Abstract: A low-cost digital image processing device constructed by using a simplified circuit is provided which is capable of reducing an amount of data of an image to be stored in a frame memory and of being applied to a display panel with a desired level of a resolution. In the digital image processing device, a video input signal is processed in a signal processing unit and is stored in a frame memory as image data. The frame memory is installed to play a role as, for example, a double buffer to smooth out transfer speed discrepancies between a video input signal and a video output signal. Dummy data is embedded in an image data read from the frame memory by a redundant pixel embedding section and the image data is fed to a display panel as a video output signal.

Abstract: The present invention provides a display apparatus including a pixel array unit, a vertical driving circuit, and a horizontal driving circuit. The horizontal driving circuit includes a shift register for performing shift operation in synchronism with the clock signal and sequentially outputting shift pulses from respective shift stages, a shaping switch group for shaping the shift pulses sequentially outputted from the shift register and sequentially outputting non-overlap sampling pulses temporally separated from each other, and a sampling switch group for sequentially sampling the input video signal in a non-overlapping manner in response to the sampling pulses and supplying the sampled video signal to each of the signal lines.

Abstract: An active matrix display device comprises an array of picture elements, e.g. liquid crystal picture elements, first and second sets of address conductors (16, 18) extending in row and column directions respectively and connected with the picture elements, and a set of connection conductor lines (30?) extending in the same direction as one set of address conductors (18), each of which is connected to a respective one of the other set of conductors (16), and via which address signals are supplied to that other set. To avoid unwanted display artefacts, each connection conductor line (30?) extends from one side of the array and terminates adjacent its connection point (32) to its associated address conductor (16) and a respective complementary conductor line (30?) is provided which extends from close to the connection point (32) to the opposite side of the array, the complementary conductor line being electrically separate from the connection line (30?) and coupled to reference signal supply (40).

Abstract: A matrix type flat-panel display device having multi data lines and a method for driving the matrix type flat-panel display device are provided. The matrix type flat-panel display device in which a plurality of data lines are assigned to each of a plurality of columns consisting of pixels and each data line is arranged to correspond one-to-one with pixels to which each scanning line is connected, makes it possible to increase the number of the scanning lines which can be driven at the same time, thereby extending dwell time by multiplying it by the number of the data lines assigned to each of a plurality of columns consisting of pixels.

Abstract: Adapting to load currents which differ by more than 100 times between a scanning mode and a hold mode, a frequency of pump operation is decided according to the maximum value of the load currents, and circuit elements of a power supply, for example, such as capacitance of a capacitor for pump operation or a smoothing capacitor, element configurations of switching elements, or capacitance or resistance value of a CR oscillator are set based on this frequency, so that a load current detector lowers the frequency of the pump operation under light load to reduce a self-loss of power in the power supply. This realizes a charge-pump power supply which is installed in a liquid crystal display device of a terminal device of a portable phone, with reduced power consumption under light load and a longer standby time.

Abstract: The present invention provides an image display device which can obtain a sufficient writing time of video signals for one line and thus can perform display of high resolution or display of fast animation image. To achieve this object, the image display device is configured such that on a pixel-forming-side surface of a substrate, respective drain signal lines which extend in one direction and are arranged in parallel in another direction which crosses one direction are formed, the respective drain signal lines are separated at approximately center portions thereof, video signals are supplied to the drain signal lines at one side from a first video signal drive circuit and video signals are supplied to the drain signal lines at another side from a second video signal drive circuit, and separated end portions of respective drain signal lines constitute inspection terminals.

Abstract: An apparatus for applying an OFF-state stress to a P-MOS device of one of an array substrate for an LCD device and an LCD panel having attached substrates includes: a power supply unit supplies a source power; a panel loading unit including a plurality of panel jigs on which one of the array substrate and the LCD panel is loaded; a voltage control unit including a plurality of voltage control channels and modulating a voltage of the source power; a frequency control unit including a plurality of frequency control channels and modulating a frequency of the source power; a time setting unit determining a time period of supplying the source power; and a panel selecting unit including a plurality of panel selecting channels and modulating an application of the source power.

Abstract: An in-plane switching mode LCD device and a method for manufacturing the same are disclosed, which can easily repair data line by forming dummy patterns to prepare an open region of data line during a process. The in-plane switching mode LCD device includes first and second substrates opposing each other and a liquid crystal layer therebetween, gate and data lines arranged to cross each other on the first substrate, a plurality of common electrodes and data electrodes for applying an electric field parallel to the substrate within a pixel region defined by the gate and data lines, and first and second dummy patterns integral with the common electrodes and respectively overlapping a portion of the data line defining the pixel region. If the data line has an open region, the data line is electrically connected with the first and second dummy patterns, while the portion of the common electrode integral with the first and second dummy patterns is insulated from the common line.

Abstract: A standard voltage generating circuit generates standard voltages as many as the number of gradations. Then, the standard voltages are separated into standard voltages of high level and those of low level, by a selector circuit, regardless of polarities thereof. One of the standard voltages of high level thus separated by the selector circuit is selected by a Pch-arranged converting section of a D/A converting circuit. Then, the selected one of the standard voltages of high level is outputted as a gradation-display-use voltage. Meanwhile, One of the standard voltages of low level thus separated by the selector circuit is selected by an Nch-arranged converting section of the D/A converting circuit. Then, the selected one of the standard voltages of low level is outputted as a gradation-display-use voltage. With this arrangement, it is possible to attain miniaturization of a circuit and lower power consumption in a display apparatus which performs gradation display by a voltage modulation method.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus comprises an active matrix type homogeneously aligned liquid crystal display device; a drive device for sequentially display the images of the monochromatic colors; and an illumination device which selectively emits lights of the plural monochromatic colors to illuminate the liquid crystal display device. The drive device applies a reset voltage and a voltage corresponding to image data to be displayed between the opposing electrodes of the liquid crystal display device, then causes the liquid crystal display device to sequentially display images of the plural monochromatic colors. The illumination device sequentially emits lights of monochromatic colors each corresponding to an image of a single color displayed by the liquid crystal display device driven by the drive device and irradiates the light on the liquid crystal display device.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a d.c. voltage source for producing a common voltage such that the common voltage is substantially equal to a central voltage of a bipolar voltage signal.

Abstract: A line inverse driving method is performed by outputting voltages for gradation display in mutually reverse polarities with respect to pixels adjacent in a data signal line direction. A separation switch is provided between an output stage of a data driver and a data signal line to separate them. In a blanking period, the data signal line is cut off, and in the selection-scanning period of a scanning signal line to be scanned first, the scanning signal line to be scanned next is also subjected to the selection-scanning. With this structure, respective charges in adjacent pixel capacitors are neutralized, and it is therefore possible to reduce a power consumption. Further, since a short-circuit can be performed at short distance, the problem of dull waveform can be suppressed, thereby realizing an image display device suited for a large screen.

Abstract: An object of the invention is to repair a drain signal line easily. Each region enclosed by two gate signal lines adjacent to each other and two drain signal lines adjacent to each other that are formed on the liquid-crystal-side surface of one of transparent substrates that are opposed to each other with a liquid crystal interposed in between is made a pixel region. Each pixel region is provided with a switching element that is driven being supplied with a scanning signal from one of the two gate signal lines and a pixel electrode that is supplied, via the switching element, with a video signal from one of the two drain signal lines. A repair conductive layer is formed so as to be contained in each drain signal line when viewed perpendicularly with an insulating film interposed in between.

Abstract: There are provided two subpixels opposite each other with respect to each data line. A pair of gate lines are provided for each row of pixels. A plurality of subsidiary signal lines are provided between the adjoining columns of the pixels. The data lines and the subsidiary signal lines are alternately arranged between the adjoining columns of the pixels. A storage wire is provided between the adjoining rows of the pixels.

Abstract: A column driver for a graphics display has reduced power consumption by sharing power between upper and lower column amplifiers. The upper column amplifier operates over an upper supply range, while the lower column amplifier operates over a lower supply range. The upper and lower amplifiers have the substantially the same quiescent operating current such that the total operating current for the column drivers in the graphics display is reduced by a factor of two. Each column amplifier can be driven over half of the power-supply range such that lower voltage amplifiers may be employed for the column driver amplifiers.

Abstract: The switching between the normal operation mode and the memory operation mode is achieved by disposing one retaining circuit 110 for a plurality of pixel elements (for example, 2 or 4 pixel elements). The retaining circuit 110, which is a SRAM, requires considerable circuit space. The sharing of one retaining circuit by a plurality of the pixel elements enables the reduction of the seeming “number of the pixel elements” under the memory operation mode. This can lead to the size reduction of the pixel element, achieving the finer display under the normal operation mode. Also, the reduction in the number of the retaining circuits can further reduce the energy consumption under the memory operation mode, comparing to the case where the retaining circuit 110 is disposed for each of the pixel elements.

Abstract: There is provided a semiconductor device having TFTs whose thresholds can be controlled. There is provided a semiconductor device including a plurality of TFTs having a back gate electrode, a first gate insulation film, a semiconductor active layer a second gate insulation film and a gate electrode, which are formed on a substrate, wherein an arbitrary voltage is applied to the back gate electrode.

Abstract: An array substrate for a liquid crystal display device includes: a substrate; a gate line on the substrate; a gate insulating layer on the gate line; a data line on the gate insulating layer, the data line crossing the gate line; a data link line extending from the data line; a data pad connected to the data link line; a redundancy line adjacent to the data link line; a passivation layer covering the data link line, the data pad and the redundancy line, the passivation layer having a data link line contact hole exposing the data link line, first and second redundancy line contact holes exposing the redundancy line and a data pad contact hole exposing the data pad; a data pad terminal connected to the data pad through the data pad contact hole and to the redundancy line through the first redundancy line contact hole; a redundancy electrode connected to the redundancy line through the second redundancy line contact hole and to the data link line through the data link line contact hole; and a pixel electrode on

Abstract: A process for supplying display signals from a storage device to a multiplicity of pixel electrodes in an image display apparatus. Display signals are serially stored into the storage device for a significant part of a line of the image display apparatus. After the display signals are stored for the part of the line into the storage device, the display signals are outputted while additional display signals for another part of the line are concurrently stored into the storage device. The outputting step is performed at a faster rate than the concurrent storing step. Consequently, the size of the storage device can be limited.

Abstract: A display device uses the load capacitances of two signal lines to perform DA conversion. Serial digital/analog conversion circuits (SDAC) in a data driver are provided for every two adjacent signal lines and use the load capacitances of these two signal lines to successively convert to analog data those data from the parallel/serial conversion circuits (PSC), PSC that correspond to the pixels of odd-numbered pixel columns and apply the converted analog data to the pixels of odd-numbered pixel columns, and successively apply data from PSC that correspond to the pixels of even-numbered pixel columns to the pixels of even-numbered pixel columns. Because the source of error of the SDAC is determined only by the difference between the two load capacitances, a polysilicon liquid crystal display device may be and the characteristics of the TFT may consequently show fluctuation, but will not act as an error source.

Abstract: A driver IC (integrated circuit) for a display device allowing simple designing and production and yet capable of obviating display quality difference is provided. The driver IC includes a plurality of drive signal output terminals arrange to have variable drive capacities which vary depending on loads of respective signal electrodes of the display device to which the output terminals are connected so as to supply the respective signal electrodes of the display device with drive signal waveforms having identical time constant. The driver IC preferably includes a number of juxtaposed transistors corresponding to but larger in number than the drive signal output terminals, wherein the respective drive signal output terminals are connected to prescribed numbers of transistors so as to have different drive capacities depending on loads of the signal electrodes of the display device to which the output terminals are connected.

Abstract: Compensation, e.g. temperature compensation of the operating voltage of an LCD is obtained by using the V50 point of a test cell via the differentiated AC current (switching current of the test cell as a control parameter).

Abstract: In order to provide an active matrix display device in which a thick insulating film is preferably formed around an organic semiconductive film of a thin film luminescent device without damaging the thin film luminescent device, the active matrix display device is provided with a bank layer (bank) along a data line (sig) and a scanning line (gate) to suppress formation of parasitic capacitance in the data line (sig), in which the bank layer (bank) surrounds a region that forms the organic semiconductive film of the thin film luminescent device by an ink-jet process. The bank layer (bank) includes a lower insulating layer formed of a thick organic material and an upper insulating layer of an organic material which is deposited on the lower insulating layer and has a smaller thickness so as to avoid contact of the organic semiconductive film with the upper insulating layer.

Abstract: A front film for a flat display panel includes a sheet body having the form of a sheet to cover a display surface of a flat display panel. The sheet body has a repair wire attached to a part thereof for repairing an electrode of the flat display panel.

Abstract: In order to solve a subject that a polycrystalline silicon TFT liquid crystal display apparatus of the driving circuit integration type cannot adopt a technique for reducing the power consumption by an output section, according to the present invention, for example, a sampling latch circuit which composes a horizontal driving circuit (data line driving circuit) of an active matrix type display apparatus is configured such that, when a 1-bit mode (2-gradation mode) is set, a control signal A of the “H” level and another control signal B of the “L” level (low level) are outputted from a 1-bit mode control circuit (16) to place only AND circuits (31-2 and 32-2) corresponding to the most significant bit (MSB) into a passage permitting state to place only latch circuits (35-2 and 36-2) of the MSB into a data writing permitting state (active state) while the remaining latch circuits (35-0, 35-1, 36-0 and 36-1) are placed into a data writing inhibiting state (inactive state).

Abstract: A display apparatus, that includes current driving type luminescent elements, has a driving system that takes the conduction types of TFTs to control the emission of the luminescent elements into consideration. In order to reduce driving voltage and improve display quality simultaneously, the arrangement is provided such that if the second TFT which performs the “on-off” function of the current for the luminescent element is of an N channel type, the potential of the common power supply line (“com”) is lowered below the potential of the opposite electrode (“op”) of the luminescent element to obtain a higher gate voltage (“Vgcur”).

Abstract: The present invention is directed to provide a driving circuit and driving method for a LCD having high performance of moving image displaying within few amount of memory and downscaled circuit. In the present invention, a voltage applied to a pixel to drive liquid crystal material in the pixel is determined as a voltage with which the transparency of the pixel at the end of the current field becomes the designated transparency. To determine the voltage, a data table for quick response in which output data is stored in correspondence with some of the possible value of a preceding field image data and some of the possible value of the current field image data is employed, and the output data corresponding to the preceding field image data and the current field image data is determined by the data table through linear interpolation. The voltage corresponding to the output data is applied to the pixel.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus includes: one of a pair of substrates being transparent and a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between the pair of substrates; the one substrate including a plurality of scanning wirings, a plurality of signal wirings, a plurality of thin film semiconductor devices formed on intersections of the scanning wirings and the signal wirings, and a display electrode; and the other substrate including an opposed electrode.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display panel includes a first substrate, at least two first printed circuit boards, and at least one repair line. Each of the first printed circuit boards is utilized to output signals to a plurality of first conducting wires in parallel arranged on the first substrate. Additionally, the repair line has a first part located on the first substrate, a second part located on each of the first printed circuit boards, and a third part located on a connecting region between the first printed circuit boards.

Abstract: A matrix access system having a plurality of columns, comprising a plurality of circuits each being adapted for selectively accessing one of said columns; an interface, communicating data with said plurality of circuits; at least one redundant circuit, adapted for selectively accessing each of said columns and communicating data with said interface; a test circuit, for comparing data communicated by a respective one of said circuits and said redundant circuit; and means for selectively logically replacing a respective circuit with said redundant circuit.

Abstract: A driving method for a liquid crystal display having a plurality of pixels. Each pixel has a liquid crystal unit and a transistor. First, a gate voltage of the transistor is changed to drive the transistor. Then, a first display voltage of a first frame is applied to the liquid crystal unit. Next, the display voltage of the liquid crystal unit is changed to a blanking display voltage of a black frame by changing the gate voltage of the transistor. At this time, the black frame is displayed on the liquid crystal unit. Thus, the long response time of the liquid crystal display is improved. Finally, the gate voltage of the transistor is changed again and a second display voltage of a second frame is applied to the liquid crystal unit.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of treatment for preventing the occurrence of image sticking and recovering from image sticking in a ferroelectric liquid crystal device. By applying a low-frequency AC voltage to the ferroelectric liquid crystal device, multiple domains are formed in a pixel, domain boundaries are caused to flow, and fine segmentation of domain regions are induced. As the low-frequency AC voltage, a voltage having a frequency of 10 to 100 Hz and an amplitude of ±1.5 to ±3.0 V is applied, for example, for 30 seconds or more. The low-frequency AC voltage is applied to the liquid crystal device immediately before stopping liquid crystal driving or immediately after starting liquid crystal driving. Further, the low-frequency AC voltage is applied when the occurrence of image sticking in the liquid crystal device is detected.

Abstract: A display driving circuit having a plurality of driving stages and driving lines is provided. The driving stages are electrically coupled in serial, and each of the driving stages comprises a conducting path for transmitting an electric signal from the previous driving stage to the next driving stage via the current driving stage. Each of the driving lines respectively corresponds to a driving stage and electrically connects to an output terminal of the corresponding driving stage. The display driving circuit is characterized in that a redundant device is only installed in one part of the driving stages. The redundant device is capable of supplying an extra conducting path to transmit an electric signal from the previous driving stage to the next driving stage via the current driving stage while the original conducting path in the corresponding driving stage is broken.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a liquid crystal panel having a plurality of pixels disposed in a matrix format, a Y-selecting signal generating unit for selecting one or more pixel rows, an X-selecting signal generating unit for selecting one or more pixel columns, and a tone signal generating unit for generating a tone signal for applying the corresponding tone voltage to tone information of said display data onto each of the pixels.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a plurality of wires provided in a display region on a substrate, a plurality of display elements provided at each of the plurality of wires, a dummy wire provided in a non-display region on the substrate, and a dummy element connected to the dummy wire so that the parasitic capacitance at the dummy wire is equal to that at each of the plurality of wires.

Abstract: In a liquid crystal device, spherical-shaped semiconductor devices are mounted in a dispersive fashion on a wiring pattern extending toward a liquid crystal sealing region from input terminals connected to a flexible board. Each spherical-shaped semiconductor device is produced by forming a semiconductor device element on the surface of a spherical-shaped semiconductor material. In production of an electro-optical panel, MIS transistors are first produced in the form of spherical-shaped semiconductor devices, and then one spherical-shaped semiconductor device is installed in each pixel on an active matrix substrate, thereby allowing the MIS transistors to be produced at an optimum temperature without restriction caused by heat resistance of the substrate. When the active matrix substrate is adhesively bonded to an opposite substrate, the spherical-shaped semiconductor devices serve as spacers which allow the substrates to be precisely spaced a desired distance apart from each other.

Abstract: A display apparatus and an assembly of a driving circuit for the display apparatus having a display device, a film carrier with a lead to transfer a signal for driving the display device, and a bus board to supply a signal to the lead. A dummy lead is provided along the outside of each of an input side outer lead and an output side outer lead of the film carrier. A predetermined voltage is applied to the dummy leads. The predetermined voltage value is set to a value so as not to stationarily cause a DC bias for the voltage of the outer lead on the outside.

Abstract: Each of pixels arranged in a matrix is divided into sub pixels. Horizontal scanning lines and vertical scanning lines are arranged corresponding to rows and columns of the sub pixels, so that each sub pixel can be independently on and off. Each pixel includes a sub pixel connection circuit arranged between the sub pixels. A sub pixel connection circuit connects the pixel electrodes of corresponding sub pixels in accordance with a sub pixel connection signal input from a data line in synchronization with activation of vertical scanning line.

Abstract: A light emitting display may include cathode columns with a folded arrangement so that each column includes two selectively activatable sections. Each column section may be selectively activated or deactivated depending on whether defects are associated with a given section.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display (LCD) element with a defect repairing function and a defect repairing method of the same. In an embodiment of the invention, a pixel is associated with a plurality of scan lines and a plurality of data lines. Along with separate spare lines, melting connection can be obtained to form a circuit path and to compensate for broken wires. A single pixel can also have a plurality of subpixels with spare conduction ports and meltable joints so that defective electrodes can be separated. The spare conduction ports can be melted and connected so that other subpixels support and compensate for the defective subpixel to minimize pixel signal loss.

Abstract: A matrix of liquid crystal pixels (160) is provided. A digital-to-analog converter (DAC) (150) is coupled to the matrix and produces an output voltage that can be applied to one or more pixels in the matrix. The DAC (150) receives a multi-bit digital input and generates its output voltage to correspond to the digital input. The conversion function of the DAC is adapted to have a higher resolution within a voltage range in which most grayshade changes of the LCD occur.

Abstract: A wire structure of a display device is disclosed. Undesirable short at upper wires can be repaired through the laser cutting while preventing a damage to the lower wires through the through hole provided at the lower wires of the region where the upper wires are mutually isolated.

Abstract: In an active matrix display device, each pixel is provided with a pixel electrode, an organic semiconductor film deposited on the upper layer side of the pixel electrode, and a thin film luminescent element provided with an opposing electrode formed on the upper layer side of the organic semiconductor film. A protective film covering almost the entire surface of a substrate is formed on the upper layer of the opposing electrode. The protective film prevents the entry of moisture or oxygen to inhibit the deterioration of the thin film luminescent element.

Abstract: In a display matrix in which individual pixels in which a sub scan wiring and a display electrode, a main circuit of TFT controlled by an applied voltage of the main scan wiring and the sub scan wiring, and signal wiring and a display electrode are connected in series are arranged, and the sub scan wiring is arranged in the vertical direction, a line is selected and driven with the main scan pulse shifted sequentially in the individual frame time supplied on the main scan wiring, and with the sub scan pulse varying its state in a time of the main scan pulse.

Abstract: A driving method for a liquid crystal device comprising a pair of electrodes and a liquid crystal disposed between the electrodes includes a sequence of voltage application operations each comprising application of a reset voltage to the liquid crystal for placing the liquid crystal in a reset state in a reset period and application of a data voltage to the liquid crystal for placing the liquid crystal in a desired gradational display state in a writing period subsequent to the reset period. Each reset voltage is set to provide a prescribed difference in voltage between the each reset voltage and a subsequent data voltage, thus preventing an image memory phenomenon without using an additional reset circuit for exclusively applying the reset voltage to the liquid crystal.

Abstract: A display device so improved as to reduce the size of a peripheral driving circuit incorporated therein. The display device comprises, on one substrate, a pixel array (4), a vertical driving circuit (5) for sequentially selecting pixels (P) via gate lines (G), and a horizontal driving circuit (6) for writing image signals in the selected pixels (P) via signal lines (S).

Abstract: A matrix addressed display system designed so as to enable data line repair by electronic mechanisms which is efficient and low in cost and thus increases yield. Such active data line repair utilizes additional data driver outputs, a defect map memory in the TFT/LCD module and modification of the data stream to the data drivers by additional circuits between the display and the display adapter. A bus configuration on the display substrate is utilized which combines repair flexibility, low parasitic capacitance, and the ability to easily make the necessary interconnections. The number of interconnections is kept to a minimum, the connections are reliable, and the connections may be made with conventional wire bond or laser bond technology, or disk bond technology.

Abstract: A display apparatus and an assembly of a driving circuit for the display apparatus having a display device, a film carrier with a lead to transfer a signal for driving the display device, and a bus board to supply a signal to the lead. A dummy lead is provided along the outside of each of an input side outer lead and an output side outer lead of the film carrier. A predetermined voltage is applied to the dummy leads. The predetermined voltage value is set to a value so as not to stationarily cause a DC bias for the voltage of the outer lead on the outside.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device with point-sequential driving so that unevenness in brightness on a display screen becomes less noticeable. A signal line driving circuit that applies an image signal voltage sent from a signal processing circuit and a timing circuit to signal lines for point-sequential driving of the signal lines includes a driving direction switching circuit for inverting driving direction in the point-sequential driving, and the signal processing circuit includes an image signal rearranging circuit rearranging image signals in accordance with inversion of the driving direction, in synchronization with the inversion of the driving direction.

Abstract: A driving method is disclosed which prevents a remaining image from occurring at the time of turning off of the display device. In particular, the driving method for the display device is such that, when the power-supply signal is switched from ON state to OFF state, non-lit-up display data is outputted so that all the pixels are switched to the non-lit-up display. The display elements are maintained in the non-lit-up display state over the entire surface of the display up to completion of a period corresponding to a predetermined number of frames after the frame in which the power-supply OFF signal has been detected. The driving operation, which takes place immediately before the completion of the output of the non-lit-up display data within the non-display period, is maintained until the scanning start signal has risen, and the driver output control signal is switched from ON state to OFF state in synchronism with the rise of the scanning start signal.