Abstract: Acid-neutralizing agent contains substantial amount of calcium of an acid-neutralizing ability against various acid chemicals substance for humans, animals, agricultural produces, meat and poultry. And the method of producing the same are provided. An environmental friendly high speed and high press scraping treatment is applied to a calcium-containing substance represented by calcium carbonate-containing substances originating from shellfishes, to eliminate heavy metals and other contamination accumulated on the surface. A heating and baking treatment is applied separately to the different said shellfishes and calcium carbonate-containing minerals and charcoal of bamboo to the temperature and maintaining the temperature not less then the decompose point of each calcium component-containing substance, a sufficient time of heating and baking treatment from 3 hours up to 18 hours depend on materials treated.

Abstract: This invention describes a system of reactions for a partial sequestration of carbon (CO2 and CO) from coal burning plants and zero emission production of hydrogen and hydrides. The only raw material to be used is salt (sodium chloride, NaCl), coal and water or a metal for the hydride. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) generated from the chloride is used for locking carbon dioxide in sodium carbonate and bicarbonate.

Abstract: Compositions comprising synthetic rock, e.g., aggregate, and methods of producing and using them are provided. The rock, e.g., aggregate, contains CO2 and/or other components of an industrial waste stream. The CO2 may be in the form of divalent cation carbonates, e.g., magnesium and calcium carbonates. Aspects of the invention include contacting a CO2 containing gaseous stream with a water to dissolve CO2, and placing the water under precipitation conditions sufficient to produce a carbonate containing precipitate product, e.g., a divalent cation carbonate.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a method of reductively bleaching a mineral slurry comprising adding in the mineral slurry an effective amount of a formamidine sulfinic acid (FAS) and an effective amount of a borohydride to reductively bleach the mineral slurry, compositions comprising a mineral slurry, a FAS, and a borohydride, and final products comprising a mineral obtained by the method disclosed herein.

Abstract: A method of forming basic copper carbonates includes providing an aqueous solution comprising copper (II) ammonia, and carbonic acid; and adding sufficient carbon dioxide to precipitate a basic copper carbonate from the aqueous solution.

Abstract: A method of forming basic copper carbonates includes providing an aqueous solution comprising copper (II), ammonia, and carbonic acid; and adding sufficient carbon dioxide to precipitate a basic copper carbonate from the aqueous solution.

Abstract: The present invention is a process to react limestone with sulfate and/or sulfuric acid solutions and/or other solutions containing sulfates, in order to neutralize the solutions and precipitate the sulfates, in such a way that the limestone is used with an efficiency that makes the use of limestone economic. In the present invention, the limestone is reacted with the solution continuously, in a high intensity reactor, which is designed to provide efficient high-energy input and continuous renewal of the limestone surface.

Abstract: A base-facilitated process for producing hydrogen. Hydrogen is produced from a reaction of carbonaceous matter with a base and water, preferably through the formation of a bicarbonate or carbonate by-product. The base-facilitated hydrogen-producing reactions are thermodynamically more spontaneous and are able to produce hydrogen gas at less extreme reaction conditions than conventional reformation or gasification reactions of carbonaceous matter. In another embodiment, the instant reactions permit the production of hydrogen from carbonaceous matter without the production of carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide. In a preferred embodiment, the carbonaceous matter is coal or a derivative thereof.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a mixture for recovery utilization or transfer of carbon dioxide gas. According to the present invention, disclosed is a mixture containing carbon dioxide and an alkyltin alkoxide composition containing carbon dioxide complex of an alkyltin alkoxide, the mixture having a composition with a specified ratio.

Abstract: Silver-containing particles, and methods of making silver-containing particles are disclosed.

Abstract: Provided is a thermionic cathode doped with an increased binding energy hydrogen species and a method of making the doped thermionic cathode.

Abstract: Provided is a semiconductor doped with an increased binding energy hydrogen species and a method of making the doped semiconductor.

Abstract: Compounds are provided comprising at least one neutral, positive, or negative hydrogen species having a binding energy greater than its corresponding ordinary hydrogen species, or greater than any hydrogen species for which the corresponding ordinary hydrogen species is unstable or is not observed. Compounds comprise at least one increased binding energy hydrogen species and at least one other atom, molecule, or ion other than an increased binding energy hydrogen species. One group of such compounds contains one or more increased binding energy hydrogen species selected from the group consisting of Hn, Hn?, and Hn+ where n is an integer from one to three.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to provide a carbonate crystal, which has oriented birefringence, is needle- or rod-like, and is able to negate the birefringence without sacrificing the light transmittance of a transparent polymeric resin when it exists in the transparent resin; a manufacturing method of the carbonate crystal; and a transparent optical resin composition comprising the carbonate resin. The carbonate crystal has an aspect ratio of two or greater, the average major axis length of 400 nm or shorter, and the variation coefficient expressed in Formula (1) below is 0.40 or less: 1 r × { 1 n - 1 ? ? i = 1 n ? ( r i - r ) 2 } 1 2 Formula ? ? ( 1 ) wherein r denotes an average major axis length, n denotes the number of particles used for the measurement of the major axis length, and n denotes the major axis length of the ith particle measured.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing a sheet of paper (6) comprising paper fibres and calcium carbonate mainly in the form of calcite crystals linked directly to the paper fibres. The inventive method is characterised in that it comprises the following steps:—(i) an aqueous composition comprising calcium bicarbonates (5) and/or hydrated and/or dissolved carbon dioxide (3) and (ii) an aqueous composition comprising calcium hydroxide (4) are mixed in an aqueous medium in such a way as to precipitate the calcium carbonate in the form of vaterite crystals;—paper fibres (2, 2?) are immediately added;—the vaterite crystals are left to transform into calcite crystals on contact with the fibres;—said mixture containing the calcite crystals which are fixed to the fibres is subsequently sent on the conveying wire of the papermaking machine (M) for drainage and so that the sheet of paper can be formed;—the sheet of paper (6) thus obtained is treated, if necessary, and dried.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a desulfurization process of pastel and grids of lead accumulators comprising a carbonation in two steps, a granulometric separation between the two steps followed by specific desulfurization of the large part, a desodification obtaining the conversion of the PbSO4 contained in the pastel into PbCO3 which can be easily converted into metallic Pb in an oven by the addition of coal. The system used for the desodification of the large part of the pastel can also be used for the desulfurization of the fine part of the grids.

Abstract: A method of producing hydrogen gas from a reaction of an organic substance having multiple alcohol functionality with a base. Hydrogen can be produced in a reaction of a base with an organic substance having multiple alcohol functionality that may proceed through the formation of a bicarbonate or carbonate compound as a byproduct. In some embodiments, the reaction may occur in the presence of water. The preferred organic substances include diols, triols, and higher order alcohols. Non-cyclic (linear or branched) organic substances having multiple alcohol functionality are among the preferred reactants. The instant base-facilitated hydrogen-producing reactions are thermodynamically more spontaneous than the corresponding conventional reformation reactions of the organic substances and can produce hydrogen at less extreme reaction conditions. The preferred reactants further include low volatility organic substances having multiple alcohol functionality.

Abstract: A base-facilitated reformation reaction. Hydrogen is produced from a reaction of an organic substance with a base to form bicarbonate ion or carbonate ion as a by-product. The base-facilitated reformation reactions are thermodynamically more spontaneous than conventional reformation reactions and are able to produce hydrogen gas at less extreme reaction conditions than conventional reformation reactions. In one embodiment, the instant base-facilitated reactions produce hydrogen gas from an organic substance at a lower temperature than is possible for the production of hydrogen gas from the organic substance in a conventional reformation reaction. In another embodiment, the instant base-facilitated reformation reactions produce hydrogen gas from an organic substance at a faster rate at a particular temperature than is possible from the conventional reformation reaction of the organic substance.

Abstract: The object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing carbonates capable of effectively and easily forming carbonates shaped to have an orientational birefringence and an aspect ratio greater than 1 as well as capable of controlling the particle size. For this end, it is a method of which a metallic ion source containing at least one selected from Sr2+ ions, Ca2+ ions, Ba2+ ions, Zn2+ ions, and Pb2+ with a carbonate source in a solution to thereby produce carbonates shaped to have an aspect ratio greater than 1, and the method include increasing the number of carbonate particles and increasing the volume of carbonate particles.

Abstract: To provide a process for producing carbonate particles, capable of efficient, easy formation of carbonate particles which have high crystallinity, less prone to agglomeration and offer orientation birefringence, particularly carbonate particles that are needle- or rod-shaped, and of controlling the particle size. In the process a metal ion source and a carbonate ion source are heated together in a liquid of 55° C. or higher for reaction to produce carbonate particles with an aspect ratio of greater than 1, wherein the metal ion source contains at least one metal ion selected from the group consisting of Sr2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Zn2+ and Pb2+. The carbonate particles are preferably needle- or rod-shaped, pH of the liquid after heating reaction is preferably 8.20 or more, and in its X-ray diffraction spectrum the full-width at half maximum of the diffraction peak corresponding to (111) plane is preferably less than 0.8°.

Abstract: Precipitated silica comprising porous silica particles having a cumulative surface area for all pores having diameters greater than 500 ? of less than 6 m2/g, as measured by mercury intrusion, and a percentage cetylpyridinium chloride (% CPC) Compatibility of greater than about 85%. The precipitated silica product is especially well-adapted for use in dentifrices containing cetylpyridinium chloride, which do not attach to the low surface area silica product in a meaningful level and thus remain available for antimicrobial action. Processes for making the silica product including the introduction of sodium sulfate powder during different process steps in order to enhance such a compatibility with CPC are provided.

Abstract: To provide a method for producing a carbonate, including: growing seed crystals, wherein the seed crystals are grown in a reaction solution containing at least urea. An aspect in which the seed crystals are strontium carbonate particles, an aspect in which the reaction solution contains a metal ion source and the metal ion source is a hydroxide of strontium, and the like are favorable.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for producing carbonates, which includes at least adding an aqueous solution containing a carbonate source into an alcoholic solution containing a metal ion source, wherein an alkaline chemical is added when the carbonate source is reacted with the metal ion source.

Abstract: A method for producing oxygen and absorbing carbon dioxide in a single operation using a solution that contains an oxygen source and a redox partner that can react to form oxygen and a chemical species that can form an insoluble carbonate to precipitate and chemically store carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is introduced into the solution and the carbonate precipitates as the oxygen is generated. In particular, the invention uses an aqueous solution of permanganate and hydrogen peroxide that react in the presence of a catalyst to produce oxygen and manganese (II) ions. Carbon dioxide gas introduced into the solution reacts with the manganese (II) ions to precipitate manganese carbonate. Other cations capable of reacting with carbon dioxide to form an insoluble carbonate, for example calcium, barium and magnesium, may also be added to the solution to precipitate carbonate salts. Calcium permanganate may used as a source of both calcium and permanganate.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a manganese carbonate useful as a material for spinel-type LiMn2O4, having a spherical morphology, and a method of preparing the same. The spheric manganese carbonate has a high packing density and shows superior lifetime characteristics, leading to spinel-type LiMn2O4 resistant to structural changes and having superior lifetime characteristics.

Abstract: Methods of reducing smoke levels in smoke-affected areas, reducing the level of toxic compounds produced by fires, fire suppression, and increasing flame retardancy. In particular, methods according to the present invention comprise dispersing nanocrystalline particles in the areas affected by smoke for sorption of smoke particulates and toxic compounds produced from a fire. The nanocrystalline particles are also effective for use in methods of fire suppression and flame retardancy.

Abstract: A method of measuring the amount of gastric secretion in a mammal involves administering a substance or formulation containing an excess quantity of a water-insoluble carbonate to the mammal to react with acid in the stomach, in which the insoluble carbonate is enriched with at least one isotope selected from 13C, 14C, 17O and 18O in a known amount. The content of the or each selected isotope in the exhaled carbon dioxide is allowed to stabilise before obtaining a sample of exhaled air containing carbon dioxide, and determining the content of the selected or each selected isotope in the exhaled carbon dioxide.

Abstract: Finely divided ferrous carbonate absorbent, siderite granules or absorbent particles made by mixing, agglomerating and shaping finely powdered ferrous carbonate, preferably siderite, in combination with minor effective amounts of water or an optional binder, followed by drying, are used to treat and significantly reduce concentrations of hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, organic disulfides, mercaptans and other sulfurous compounds and contaminants in gaseous and liquid fluid streams such as natural gas, light hydrocarbon streams, crude oil, acid gas mixtures, carbon dioxide gas and liquid streams, anaerobic gas, landfill gas, geothermal gases and liquids, and the like. Methods for absorbing sulfur compounds in a moist atmospheric environment and for regenerating the absorbent by contacting it with air and steam or, continuously, by mixing the feed stream with moist air are also disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of preparing particles of a defined size and morphology, using a reaction of reactants, wherein the reaction is carried out in the presence of rotational forces and wherein the reactants are separated from each other by means of a contactor. The present method is suitable for preparing articles having a particle size from 10-2000 nm.

Abstract: Agents for surface treatment which can impart excellent corrosion resistance to zinc or zinc alloy products at low cost. The agents for the surface treatment of zinc or zinc alloy products of this invention include at least one water-soluble compound which contains antimony, bismuth, tellurium or tin. Ideally, a nickel salt and/or a manganese salt is also included, and most desirably tannins and/or thioureas are also included. Ideally, the zinc or zinc alloy products which have been immersed and treated in an aqueous solution which contains these agents for surface treatment are immersed in an aqueous solution which includes a sealing treatment agent selected according to the colour of the zinc or zinc alloy product to seal pinholes.

Abstract: Pyrogenically prepared zinc oxide powder having a BET surface area of from 10 to 200 m2/g, which is in the form of aggregates, the aggregates being composed of particles having different morphologies, and 0-10% of the aggregates being in a circular form, 30-50% being in an ellipsoidal form, 30-50% being in a linear form and 20-30% being in a branched form. It is prepared by reacting a starting mixture containing zinc vapour, a combustible gas and steam or a mixture of steam and carbon dioxide in a flame with an oxygen-containing gas in an oxidation zone, cooling the hot reaction mixture in a quenching zone and separating the solid material from the gas stream, the amount of oxygen in the oxidation zone being greater than the amount necessary for the complete oxidation of the combustible gas and the zinc vapour. The zinc oxide powder can be used as a constituent of sun protection compositions for protection against UV radiation.

Abstract: The surface-treated calcium carbonate is disclosed which is surface-treated with an organic surface treating agent, said surface-treated calcium carbonate satisfies the particular BET specific surface area (Sw), reduced heat amount per unit specific surface area (As), average pore diameter (Dxp) at which an increased amount of mercury penetration reaches the maximum value in a method of mercury penetration, and amount of an average pore diameter [maximum value of an increased amount of mercury penetration (Dyp)/average pore diameter (Dxp)]. The surface-treated calcium carbonate of the present invention is particularly useful for resins and it not only improves adhesion of resin compositions to a subject to be adhered, but forms a rigid coating film when blended into resins.

Abstract: A pressure container is filled with a base material having at least part of the surface coated with an organic matrix including at least one member selected from the specific functional groups, and a material solution containing a carbonate material as a material for carbonate film and an organic polymer including at least one member selected from the specific groups. In succession, by supplying CO2 into the pressure container at 2 atm or higher, a carbonate film is deposited on the surface of the organic matrix.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of an alkali metal catalyst by mixing an alkali metal with pulverulent, solid potassium carbonate as support, wherein the potassium carbonate has a specific surface area of at least 0.3 m2/g, and to the use thereof for the side-chain alkylation of alkylbenzenes.

Abstract: A process for selectively removing carbon dioxide from a gaseous stream by converting the carbon dioxide to a solid, stable form is provided. In a sequestration process, carbon dioxide enriched air is passed through a gas diffusion membrane to transfer the carbon dioxide to a fluid medium. The carbon dioxide rich fluid is then passed through a matrix containing a catalyst specific for carbon dioxide, which accelerates the conversion of the carbon dioxide to carbonic acid. In the final step, a mineral ion is added to the reaction so that a precipitate of carbonate salt is formed. This solid mineral precipitate can be safely stored for extended periods of time, such as by burying the precipitate in the ground or depositing the precipitate into storage sites either on land or into a body of water. An apparatus for removing carbon dioxide from a gaseous stream is also provided.

Abstract: In a method for preparing copper salts from at least one cupriferous and one additional reactant, the reactants are used to prepare micro-emulsions while employing at least one block polymer, the intermediate products obtained this way are mixed and reacted together so as to form a micro-emulsion. The preparation of the starting micro-emulsion as well as the subsequent joint reaction preferably occur either with ultrasound or in a high-pressure homogenizer. The copper salts obtained this way exhibit a particle size of less than 50 nm, preferably 5 to 20 nm and can be adjusted to specific applications through the appropriate doping of foreign ions.

Abstract: Methods of making zirconium basic carbonate are further described which involve titrating an aqueous slurry of sodium zirconium carbonate to a pH of from about 3.5 to about 4.0 with an acidic agent wherein the sodium zirconium carbonate has a moisture content of from about 15% to about 25% LOD in solid form. The process further involves washing the aqueous slurry containing the formed zirconium basic carbonate with water. A novel zirconium basic carbonate is further disclosed which has a minimum adsorption capacity of from about 30 to about 35 mg/PO4-P/gm SCZ; a minimum HCO3- content of from about 2 to about 4 mEq HCO3-gm/SCZ; a leachable Na+ content of from about 1.5 to about 2.0 mEq Na+/gm SCZ; and/or a pH range of titrated sodium zirconium carbonate of from about 6 to about 7.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process of treating a zirconium containing product such as zircon. The process comprises providing an alkali fusion decomposed zircon product (AFDZ) formed from reading zircon with a source of alkali metal at elevated temperatures, and treating the AFDZ to form a solid containing hydrated zirconium oxide and/or hydrated zirconium basic carbonate (hereinafter referred to as the hydrated zirconium product). The process further comprises treating the solid hydrated zirconium product to obtain in situ formation of basic zirconium sulphate as a solid thereon. The invention also relates to such a process for producing zircon derived material suitable for pigments and to such a process to produce opacifier material. The invention also relates to products of such processes.

Abstract: A process for producing hydrogen gas from a reaction of an organic substance and a base with a recycling of a carbonate or bicarbonate by-product and a regeneration of the base. In one embodiment, reaction of an organic substance and a base produces hydrogen gas and a metal carbonate. The instant invention provides recycling of the metal carbonate by-product. In a preferred embodiment, the metal carbonate by-product is soluble and recycling includes a three step process. In a first step, the soluble metal carbonate is reacted with a metal hydroxide to form a weakly soluble or insoluble metal carbonate that precipitates in a metathesis reaction. The metal hydroxide reactant of the hydrogen producing reaction is also formed in the metathesis reaction and remains in solution. Precipitation of the carbonate thus permits ready isolation of the carbonate by-product, while leaving behind an aqueous metal hydroxide phase that can be returned to and further utilized in the hydrogen producing reaction.

Abstract: An abrasive precipitated calcium carbonate is provided that provides excellent cleaning properties without being excessively abrasive or damaging to gums or tooth surfaces. The abrasive, precipitated calcium carbonate has a primary particle size of about 1 ?m to about 4 ?m, and an aggregate size of about 3 ?m to about 10 ?m. Also disclosed is a method for forming calcium carbonate comprising the steps of: providing a reaction medium; introducing carbon dioxide and the calcium hydroxide slurry simultaneously into a reaction medium to form calcium carbonate while maintaining constant pH during calcium carbonate precipitation; and optionally drying the calcium carbonate slurry to form a dried calcium carbonate product. Also disclosed is a dentifrice containing the aforementioned abrasive, precipitated calcium, and one or more ingredients selected from the group consisting of humectants, thickening agents, binders, gums, stabilizing agents, antibacterial agents, fluorides, sweeteners, and surfactants.

Abstract: An organic solvent is separated from a waste stream containing supercritical CO2, an organic solvent and etchant contaminants. The process includes separating the supercritical CO2 by subjecting the waste stream to elevated temperature and/or reduced pressure to thereby obtain a first composition containing the supercritical CO2 and a second composition containing the organic solvent and being substantially free of the supercritical CO2; and then removing non-volatile etching contaminants from the second stream search as by at least one of the following: evaporation; distillation; filtration; centrifugation; and settling.

Abstract: An FCC catalyst which not only deactivates catalyst poison metals, such as nickel, vanadium and the like, in feedstock oils, inhibits the generation of hydrogen or coke, has excellent cracking activity and bottom oil-treating ability, and can yield a gasoline and LCO fraction in high yields, but also retains the performances on a high level over long and has an improved catalyst life; and an FCC method using the catalyst. The FCC catalyst has a compound of a bivalent metal or of bivalent and trivalent metals showing an XRD pattern of a carbonate of the bivalent metal; an inorganic oxide matrix and the compound dispersed therein; or an inorganic oxide matrix and the compound dispersed therein together with a crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite, and relates to an FCC method in which at least one of the catalysts are used in combination with an FCC catalyst obtained by evenly dispersing a crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite in an inorganic oxide matrix.

Abstract: A method and apparatus to extract and sequester carbon dioxide (CO2) from a stream or volume of gas wherein said method and apparatus hydrates CO2, and reacts the resulting carbonic acid with carbonate. Suitable carbonates include, but are not limited to, carbonates of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, preferably carbonates of calcium and magnesium. Waste products are metal cations and bicarbonate in solution or dehydrated metal salts, which when disposed of in a large body of water provide an effective way of sequestering CO2 from a gaseous environment.

Abstract: A dentrifice comprising granules consisting essentially of calcium carbonate particles, the granules having an average size of 50 to 500 um and a crushing resistance of 1 to 20 g/granule, and the calcium carbonate particles having a primary particle size of 0.01 to 0.5 um.

Abstract: Mesoporous metal carbonate structures are formed by providing a solution containing a non-ionic surfactant and a calcium acetate salt, adding sufficient base to react with the acidic byproducts to be formed by the addition of carbon dioxide, and adding carbon dioxide, thereby forming a mesoporous metal carbonate structure containing the metal from said metal salt.

Abstract: A method of treating aqueous salt solutions to provide a solution suitable for vitrification to a stable glass matrix for long term storage is described. In particular, salt solutions composed of aqueous nuclear waste materials are suitable for treatment by the described method. Specifically, salt solutions which have a sulfate to sodium mole ratio that does not permit easy vitrification into stable glasses may be treated by the present invention. The present method decreases the volume of vitrified glass.

Abstract: The present invention provides DASC compositions, which upon introduction into aqueous solutions, form stable, non-gritty suspensions. The present invention also provides stable, non-gritty suspensions comprising the DASC compositions of the present invention admixed in aqueous solutions. In addition, the present invention provides processes for preparing the suspensions which comprise admixing the DASC compositions of the present invention with aqueous solutions. Finally, the present invention provides processes for preparing the DASC compositions of the present invention.

Abstract: The present invention relates to basic cobalt(II) carbonate, agglomerated from fine primary particles and of general composition Co[(OH)2]a[CO3]1-a, where 0.1≦a≦0.9, and to spherodial cobalt(II) hydroxide, to a process for producing them and to their use.

Abstract: Mesoporous metal carbonate structures are formed by providing a solution containing a non-ionic surfactant and a calcium acetate salt, adding sufficient base to react with the acidic byproducts to be formed by the addition of carbon dioxide, and adding carbon dioxide, thereby forming a mesoporous metal carbonate structure containing the metal from said metal salt.

Abstract: The present invention relates to basic cobalt(II) carbonate, agglomerated from fine primary particles and of general composition Co[(OH)2]a[CO3]1−a, where 0.1≦a≦0.9, and to spheroidal cobalt(II) hydroxide, to a process for producing them and to their use.