Abstract: This disclosure relates to an improved furnace process for producing carbon blacks by the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbonaceous feedstock wherein the resultant blacks have decreased tinting strengths and have properties which impart improved hysteresis to rubber formulations in which the blacks are incorporated.

Abstract: A process for the production of furnace blacks of variable carbon black structure according to the customary furnace black technology is disclosed, whereby a low ratio is adjusted between combustion air and carbon black raw material for achieving high yields and large raw material through-puts, and wherein for lowering of the carbon black structure the carbon black produced is removed entirely or partly from the exhaust gases and the residual gas thus obtained is completely or partially recycled to the combustion chamber of the reactor.

Abstract: An improved procedure is provided for increasing the electrical conductivity of graphite via intercalation. It has been found that fully halogenated hydrocarbons (as described) have the ability to substantially aid the intercalation of graphite by previously known intercalant mixtures of (a) fluorosulfonic acid, chlorosulfonic acid, or mixtures thereof, and (b) a boron trihalide, a tetrahalide of a Group IV element, a pentahalide of a Group V element, or mixtures thereof. The presence of a fully halogenated hydrocarbon, such as carbon tetrachloride, during the graphite intercalation reaction has been found to expedite the rate at which intercalation takes place and possibly enables the achievement of a greater electrical conductivity than would have otherwise been obtained. In a preferred embodiment the graphite carbon is present within a carbonaceous fibrous material at the time of its intercalation and the resulting product is substantially electrically oriented along the axis of the fiber.

Abstract: A process for producing carbon black in a reaction system comprising a first zone where a heating fuel material and an oxygen-containing gas are mixed, and a high temperature combustion gas stream is formed, a second zone where a hydrocarbon starting material is mixed to the high temperature combustion gas stream to form carbon black, and a third zone subsequent to and down-stream of the second zone, where the carbon black thus formed, is contacted with an activating agent to activate the carbon black, characterized in that steam is introduced as an activating agent to the third zone.

Abstract: Carbon black which has been treated with organic peroxides imparts high scorch resistance to rubber into which it has been compounded.

Abstract: A method for producing carbon black employing a carbon black reactor which comprisesa cylindrical precombustion zone;a combustion gas introduction means adapted to tangentially introduce combustion gas into the cylindrical precombustion zone; anda cylindrical reaction zone in open communication with the cylindrical precombustion zone, wherein the axis of rotation of the cylindrical reaction zone and the axis of rotation of the cylindrical precombustion zone are substantially collinear, where the method comprises tangentially introducing a combustion gas into the cylindrical precombustion zone of the carbon black to create a spiralling flow and subjecting a portion of the spiralling flow to a counter-rotational force within the cylindrical precombustion zone; wherein the counter-rotational force is created by a helix-shaped fin positioned at least partially within the cylindrical precombustion zone; and wherein the helix-shaped fin is rotated about its axis by a motorized means thereby facilitating the creatio

Abstract: Vanes operatively attached to external sleeves are provided in a conduit to implement on the outside of the conduit change in the swirl angle of incoming fluids.

Abstract: Granular acetylene black excellent in dispersibility in rubber, plastic, and the like and conductivity-endowing effect and scarce in dust scattering. The granular acetylene black is made from acetylene black wherein the half-width of the 1355 cm.sup.-1 band in the Raman spectrum is 55 cm.sup.-1 or less and the amount of iodine adsorbed is 95 mg/g or more. The method for making the granular acetylene black comprises granulating the above acetylene black using ion exchange water as a wetting agent, drying the granulated acetylene black at temperatures below 300.degree. C., and selecting particles whose hardness is less than 5 g/particle.

Abstract: A generally cylindrical carbon black reactor for the production of soft carbon blacks is modified to produce a wider range of products by the installation of a choke.

Abstract: Commercially acceptable carbon black may be produced from coal or other carbonaceous material with the ash content in the resultant product kept below approximately one percent (1%) by controlling the oxygen to coal weight ratio so that it is less than 0.4 and by starting the process with coal or other carbonaceous material in a size range of from 75 to 1700 microns.

Abstract: In order to prevent burn-off of a radial feedstock nozzle in a carbon black reactor, resulting when the feedstock stopped flowing through the nozzle, a preselected minimum temperature of the feedstock tube actuates a mechanism to withdraw the feedstock from the hot zone of the reactor.

Abstract: A steam line is connected to the oil lines supplying feed to a carbon black reactor and valves are provided in each of the steam and oil lines so that either or both steam and oil can be fed to the oil tube emitting feed into the reactor. To change an oil nozzle without interrupting production, oil flow to a single nozzle is cut off and steam flow is provided while the nozzle is removed from the reactor. Steam flow is again provided as the replacement nozzle is inserted into the reactor and when it is in place, steam is cut off and oil flow resumed.

Abstract: A reactor for the production of carbon black is disclosed which is characterized by axial flow of combustion gases and sequential converging sections for sequentially accelerating the hot combustion gases used to drive the pyrolysis reaction.

Abstract: The tint residual of carbon black being produced in an oil furnace charging oxygen-enriched air falls as oxygen enrichment increases. An apparatus for conducting the process utilizing a low BTU fuel with external tangential combustors is also disclosed.

Abstract: Feed oils are injected axially into a carbon black reactor in a manner which slows buildup of deposits in the reactor. This is accomplished utilizing a nozzle configuration for injecting the feed oil into the carbon black reactor so that deposit-forming contaminants are directed away from the walls of the reactor. In one aspect, the feed oil is separated into two streams, one stream is contaminant-rich and the other is substantially contaminant-free. The contaminant-rich stream is fed into the reactor surrounded by the substantially contaminant-free stream. In another embodiment, a feed nozzle for a carbon black reactor is formed by a first feed tube surrounded coaxially by a second feed tube. The first feed tube can be utilized to inject contaminant-rich feed oil into the reactor. The second feed tube can be utilized to inject contaminant-free oil into the reactor in a manner such that it surrounds the contaminant-rich stream.

Abstract: In a method of producing carbon black in which a carbonaceous material is burned in the presence of a combustion supporting gas, burning is terminated, by the addition of a quench fluid, to produce hot combustion gas containing carbon black, heat values are recovered from the hot combustion gas, by passing the same in indirect heat exchange with water, the combustion supporting gas and/or a carbonaceous material (usually a liquid feed material), to produce a combustion gas of reduced temperature and part of the combustion gas of reduced temperature is utilized as the quench fluid startup is improved by using a normally gaseous carbonaceous material as a feed, withdrawing at least part of the hot combustion gas, usually after using the same to produce steam, utilizing the withdrawn hot combustion gas at the quench until the combustion gas of reduced temperature reaches a predetermined temperature, usually about 500.degree. F.

Abstract: A new reactor for the production of carbon black, a new method for the production of carbon black, and a new carbon black are disclosed. The carbon blacks are characterized by a surface area preferably in the range of 70 to 150 m.sup.2 /g and "G" values of either less than 1.20 or greater than 1.85, corresponding to very narrow or very broad aggregate size distributions, respectively. The reactor is preferably for axial flow of combustion gases and is characterized by serial arrangement of a cylindrical combustion zone, a frustoconical converging zone, a throat, an abrupt diverging zone and a cylindrical pyrolysis zone. In certain aspects of the invention, the combustion gases are formed by combusting low BTU fuel and forcing these gases through the throat at a velocity approaching Mach 1. In one method of carbon black production, the feedstock is introduced into the converging zone. In another method, it is introduced as a spray.

Abstract: A carbon black reactor employs the following components to produce non-uniform gas flow patterns.(a) a precombustion chamber skewed at an angle of 30-60 degrees from the reactor axis, comprising:(1) offset tangential hot gas entries(2) axial or offset multiple oil feed entries(b) an optional venturi which can be offset from the reactor axis and/or asymmetric in form.

Abstract: The tint residual of produced carbon black appears to go through a maximum value at a toluene photelometer of between about 65 and about 75. A process is disclosed for maximizing the tint residual of carbon black product at constant reactor volume and combustion gas flow by measuring the photelometer of the produced carbon black and changing the feedstock rate so that the photelometer of the carbon black being produced falls within the range of 65 to about 75.

Abstract: In the production of carbon black, low BTU content gases are combusted in a compact combustion zone with near stoichiometric amounts of oxidant gases, tempered to the desired temperature and volume with a diluent gas stream which can be selected from air and filter off-gases, and introduced into a reactor for the pyrolysis of a carbonceous feedstock to form carbon black.

Abstract: A pipe, containing a multiplicity of spray ports spaced longitudinally along the pipe so that carbonaceous feedstock can be simultaneously ejected from the ports outwardly from the pipe, is adapted for concentric longitudinal, axial alignment in a carbon black reactor. Preferably the pipe is jacketed so that coolant fluid can be circulated through the annulus formed between the pipe and the jacket and conduit means provide a connection from the pipe to spray ports located in the jacket wall thereby providing means for ejecting carbonaceous feedstock outwardly from the jacketed pipe. A carbon black reactor containing a feedstock nozzle as described above with the nozzle adapted to eject hydrocarbon feedstock into either a precombustion or a combustion zone of the reactor. A method for producing carbon black in which hydrocarbon feedstock is introduced into either a precombustion or a combustion zone of a carbon black reactor through a feedstock nozzle as described above.

Abstract: A carbon black reactor having tangential entry of combustion gases is provided with semicircular ramps to smoothly guide the flow of each tangentially introduced stream of combustion gases toward the reactor outlet enough to avoid turbulent impact with other tangentially introduced combustion gas streams.

Abstract: A heretofore waste gas stream containing nitrogen is used in the manufacture of carbon black.

Abstract: A method and apparatus whereby small carbon particles are made by pyrolysis of a mixture of acetylene carried in argon. The mixture is injected through a nozzle into a heated tube. A small amount of air is added to the mixture. In order to prevent carbon build-up at the nozzle, the nozzle tip is externally cooled. The tube is also elongated sufficiently to assure efficient pyrolysis at the desired flow rates. A key feature of the method is that the acetylene and argon, for example, are premixed in a dilute ratio, and such mixture is injected while cool to minimize the agglomeration of the particles, which produces carbon particles with desired optical properties for use as a solar radiant heat absorber.

Abstract: A carbon black reactor to produce non-uniform gas flow patterns utilizes(a) a precombustion chamber skewed at an angle of 30-60 degrees from the reactor axis with(1) offset tangential hot gas entries,(2) axial or offset multiple oil feed entries,(b) an optional venturi which can be offset from the reactor axis and/or asymmetric in form.

Abstract: The flow rate of quench fluid in a furnace process is manipulated in response to the water content of process air.

Abstract: A carbon black reactor having a mixing section and a reaction section with a choke situated within one of these sections further modified by means for reciprocating the choke along the longitudinal axis of the reactor to disrupt flow and, thereby, produce low tint residual carbon black and a method for producing carbon black utilizing the reciprocating choke.

Abstract: A carbon black feedstock nozzle in which a central pipe with a diverging nozzle outlet is surrounded by at least one concentric annulus having a diverging nozzle outlet with a spray angle different from that of the central pipe and with means for supplying a separate controlled flow of inlet material to the central pipe and concentric annulus. In the preferred embodiment multiple concentric annuli surround the central pipe with the outermost annulus supplied with a coolant fluid as inlet material, and the other annuli supplied with hydrocarbon suitable as carbon black reactor feedstock. In a preferred embodiment means are provided for a seriatim cycling of flow through the various hydrocarbon feedstock annuli. A carbon black reactor in which a feedstock nozzle as described above discharges in a portion of the reactor that is either a precombustion section or a combustion section.

Abstract: A pipe, containing a multiplicity of spray ports spaced longitudinally along the pipe so that carbonaceous feedstock can be simultaneously ejected from the ports outwardly from the pipe, is adapted for concentric longitudinal, axial alignment in a carbon black reactor. Preferably the pipe is jacketed so that coolant fluid can be circulated through the annulus formed between the pipe and the jacket and conduit means provide a connection from the pipe to spray ports located in the jacket wall thereby providing means for ejecting carbonaceous feedstock outwardly from the jacketed pipe. A carbon black reactor containing a feedstock nozzle as described above with the nozzle adapted to eject hydrocarbon feedstock into either a precombustion or a combustion zone of the reactor. A method for producing carbon black in which hydrocarbon feedstock is introduced into either a precombustion or a combustion zone of a carbon black reactor through a feedstock nozzle as described above.

Abstract: Carbon black reactor effluent is quenched and is then passed to a carbon black preagglomeration zone prior to being passed through the tubes of a shell-tube in direct heat exchange zone. The preagglomeration zone produces larger particles of carbon black, thereby minimizing deposits of carbon on the inner peripheries of the tubes of the heat exchange zone so as to maintain the desired high heat transfer efficiency.

Abstract: A carbon black reactor is equipped with multiple feedstock nozzles which revolve into axial alignment with the reactor throat.

Abstract: A carbon black reactor having a mixing section and a reaction section with a choke situated within one of these sections further modified by means for reciprocating the choke along the longitudinal axis of the reactor to disrupt flow and, thereby, produce low tint residual carbon black. A method for producing carbon black utilizing the reciprocating choke.

Abstract: Combustion gases containing free oxygen and a carbonaceous feed are introduced into a carbon black reactor, with the combustion gases being at a temperature sufficient to pyrolyze the feed hydrocarbon to produce combustion products containing particulate carbon black. The combustion products are cooled by quenching to form a gaseous effluent containing particulate carbon black. The effluent is discharged from the reactor to an indirect heat exchange means for further cooling the effluent. Carbon black is introduced into the effluent inlet of the indirect heat exchange means for removing carbon black which has become deposited on surfaces defining the flow path or flow paths for the effluent flowing through the heat exchange means. The effluent after cooling in the indirect heat exchange means is passed to separating means for separating the effluent into a gaseous portion and a particulate carbon black portion. Thereafter, the particulate carbon black portion can be pelleted.

Abstract: Carbon black having a high diphenylguanidine (DPG) value and a low pH value is produced in a reactor by separating the combustion gases into a plurality of streams by means of a perforate partition. This partition has a tubular portion or a conical portion which is surrounded by a plurality of through apertures at the downstream end. The hot combustion gases contact the make-hydrocarbon downstream of the partition. The combustion gases are introduced into the reactor upstream of the partition in a generally tangential direction for vortex flow while the make-hydrocarbon is introduced generally axially into the reactor.

Abstract: Aerosols such as a carbon black containing smoke are subjected to an auto-preseparation by passing the aerosol or smoke through loose particles collected and accumulated and only thereafter passing the aerosol or smoke through a separator such as a filter bag. This changes the characteristic of the aerosol in either reducing the total content of solids or increasing the average particle size of the solids in the aerosol or achieving both of these features. Thereby the load on the downstream separator and the capacity of the separator, e.g. a carbon black filter house, is substantially reduced.

Abstract: Method for the production of carbon black by an oil furnace process whereby an aromatic feedstock is pyrolytically dissociated into carbon black by contact with a turbulent mixture of combustion gases generated in burning a gaseous fuel in the presence of a stoichiometrical excess of oxygen. The gaseous fuel feed to the process being recycled off-gases associated with the pyrolysis reaction effluent from which the condensible gas content thereof is removed prior to recycling.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of making a carbon black product having a controllable aggregate particle size distribution comprising forming in a first zone of the carbon black reactor combustion gases at a high temperature and having a gradient of increasing turbulence in the downstream direction, injecting substantially radially into the first zone a carbon black feedstock into more than one of the "zones of increasing turbulence" before the gases reach maximum turbulence, cracking the feedstock to carbon black in a second (reaction) zone, quenching the carbon black reaction, and collecting the carbon black product. Also discussed is a method for making a carbon black product having varying physical characteristics as a result of modifying reaction kinetics at any position of oil injection into the "zones of turbulence".

Abstract: Two carbon black reactors in sequence, one being a high-structure carbon black reactor, the other being a low structure carbon black reactor, one feeding into the other, yield low tint residual carbon black.

Abstract: A process for producing carbon black comprises combustion of a fuel with air to form a stream of products of complete combustion of the fuel, whereinto a hydrocarbon feedstock is then added. The hydrocarbon feedstock is decomposed by absorption of heat from the combustion products, with the formation of a carbon black containing effluent. A portion of the carbon black containing effluent is collected and the remaining portion of the carbon black containing effluent is quenched by introducing a cooling agent thereinto. Thereafter carbon black is recovered from the remaining portion of the carbon black containing effluent. The collected portion of the carbon black containing effluent is fed, according to the invention, into the combustion chamber as fuel.

Abstract: Combustion products containing particulate solids such as carbon black are quenched by indirect heat exchange and the build up of solids deposits on the heat exchange surfaces is minimized or deposits on the heat exchange surfaces are removed by providing a fixed bed of fluidizable particulate solids within the indirect heat exchanger and positioning a shell-tube heat exchanger within the bed of solids with the heat exchange fluid being in the shell side and with the gas stream containing entrained solids such as carbon black passing through the tubes which contain particulate solids. Fluidization of the particulate solids by the gas stream containing carbon black, for example, passing through the tubes cleans or keeps the inner peripheries of the tubes clean.

Abstract: The rate at which deposits are formed in carbon black reactors is reduced by feeding a contaminant rich feed oil stream into the reactor surrounded by a substantially contaminant free feed oil stream.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to an improved furnace process for producing carbon blacks by the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbonaceous feedstock wherein the resultant blacks either have higher surface areas than the carbon blacks normally prepared from the feedstocks or are produced more economically. The blacks produced by the process are suitable for use in all of the typical applications such as rubber plastics, inks and the like.

Abstract: A start-up procedure for a carbon black furnace wherein a low Btu off-gas as can be obtained from the filters in which the carbon black is separated from the carbon black reactor effluent is admixed with a high Btu fuel and passed along with combustion-supporting gas to a combustion zone in a carbon black reactor furnace to create a desired vortex of hot combustion gases therein suitable for production of carbon black and wherein when combustion of part of the feedstock introduced into said vortex the temperature can be maintained phasing out or discontinuing the flow of said high Btu fuel.

Abstract: A process useful for the production of a carbon black useful as an ingredient in dry cell battery compositions is disclosed which comprises heating a carbon black feedstock having a dibutylphalate absorption (DBP) ranging from 200 to 250 cc/100 g, nitrogen surface area ranging from about 30 to about 60 m.sup.2 /g, an average stacking height (L.sub.c) of ordered graphitic layer segments ranging from about 1.1 to about 1.5 nm, and a wide aggregate size distribution with a range of measured aggregate volume from about 5.times.10.sup.4 to about 1.times.10.sup.9 nm.sup.3, a geometric mean aggregate volume (Log Vg, nm.sup.3) of about 6.2 to about 7.5, and geometric standard deviation (for Log Vg, nm.sup.3) of about 0.7 to about 1.0. This feedstock is heated to a temperature ranging from 1400.degree. C. to 2400.degree. C.

Abstract: Beaded carbon black is disclosed with a water content of 30 to 80% by weight which are used for coloring of paper and concrete. The product has the advantage of dust-free handling and a higher jet black color compared to conventional carbon black powder.

Abstract: A carbon black process control is described wherein in the preferred embodiment responsive to a determination of the humidity or water content in the free oxygen-containing gas flowing into the carbon black reactor two separate modes of control are calculated and a selection between the modes is made depending upon the influence each of the modes has on further properties of the overall operation. For example, the iodine number of the carbon black is controlled by either manipulating the air flow or the oil flow into the carbon black reactor to maintain the iodine number constant despite changes in the humidity and the selection between the two control modes (air flow control or oil flow control) is made in accordance with a determination of the respective conversion achieved.

Abstract: A carbon black reactor is comprised of a housing which defines a precombustion zone, a reaction zone and a quench zone which are in flow communication. Inlet means open into the precombustion zone or the reaction zone and is operable to introduce make hydrocarbon into the reactor. Also, inlet means open into the precombustion zone and is operable for the introduction of hot combustion gases into the precombustion zone. The make hydrocarbon is pyrolyzed by contact with the hot combustion gases as same flow along the reaction zone. After a predetermined time as determined by the length of flow along the reaction zone, the effluent produced by the pyrolysis of the make hydrocarbon by contact with the combustion gases is quenched to stop the reaction.

Abstract: The flow rate of quench fluid in a furnace process is manipulated in response to the water content of process air.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of producing carbon black by subjecting to a separation step a hydrocarbon feedstock containing a meltable solid, clarifying the hydrocarbon of the meltable solid and thereby making a concentrate of hydrocarbon and the meltable solid, and whereas the clarified hydrocarbon is introduced into the oil furnace process reactor to be converted to carbon black. The improvement lies in introducing the concentrate into the reaction zone of the reactor at a point where the temperature is below the melting point of the meltable solid. Carbon black is produced from the clarified oil and the oil concentrated with the meltable solid without substantially depositing the melted solid on the interior walls of the reactor.

Abstract: Carbon black having a low tint residue is produced by periodically varying operating conditions in a carbon black reactor.