module has an RF source, which has an output. The RF module has a first DC input and a second DC input. The first DC input of the RF module is coupled to the first DC potential and the second DC input of the RF module is coupled to the second DC potential. In a specific embodiment, the present device has an RF electrodeless plasma lighting assembly integrally coupled to the base member. The RF plasma lighting assembly has an RF input, which is coupled to the output of the RF source.

Abstract: A glass LED bulb, which includes a body of glass, the body having at least one hollow portion, and at least one LED contained within the at least one hollow portion. A thermally conductive material is preferably included within the at least one hollow portion. The body of glass can be bulb-shaped or alternatively shaped like an incandescent bulb.

Abstract: An apparatus for driving a voltage source such as a discharge or LED lamp using a power booster receiving an AC voltage source configured through an inductor to turn on and off periodically in response to a duty cycle of a dimming control signal or a transformer starting a new cycle, for regulating a low voltage AC signal. The booster control circuitry adjusting the current feed to a determined target boost voltage according to sensed input from primarily a single comparator which compares any one of (but not limited to) a) the output boosted voltage, b) the globe current, or c) the inductor input current.

Abstract: An OLED display is proposed. The OLED display includes a gate driver for generating a scanning signal, a source driver for generating a data signal, and a plurality of cells arranged in an array. Each cell includes a first transistor for delivering the data signal when receiving the scanning signal, a second transistor for generating a driving current based on a voltage difference between a first supply voltage signal and the data signal, a storage capacitor coupled between the first transistor and an output end of the driving circuit, for storing the data signal, an organic light emitting diode for generating light based on the driving current, an infrared emitting layer for producing infrared ray, and an infrared sensitive layer for sensing the infrared ray reflected by an object.

Abstract: Systems and methods for lamp assembly and connection of radio frequency feeds to lamp body are described. In an example embodiment, a circuit board is positioned transverse to a lamp body and one or more radio frequency probes extend from the edge of the circuit board into the lamp body. In another embodiment, portions of a circuit board may form traces that extend into a lamp body. In other embodiments, radio frequency probes may extend from the front surface or back surface of a circuit board into a lamp body. A lamp housing may provide a support, ground and heat sink for lamp components.

Abstract: An electrical wall outlet comprises an insulating cover portion, LEDs, and a pair of magnetic electrodes. The insulating cover portion encloses outlet electrodes of the wall outlet. The one or more outlet electrodes are ferrous. The LEDs are disposed on the front surface of the insulating cover portion. The pair of magnetic electrodes are disposed on the rear surface of the insulating cover portion, extending from a pair of common terminals of the LEDs that are disposed on the insulating cover portion, toward to one of the one or more outlet electrodes of the electrical wall outlet. The pair of magnetic electrodes are flexible to bend. Also, the pair of magnetic electrodes are resilient to recover when the insulating cover portion is plucked out.

Abstract: A light-emitting device includes a drive transistor that controls a current to be supplied to a light-emitting element from a power supply line, an electrical continuity portion that electrically connects the drive transistor with the light-emitting element, an initializing transistor that is turned ON to diode-connect the drive transistor, and a connecting portion that electrically connects the drive transistor with the initializing transistor. The power supply line including a first portion extending in a first direction and a second portion extending in a second direction that crosses the first direction. The connecting portion being positioned in an area between the first and second power supply lines in plan view.

Abstract: A plasma display apparatus having a connecting structure between a base chassis and a driving circuit to reduce EMI emission is provided. The plasma display apparatus includes a panel, a driving circuit, and a base chassis which is connected to the driving circuit through a conductive connecting element and a non-conductive connecting element.

Abstract: The invention relates to a lighting device (1) comprising an envelope (2), a base (3), a solid-state light source (4) and optical means (5) provided with a light-outcoupling surface, the solid-state light source (4) being optically coupled to said optical means (5). The use of a spirally wound optical fiber as optical means (5) and a transparant envelope (2) shaped as a conventional light bulb provides a lighting device (1) which is a good look-alike of the conventional incandescent lamp, such as, for instance, the carbon filament lamp. The long lifetime and high efficiency of LEDs as a solid-state light source (4) will make this lighting device (1) a very attractive alternative for the conventional incandescent lamp. The lighting device (1) according to the present invention has the further advantage that a large gamut of colors can be chosen and adjusted by using, for instance, red green and blue LEDs in said lighting device (1).

Abstract: A Light Emitting Diode Lamp Module for specific use in all vehicle tail, brake or turn signal lamp fixtures for integrated single and dual element operation. The module has integrated dual element control circuitry, voltage and current control circuitry, brightness enhancement circuitry, and LED circuitry built into the universal body to produce a bright, reliable, long life, energy efficient LED lamp that fits all vehicles. Preferably, there is a built-in or attached load/resistance to match the impedance/resistance requirements of the application for which the bulb is used.

Abstract: A light emitting device drive circuit includes: a power conversion unit for receiving an input electric power and performing an electric power conversion on the input electric power in accordance with a control signal so as to generate the predetermined output current; a current detection unit for detecting an output current IL of the power conversion unit; a temperature detection unit for detecting a case internal temperature TD, which is an interior temperature of a case for accommodating the light emitting device drive circuit; a regulation unit being operable to a) detect whether a temperature TL of the light emitting device has reached a first predetermined temperature TLmax based on TD, IL, and a temperature rise coefficient ? relative to IL, the temperature rise coefficient ? being set in advance so that TL satisfies a relationship of TL=TD+?·IL, and b) generate a regulation signal for reducing a predetermined output current IL0 so that TL does not exceed TLmax in the event that a result of the detecti

Abstract: A drop-in light emitting diode (LED) module that can be used to increase the light output of a conventional flashlight includes a heat sink, a high power LED mounted on the heat sink, and an LED driver circuit. The driver circuit is designed to supply the LED with its maximum rated current so that its light output is brighter than the light output of conventional flashlights. The heat sink channels heat generated by the LED when receiving its maximum rated current into the body of the flashlight so the LED does not overheat and fail. The module is designed to be easily inserted into a conventional flashlight to increase its light output and removed when desired. The module can be used to create a modified flashlight by using the module with a conventional reflector that has been modified for use with the module.

Abstract: A system comprises a light source and an electrode device (20, 30, 60). The light source comprises a base (40) with a base surface (42) on which at least two contact elements are provided. The electrode device has at least two electrodes (23, 24, 34, 35), preferably of ferromagnetic or electromagnetic material and having a different polarity during operation. Adjacent electrodes are arranged at a predetermined electrode distance. Both electrodes are provided in one layer and are arranged in an interdigitated configuration. The light source has at least two, but preferably four contact elements (43, 53, 63) arranged at a mutual spacing which is essentially compatible with said electrode distance.

Abstract: A luminaire takes the form of a bulb-shaped, LED-based lamp, which can replace a conventional incandescent bulb.

Abstract: A LED lamp which could directly replace an ordinary tungsten, halogen, or electricity-saving light bulb includes a filament, a lamp base and a thermally conductive electric insulator. The filament includes at least one AC LED device, and the thermally conductive electric insulator is filled in a cavity of the lamp base to mechanically contact with the filament and an electrode of the lamp base. When the AC LED device is powered on, the thermally conductive electric insulator provides a thermal channel to transfer heat from the filament to the electrode for heat dissipation enhancement. The LED lamp can be directly inserted into an ordinary bulb socket that is generally used in lighting fixtures, without having to modify the system of the lighting fixtures or use an additional adapter.

Abstract: A LED lamp which could directly replace an ordinary tungsten, halogen, or electricity-saving light bulb, includes a LED filament, a lamp base, a thermally conductive electric insulator, and a mask. The thermally conductive electric insulator is filled in a cavity of the lamp base, and includes a first portion mechanically contacting the LED filament and an electrode of the lamp base to provide a first thermal channel from the LED filament to the lamp base, and a second portion adhering the mask to the lamp base to provide a second thermal channel from the lamp base to the mask. By using the mask to enlarge the heat dissipation area, a better heat dissipation effect is achieved.

Abstract: The present invention provides a lamp device. The lamp device of the present invention comprises a lamp holder, a frame on the lamp holder, and a lamp tube having a height. At least one third of the height of the lamp tube is contacted with the frame to improve mechanical strength of the lamp tube.