Abstract: Proposed is a reduction of variance in electromagnetic noise eliminating effect with signal conductors arranged in a flat cable to which an electromagnetic noise absorber is attached. The electromagnetic noise absorber is provided with a plate magnetic body and a U-shaped magnetic body. Since the width of the plate magnetic body is smaller than the interval between the side walls of the U-shaped magnetic body, the plate magnetic body can be accommodated in the U-shaped magnetic body, with a clearance formed between the end portions of the plate magnetic body and the side walls of the U-shaped magnetic body. The impedance in the vicinity of the clearance is decreased, and the difference in impedance between the end portions and the middle portion of the electromagnetic noise absorber is decreased. Therefore, a variance in the electromagnetic noise eliminating effect with signal conductors of the flat cable is made small.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for controlling signal line impedance in an electronic circuit board by altering the characteristics of a grid-like ground plane. The ground plane is arranged adjacent and parallel to a signal plane of the circuit board, and includes a grid-like pattern of conductors. The grid-like pattern of conductors forms a large number of grid elements. The size of the grid elements in a portion of the ground plane varies along at least a portion of the length of a corresponding signal trace of the signal plane in order to provide a desired impedance for the signal trace. The grid element size variation may be in accordance with a ramp function, a staircase function, a square wave function, as well as suitable combinations of these and other functions. This variation of grid element size in a grid-like ground plane provides cost-effective and flexible control of signal trace impedance, without requiring any alteration in signal trace or dielectric material characteristics.

Abstract: An arrangement in which resistors are interposed on a bus line to attenuate reflected spurious pulses. The resistors are positioned on the bus so as not to be between a processor and its cache memory, but so as to be between the combination of the processor and cache memory and components such as a peripheral controller and a memory controller. The resistors reflect a portion of the pulse energy and attenuate the pulse energy passing through them. In another aspect of the invention, the traces making up the bus are arranged so that the intertrace distance is greater than a distance between the traces and an internal reference plane. This causes magnetic energy radiated by an aggressor trace to encounter the reference plane before it encounters a victim trace. This also reduces the amount of magnetic cross-coupling.

Abstract: A reduce cross-talk wiring harness and method for accomplishing same. The wiring harness is used for routing signals from a bus and tag housing to a controller, and for routing signals back from the controller to terminators in the bus and tag housing. The harness includes an input pair and an output pair of bus and tag ribbon cables. The cables in each pair are of essentially the same length. Each pair has a combined bus and tag connector attached to one end, and individual bus and tag connectors attached to the other end. The input and output bus and tag ribbon cables are grouped together for at least part of the distance between the controller and the bus and tag housing in such a manner that at least one of both bus cables or both tag cables are adjacent one another, to reduce cross-talk between the bus cable of one cable pair and the tag cable of the other cable pair.

Abstract: A microstrip transmission line device wherein if there is a difference between absolute transmission delay times tpd of two signals to be transmitted over two strip conductors, for example, if a clock signal for tpd=83.3 or 76.9 ps/cm and a data signal for tpd=63.3 or 56.9 ps/cm are to be transmitted, a transmission delay time tpd per unit length of one strip conductor is adjusted by disposing a dielectric just under the one strip conductor, the dielectric having a predetermined relative dielectric constant (in this case, .epsilon.r=5.0 or 4.0) different from a relative dielectric constant (in this case, .epsilon.r=9.0 or 8.0) of a dielectric just under another strip conductor by an amount corresponding to a difference between absolute transmission delay times tpd of the one strip conductor and the other strip conductor. In this manner, the lengths of the two strip lines are made equal.

Abstract: The present application describes a tuned guard circuit device and method for controlling impedance levels of transmission lines on a printed circuit board having at least one ground plane and at least two circuit components coupled by a conductive transmission line. The guard circuit device of the present invention includes two etched conducting guard bands on the printed circuit board disposed on opposite sides of a selected transmission line and affixed in a spaced parallel relation to the transmission line. The guard bands are of substantially constant width and substantially constant distance from the ground plane and have substantially the same length as the transmission line, and each guard band has a first and a second terminal end. Also included is a capacitor connected to the ground plane and connected at each of the first and second terminal ends of each guard band wherein the guard bands are connected to ground through the capacitors.

Abstract: A shielded flexible cable includes a first shielding grid having conductive elements formed as squares. A second shielding grid is also formed as squares. The two shielding grids are positioned with respect to each other so that the vertices of the squares of the two grids are respectively offset from each other in each of two directions by one-half the diagonal distance between the vertices of the squares. Electrical signal conductors are positioned between the two grids along lines extending between the vertices of the squares to maintain a controlled impedance of the signal lines. A circuit board includes a reference plane configured as a grid having conductive elements formed as squares. Electrical signal conductors are positioned in a plane adjacent said grid.

Abstract: A low-loss, low-inductance metal interconnect for an electrical signal in a microcircuit comprises a plurality of spaced-apart generally parallel metal interconnect lines disposed in a plane over an insulating layer. The metal interconnect lines are interleaved with and electrically insulated from a plurality of spaced-apart generally parallel metal lines disposed in the plane. The metal interconnect lines together comprise a signal interconnect path, and the metal lines are coupled to a fixed voltage potential, such as ground.

Abstract: A circuit board includes a plurality of signal conductors and a grid. The grid has a pattern of conductive material which forms cell structures oriented along a first axis. The grid pattern is configured so that when the signal conductors are oriented parallel to a first axis they overlay a substantially constant area of the conductive material regardless of where the signal conductors are positioned. The capacitance of the signal conductors is thereby controlled so that the impedances of the signal conductors can be maintained at a high level.

Abstract: Connectors on a microcomputer printed circuit board backplane receive slotted insertion of a plurality of device cards containing application specific integrated circuits (ASICs). Interconnection of the device card connectors is accomplished on the surface of the circuit board or internally with an electric line which interleaves the device card connectors providing increased conductor length between physically adjacent connectors, establishing an increased impedance level. The increased physical lengths of the intervening electric lines between the connectors provide increased impedance as seen by inserted device cards, which enhances the matching capabilities of the connectors.

Abstract: A connector for communications systems has four input terminals and four output terminals, each arranged in an ordered array. A circuit electrically couples each input terminal to the respective output terminal and cancels crosstalk induced across the adjacent connector terminals. The circuit includes four conductive paths between the respective pairs of terminals. The first and third paths are in relatively close proximity and are substantially spaced from the second and fourth paths. The second and fourth paths are in relatively close proximity.

Abstract: In a system having modules (20), voltage supply (15), signal transmission via terminated signal lines (13) and signal ground (14), the impedance of the signal lines (13) with respect to both the signal ground (14) and the voltage supply (15) is identical, an AC coupling of the contacts for signal ground and voltage supply being effected on the modules and close to the termination of the signal lines.

Abstract: A multi-layered printed circuit board having an integrated twisted pair conductor. In a preferred embodiment, the printed circuit board comprises two segmented conductor traces on a first and a second layer of the printed circuit board crisscrossing each other and a plurality of vias. The two segmented conductor traces on the first layer are connected to the two segmented conductor traces on the second layer through the vias. The twisted pair conductor may be shielded by adding a ground trace on either side of the conductor traces and a ground plane both above and below the conductor traces. The conductor traces may also be tuned to specific electrical characteristics by properly spacing the plurality of vias such that a specific number of turns per unit length are achieved. The continuous conductor traces may be further tuned by using a specific dielectric thickness as well as by designing the conductor traces to be of a specific dimension.

Abstract: A hybrid including a substrate, a first dielectric layer, a ground metal, and a second dielectric layer, which are stacked in this order. Transmission lines are formed below and above the ground metal, and a slit is formed in the ground metal at a position corresponding to projection of the transmission lines onto the ground metal. The substrate has a greater dielectric constant than the dielectric layers. This makes it possible to prevent coupling between the upper and lower transmission lines, thereby implementing a high impedance, low loss transmission lines.

Abstract: The Atmospheric Energy Projection System (AEPS) is a means to project electrical/thermal energy using microwave radiation at the resonant frequency of oxygen. The radiation excites a column through the ambient atmosphere to a temperature such that air within the column is converted from an insulator to a conducting channel or focused medium. An electrical current is subsequently applied to the channel to transmit an electric charge a predetermined distance. Rapid release of pulses of 60 GHz microwave radiation at a field strength below that for breakdown for the waveguide feeding the antenna or at the antenna aperture creates a channel without premature plasma generation. Once the channel is energized sufficiently, an electric charge is released into the channel and flows down it from the source to whatever solid the channel intersects. If no solid intrudes the charge diffuses harmlessly at the end of the heated channel as the channel cools back to the ambient temperature.

Abstract: A connector for communications systems includes four input terminals and four output terminals in ordered arrays. A circuit electrically couples respective input and output terminals and cancels crosstalk induced across adjacent connector terminals. The circuit includes four conductive paths between the respective input and output terminals. Sections of two adjacent paths are in close proximity and cross each other between the input and output terminal. At least two of the paths have sets of vias connected in series between the input and output terminals. The sets of vias are adjacent.

Abstract: A coupler for crossing striplines which would otherwise intersect in a region of the substrate includes an electrically conducting housing through which transmission lines are passed that couple ends of the crossing striplines, formed by removing the cross-over region on the substrate. The housing is coupled to the stripline ground plane and provides ground planes for the coupling transmission lines.

Abstract: A parallel flexible transmission cable accommodating three degrees of displacement and one degree of rotation. The cable has two connectors attached to a flexible, planar cable. A plurality of conductors in the planar cable electrically connect corresponding pins of the two conductors. The cable is bent or formed in the middle of its length to be composed solely of a vane or vanes, that is, planar sections which project othogonally to the common plane of the cable at the connectors. The vanes can flex cooperatively into parallel "S" shapes, allowing the connectors to move transversely with respect to each other. The cable can be made from different normally-planar materials such as flexible circuit boards, or "flex circuits," or ribbon cable.

Abstract: A method for using the same input/output pin on an integrated circuit ("IC") for both a high frequency AC signal and a DC signal simultaneously and a first circuit means to accomplish this multiplexing is disclosed. The circuit topology comprises a first and second capacitor, coupled between the AC signal input and the AC signal output. A first and second resistor are coupled to the same input/output pin as the capacitors but between the two capacitors and respectively to a DC signal input and DC signal output. The DC signal path thus lies between the two capacitors and sees them as open circuits, while the AC signal path sees the two resistors as open circuits and the capacitors as short circuits.

Abstract: A dielectric substrate of a material such as silicon is used to provide controlled impedance waveguides for coupling an optoelectronic device to an electronic device. The impedance is controlled by varying the thickness of the dielectric between the signal lines and the ground plane. In the preferred embodiment, the crystallographic structure of the silicon is employed to achieve great precision of the dielectric thickness.

Abstract: In a multi-layer wiring board having a strip line structure in which a grounding conductor wiring and a signal circuit wiring are disposed by interposing therebetween an insulation layer, the grounding conductor wiring is in the form of a grid and an open area ratio Rx [%]of the grid and a line width ratio Ry=Wg/Ws have a relationship expressed by Ry, .ltoreq.25.98.times.Rx.sup.-0.3871 -4.370 where Wg is the line width of the grounding conductor wiring, Sg is the width of an opening of the grid, Ws is the line width of the signal circuit wiring, and Rx={Sg/(Wg+Sg)}.sup.2 .times.100.

Abstract: A LAN which uses flat telephone cable having at least four conductors. The inner conductors are joined together and the outer conductors are joined together at each node thereby making reversals of the inner and outer conductors, which may occur at connectors, impossible. Each node uses two baluns to provide an unbalanced zone between the baluns for connecting to the DTE.

Abstract: This invention is a multiple channel microwave polarization rotator with external rotary mechanical energy coupling. It finds application in microwave polarization rotators, resolvers, amplitude modulators, and other devices. The device consists of a plurality of collinear axially spaced waveguide cavities sequentially located inside one another. A rotatable conductor, capable of continuous rotation, located within each waveguide cavity is electrically coupled to a stationary transmission line and mechanically connected to rotational devices outside of the transmission line system. The rotatable conductors are connected by nonconductive drive means enabling successive coupling probes to rotate determining the polarization of electromagnetic waves by the rotational position of the coupling probes within the waveguides. The electrical and mechanical couplings are completely independent.

Abstract: An improved multiplexer comprises a housing, a transmission line transformer section within the housing extending in a first direction, and at least two interdigital transmission line filters adjacently disposed within the housing along the first direction. The transformer section has a first end electrically coupled to an antenna circuit connector, and a second end electrically coupled to the housing (i.e. grounded). Each filter includes several resonating elements. At least one resonating element of each filter is located in proximity with a portion of the transformer such that electrical coupling between the filter and the transformer is established. The length of each coupling portion of the transformer is approximately one-quarter electrical wavelength at the center frequency of the associated filter. The dimensions of the filter cavities are preferably selected to be as small as possible without unacceptably degrading the filter insertion loss.

Abstract: A cross circuit comprises a lattice structure formed on a single layer of a multilayer printed circuit, the lattice structure having an arrangement of nodes consisting of two input nodes, two output nodes, a center node and four other nodes which are connected by quarter-wavelength lines. An input node is connected to both a first node and a second node by a quarter-wavelength line, and the other input node is connected to both the first node and a third node by a quarter-wavelength line. Similarly, an output node is connected to both the third node and a fourth node, the other output node to both the fourth node and the second node, the center node to the four nodes, by quarter-wavelength lines, respectively. A first input signal of a predetermined frequency applied to the first input node appears on only the first output node, and the second input signal of the same frequency applied to the second input node appears on only the second output node.

Abstract: A connector for communications systems has four input terminals and four output terminals, each arranged in an ordered array. A circuit electrically couples each input terminal to the respective output terminal and cancels crosstalk induced across the adjacent connector terminals. The circuit includes four conductive paths between the respective pairs of terminals. The first and third paths are in relatively close proximity and are substantially spaced from the second and fourth paths. The second and fourth paths are in relatively close proximity.

Abstract: A film carrier signal transmission line includes a dielectric material having a first, front surface and a second, rear surface opposite the first surface, signal lines buried in the dielectric material for transmitting a super high frequency signal, spaced from the first and second surfaces, and spaced side-by-side at a regular interval; a first grounding film disposed on the second surface of the dielectric material; separating grooves in the dielectric material between adjacent pairs of signal lines, parallel to the signal lines; and second grounding films disposed on the first surface of the dielectric material and in the separating grooves and electrically connected with said first grounding film in the separating grooves. Adjacent signal lines are electrically shielded and crosstalk between signal lines is reduced.

Abstract: A thin film flexible multi-conductor transmission line having a ground plane deposited on one surface of a flexible thin film insulating member and an array of conductors and pairs of conductors deposited on another surface of the insulating member opposite the ground plane. An electrical shield is positioned above the conductor array to reduce radiation emissions from the conductors into the surrounding environment and to minimize noise sensitivity of the conductors from external emission sources. Insulating material is positioned about sides of and in between the conductors and the shield wherein a ratio of the insulating material height to a height of the conductors is selected at predetermined values and which supports the shield independent of the conductors and insulates each conductor and the conductor array from the shield.

Abstract: A connector for communications systems has four input terminals and four output terminals, each arranged in an ordered array. A circuit electrically couples each input terminal to the respective output terminal and cancels crosstalk induced across the adjacent connector terminals. The circuit includes four conductive paths between the respective pairs of terminals. Each conductive path includes a plurality of conductive strips arranged in a zig-zag pattern with alternating strips mounted on opposite sides of the substrate and connected end-to-end by conductive devices passing through the substrate. The first and third paths are in relatively close proximity with conductive strips of the first path crossing conductive strips of the third path on opposite sides of the substrate to simulate a twisted wiring pair.

Abstract: An interconnect laminate structure integrates RF and auxiliary (e.g. digital and D.C.) signalling capabilities in a common structure by means of a stacked conductor-plated dielectric configuration that facilitates access to and routing by channelline/waffleline RF transmission links and separate control (e.g. digital, power supply) links, without having to perform laborious manual routing tasks to effect auxiliary connectivity among the components of a network. The interconnect structure includes a first dielectric layer having a channel formed in a first surface thereof, the channel having a conductive surface and configured to accommodate the insertion of a dielectric coated conductor into the channel so as to form an RF transmission line. Second dielectric layers, each of which has a conductive layer formed on a first surface thereof, are mounted together with the first dielectric layer in a laminate assembly.

Abstract: An interface for differentially driven twisted pair cable provides for inductive and capacitive coupling of a differential drive signal to respective conductors of the twisted pair. Two input tracks have a terminating resistor at a far end whose value equals the characteristic impedance of the respective track. An output track having two branches provides connection at the near end to the twisted pair cable, the far ends being connected by a terminating resistor whose value is equal to the impedance of the twisted pair cable. The output branches parallel the input tracks for a coupling length L.sub.C.

Abstract: Disclosed is an adapter which permits unbalanced video and audio baseband signals to be transmitted over unshielded twisted pair wiring. The adapter includes low loss transformers which produce a minimum of crosstalk.

Abstract: In a computer network having a cable for transmission of electrical signals between data terminal equipment and a device used to control and route data in the network, an apparatus for terminating the cable to minimize emissions radiating from the cable and susceptibility of the cable to outside interferences. The cable is comprised of unshielded twisted pairs of wires. Each twisted pair is individually terminated into a matching input impedance. The difference signals being conducted in each twisted pair produces common mode currents which sets up standing waves through the cable. Consequently, at each end of the cable, the common mode of the twisted pairs is terminated into a load having an impedance approximately equal to the common mode impedance of the twisted pairs. These loads effectively dissipate the energy from the standing waves, thereby minimizing emissions. Reciprocally, susceptibility is likewise minimized.

Abstract: A shielded flexible cable includes a first shielding grid having conductive elements formed as squares. A second shielding grid is also formed as squares. The two shielding grids are positioned with respect to each other so that the vertices of the squares of the two grids are respectively offset from each other in each of two directions by one-half the diagonal distance between the vertices of the squares. Electrical signal conductors are positioned between the two grids along lines extending between the vertices of the squares to maintain a controlled impedance of the signal lines.

Abstract: A microwave buffer for use between transmitter modules and an impedance combiner. The buffer is comprised of a plurality of input segments, a plurality of output segments and an elongated transmission segment connecting the input segments to the output segments. The geometry of the buffer along with bridges located proximate to the transmitter modules eliminate the destructive effects of reflected waves set up by an unbalanced impedance combiner when one of the transmission modules becomes inoperative. The hourglass shape of the buffer causes the phases of the signals from each transmission module to be equal from any transmission port to any output. The bridges force the sum of the mutual couplings to be low in amplitude on any transmission module.

Abstract: A multi-layered printed circuit board for mounting and interconnecting the terminals of multi-terminal electronic components. The circuit board mounts the electronic components one side of the circuit board and provides for interconnecting the terminals of the electronic components. A transmission line arrangement is configured from layers of the circuit board for distributing a signal with fast rise and fall times to electronic components mounted on the circuit board. The transmission line arrangement includes a narrow conductive strip surrounded by four constant voltage conductors spaced from the narrow conductive strip by dielectric material.

Abstract: A dual leaky coaxial cable comprising a pair of parallel elongated conductors, a dielectric surrounding each of the conductors, separate first external conductive shield apparatus surrounding at least the major portion of each of the dielectrics, separate second external shield apparatus surrounding each of the first external shield apparatus, apparatus associated with the shield apparatus for selectively coupling magnetic fields which may surround each of the elongated conductors through the first and second surrounding external shield apparatus, and apparatus for maintaining the individual respective second external shield apparatus separated by a distance which is a fraction of the diameter of either of the second external shield apparatus.

Abstract: An improved stripline cable is provided wherein porous, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene having continuous openings therethrough is disposed between sets of substantially parallel electrical conductors and having a covering on both sides thereof holding the conductors in place. The covering is preferably of a fluororesin. Each set of conductors can be a signal conductor having a smaller cross-sectional area, i.e. small width or diameter, and a ground conductor having a larger cross-sectional area. The cable as aforesaid can also have an electromagnetic shielding material laminated to the outer sides of the covering.

Abstract: A method of minimizing line capacitance for transmission lines in integrated circuits is presented to decrease the device performance problems of time delay and noise generation caused by capacitive coupling effects. The prime objective is to decrease the high line capacitance associated with such long length lines as clock lines, buslines and analogue signal lines as well as designated lines requiring low line capacitance. A procedure for applying CAD to such a design concept is also indicated. Although the present embodiments refer to transmission lines within one layer of an IC, the basic concept outlined is applicable also to multilayer designs.

Abstract: A power supply system adapted for an array antenna to be mounted on satellites, airplanes, ships, land moving objects, or the like, which is so arranged that a cylindrical member (136) is provided at a peripheral edge part of an opening (135) formed on a wall member (134) on which the antenna is to be mounted, a group of power supply lines (143) connected to a group of power supply connectors (124) are disposed in an interior of the cylindrical member (136), and the space between the interior of the cylindrical member (136) and the group of power supply lines (143) is sealed by an adhesive (146), thereby securing the air-tightness and water-tightness.

Abstract: A flexible circuit such as a membrane probe (10) is made by forming a trench (50, 60) in the upper surface (39) of a polyimide substrate (38) with a trench base (52, 62) spaced below the upper surface. The trench has an end wall (54, 64) ramped at an obtuse angle to the substrate upper surface and the trench base. A conductive layer deposited on the upper surface is patterned to form a line trace (44, 46) extending continuously over the substrate upper surface, down the ramped end wall and along the trench base, to contact a ground plane or form a distributed capacitance. An excimer laser is used, at a wavelength of 308 nm., an energy density less than 0.54 J./cm.sup.2 (preferably 0.18 to 0.35 J./cm.sup.2), and a pulse frequency of about 100 Hz., to ablate successive incremental thicknesses (80) of polyimide from the substrate in sweeps of depthwise decreasing length.

Abstract: A broadband high frequency active MMIC circulator which includes low parasitic devices (MESFETs or HEMTs) and shunt feedback for impedance contouring in conjunction with a cascode/cascade isolation/gain network. To achieve circulation, a common series feedback node is required for each active element. While conventional active circulator topologies require the use of a resistive element for operation with a deleterious effect on noise performance, this broadband high frequency active MMIC circulator functions with either resistive or reactive common series feedback. When reactive feedback is selected, major improvements in noise performance can be realized.

Abstract: An asymmetrically shaped jacketed coaxial electrical cable having a drain wire in which the drain wire is aligned parallel to the asymmetric edge or corner of the cable for fast and accurate termination of the cable.

Abstract: A monolithic microwave switch matrix includes fully monolithic construction for crossovers as well as switches and input transmission lines configured as lumped equivalent transmission lines for reduced power loss. The crossovers include a grounded conductor located between the crossing transmission lines.

Abstract: A "Y" connected three port circulator is disclosed having three transmission mediums interconnected at a bias terminal to form a reciprocal "Y" connection having three distal terminals; a capacitor connecting the bias terminal to ground; and three non-reciprocal coupling circuits, one connected between each pair of distal terminals.

Abstract: A pick-up for electromagnetic energy radiation guided between at least two parallel ground plates includes a plane conductive tongue positioned between the two ground plates in a plane parallel to these plates and pointed in the direction of propagation of the guided electromagnetic energy, and obstacles interposed between the ground plates and the tongue converting the electromagnetic energy guided between the two ground plates, propagated in transverse electromagnetic mode, into an electromagnetic energy that is propagated in transverse asymmetrical electromagnetic mode in a strip line structure formed by the tongue and the two ground plates.

Abstract: A multilayer-multiconductor microstrip circuit having reduced dimensions and minimal pulse distortion and crosstalk for high-speed, high-density digital application is created utilizing a microstrip having a plurality of substrates, each having a preselected dielectric constant of a magnitude which, combined with the height of each substrate, produces effective dielectric constants of the independent propagating nodes which are substantially equal.

Abstract: A backplane having a layer of insulation material, a plurality of lead segments arranged in line and spaced from one another on a first surface of the insulation material, a plurality of cooperating lead segments arranged in line and spaced from one another on a second surface of the insulation material, and connectors for interconnecting the ends of alternate segments on the first and second surfaces to form a first continuous line alternating between lead segments on the first and second surfaces. Connectors are also provided for connecting the ends of alternate segments on the first and second surfaces to form a second continuous line separate from the first line, the first and second lines twisting along the axis of signal propagation to produce a twisted pair in the backplane.

Abstract: A signal wiring board of the present invention includes a dielectric layer and a signal transmission path formed on a surface opposite to a surface of a ground layer formation surface on the board. The signal transmission path is composed of a pair of differential transmission lines which in turn is formed of a microstrip. Differential signals of opposite polarities are transmitted through the paired transmission lines on the signal transmission path such that electric currents of opposite senses flow through the paired differential transmission lines, respectively. With the electric currents there being a positive and a negative polarity, electric lines of force are also created between the transmission lines. The electric lines of force are strengthened as a gap G becomes narrower.

Abstract: A multilayer wiring substrate which includes a plurality of laminated wiring layers, a plurality of insulating layers for providing insulation between the wiring layers, and a plurality of hollows provided within at least one of the insulating layers.