Abstract: A method of producing metal chlorides is disclosed in which chlorine gas is introduced into liquid Cd. CdCl2 salt is floating on the liquid Cd and as more liquid CdCl2 is formed it separates from the liquid Cd metal and dissolves in the salt. The salt with the CdCl2 dissolved therein contacts a metal which reacts with CdCl2 to form a metal chloride, forming a mixture of metal chloride and CdCl2. After separation of bulk Cd from the salt, by gravitational means, the metal chloride is obtained by distillation which removes CdCl2 and any Cd dissolved in the metal chloride.

Abstract: Described is a process and a device for carrying out a reaction in liquid medium during which evolution of gas occurs. The process can be applied in particular to a reaction employing a peroxide such as hydrogen peroxide and, in particular, to the reduction of chlorine present in an aqueous effluent.

Abstract: An efficient process for forming anhydrous metal halides includes the reaction of a metal powder with a hydrogen halide under anhydrous conditions. In one example, manganese powder is reacted with hydrogen chloride under anhydrous reaction conditions.

Abstract: A method for producing halide brine wherein an alkali and a reducing agent are added to an aqueous fluid having a density greater than 8.30 lb/gal., (0.996 kg/L) water, waste water or sea water for example. The resulting fluid is then contacted with a halogen to form a halide brine. The reaction occurs in a conventional reactor such as a mixing tank.

Abstract: A process is provided for converting an alkane to an oxygenated product by passing an alkane gas over a first fixed bed containing a higher valence bromide salt to produce an alkyl bromide, a hydrobromic acid, and a lower valence bromide salt. The alkyl bromide and hydrobromic acid are conveyed as a gas to a second fixed bed containing a metal oxide and are passed over the second fixed bed to produce the first bromide salt and the oxygenated product. The metal oxide in the second fixed bed is regenerated by passing oxygen over the second fixed bed producing the metal oxide and bromine. The bromine is conveyed as a gas from the second fixed bed to the first fixed bed. The first bromide salt of the first fixed bed is regenerated by passing the bromine over the first fixed bed producing the first bromide salt.

Abstract: A metal container to be filled with a halogen containing gas, with the inner surface processed with a polishing agent. The gas has a reduced purity decline by the increase of the water content or impurities from the inner surface of the container which is absorbed by the gas over the passage of time. The inner surface processing method is improved such that the value of dividing the area of the Si2s peak by the area of the Fe2p3/2 peak in the X-ray photoelectron spectrum of the gas container inner surface with the inner surface process with a polishing agent applied is 0.3 or less.

Abstract: The present invention is to solve the problems caused by a conventional method for producing a zinc chloride-loaded support wherein zinc chloride is adsorbed on a solid support in an aqueous solution of zinc chloride. The problems include environmental destruction caused by the treatment of a used aqueous solution of zinc chloride, corrosion to a reactor, a threat to health for workers, deterioration of zinc chloride due to deliquescence thereof, and reduction of specific surface area.

Abstract: Process for the production of ZnCl2 from a Zn bearing primary and/or secondary material comprising the steps of reacting the Zn bearing material with a chlorinating agent such as Cl2 to convert metals into chlorides and vaporising the volatile components of the reaction product at a temperature between the melting point of said reaction product and the boiling point of ZnCl2, thereby recovering a Zn rich chlorinated melt, and thereafter distilling ZnCl2 from this Zn rich chlorinated melt, thereby recovering purified ZnCl2 and a Zn-depleted chlorinated melt.

Abstract: A method of treating a coal combustion flue gas, which includes injecting a molecular halogen or thermolabile molecular halogen precursor, such as calcium hypochlorite, able to decompose to form molecular halogen at flue gas temperature. The molecular halogen converts elemental mercury to mercuric halide, which is adsorbable by alkaline solids such as subbituminous or lignite coal ash, alkali fused bituminous coal ash, and dry flue gas desulphurization solids, capturable in whole or part by electrostatic precipitators (ESPs), baghouses (BHs), and fabric filters (FFs), with or without subsequent adsorption by a liquid such as a flue gas desulphurization scrubbing liquor.

Abstract: A process of preparing an inorganic compound is disclosed, comprising the steps of (a) allowing at least an inorganic raw material compounds (A) and an inorganic raw material compound (B) which are different in solubility in water to react with each other in the presence of a reaction solvent with stirring to deposit an inorganic compound (C), while allowing a part of each of the compound (A) and compound (B) to exist as a solid; and

Abstract: A method for regenerating a used halide fluid comprising a density greater than 9.0 lbs/gal. and containing both soluble and insoluble impurities. This method comprises the steps of (1) adding acid to the used halide fluid so that the pH is within a range of approximately 0 to 10.0; (2) contacting the used halide fluid with halogen to increase the density to at least 10.0 lbs./gal., adjust the desired true crystallization temperature of the fluid and oxidize soluble impurities; (3) adding a reducing agent while maintaining the temperature at a minimum of 10° C.; (4) contacting the fluid with an alkali to neutralize excess acid; and (5) separating any suspended solid impurities from the fluid.

Abstract: A method for producing halide brine wherein an alkali and a reducing agent are added to an aqueous fluid having a density greater than 8.30 lb/gal., (0.996 kg/L) water, waste water or sea water for example. The resulting fluid is then contacted with a halogen to form a halide brine. The reaction occurs in a conventional reactor such as a mixing tank.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of high purity arsenic pentafluoride in high yield. The process uses sulfur trioxide or oleum and an excess of hydrogen fluoride to react arsenic acid or arsenic pentoxide in a reaction medium containing an excess of hydrogen fluoride to yield high purity arsenic pentafluoride as a gas.

Abstract: This invention relates to an improved process for removing trace levels of Group IVb contaminants from a Group IVb metal tetrahalide of and particularly to a process for removing zirconium tetrachloride from titanium tetrachloride. The improvement resides in contacting a titanium tetrachloride feedstock containing trace impurities of zirconium tetrachloride or hafnium tetrachloride with a sufficient amount of titanium hydride to convert any zirconium tetrachloride or hafnium tetrachloride to a lower volatile compound. The resultant mixture is distilled and the titanium tetrachloride separated from the lower volatile zirconium or hafnium compounds.

Abstract: A new process for producing calcium chloride and other metal halides from the carbonates, bicarbonates, oxides of these metals. The process utilizes the discovery that hydrogen halides, when used in a true or conventional fluidizing medium in shallow beds of the aforementioned solids at moderately elevated temperatures in a continuous counter current process results in the conversion of the metal carbonates, bicarbonates, and oxides, into metal halides and carbon dioxide gas and/or water vapor. The process is carried out in a series of true or conventional fluidized beds preferable but not necessarily arranged in a vertical configuration so that the solids flow downward due to the fluidized process and the hydrogen halides flow counter currently in an upward direction producing metal halides at the bottom and pure carbon dioxide gas and/or water vapor at the top.

Abstract: A mass spectrometry apparatus is provided with an emitter for emitting metal ions, a reaction chamber where the detected gas is introduced and ionized by the metal ions, an aperture for guiding molecules of the ionized detected gas, and a mass spectrometer for measuring the guided molecules. The metal ions emitted from the emitter are caused to fly to the reaction chamber to ionize said detected gas. The detected gas is a halide compound. Further provision is made of a sample gas source for feeding a halide compound to the reaction chamber and an N2 gas source for feeding to the reaction chamber a gas (N2 etc.) to which the metal ions attach less easily than to the halide compound. It is therefore made possible to apply cation attachment of the Fujii system to mass spectrometry of a halide compound and enable precise measurement of fluoride compounds etc. having a large impact on global warming.

Abstract: An infrared optical element, and methods for its manufacture. The optical element is made by cold working an ingot of a soft crystalline ionic solid such as silver halide or a thallium halide that preferably includes at most one part per million of metallic impurities and at most ten parts per million total impurities. Preferably, the Knoop hardness of the ionic solid is at most about 20, and the elongation ratio of the ionic solid is at least 10% at a temperature of no more than 200° C. The optical element maybe a bulk element or a surface element. The optical element may be a refractive element, a diffractive element or a hybrid element. One such element is a flat sensor for attenuated total reflection spectroscopy. In one embodiment of the sensor, a thin layer of silver halide or thallium halide is formed by diffusion or deposition on the surface of a substrate having a lower index of refraction than the layer.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of high purity arsenic pentafluoride in high yield. The process uses sulfur trioxide or oleum and an excess of hydrogen fluoride to react arsenic acid or arsenic pentoxide in a reaction medium containing an excess of hydrogen fluoride to yield high purity arsenic pentafluoride as a gas.

Abstract: The process is by injection of calcium chloride into the combustor and lowering the flue gas temperature in sufficient time to enhance oxidation of mercury and nitrogen oxides into more soluble products prior to their absorption in a wet scrubber. The additive also increases the alkalinity and the pH of the scrubber water, therefore, favorably increasing the absorption of the pollutants. The flue gas is then cooled to ambient temperature or less to enhance the removal of mercury.

Abstract: A process for separating metal chlorides from the hot, gaseous reaction mixture (crude gas) formed in the reaction of technical-grade silicon with hydrogen chloride, in which the crude gas is introduced into a circulated suspension of metal chlorides in chlorosilanes, the temperature of the crude gas is reduced from its introduction temperature to the temperature of the three-phase gas/liquid/solid mixture formed on introduction of the crude gas into the suspension partly by direct cooling resulting from vaporization of chlorosilanes and partly by indirect cooling, part of the resulting suspension of metal chlorides in liquid chlorosilanes is recirculated to the introduction point of the crude gas and the metal chlorides are separated from the other part of the suspension.

Abstract: A process for separating metal chlorides from a suspension of metal chlorides in chlorosilanes, in which the suspension is filtered under pressure in the absence of air and moisture forming a filter cake, which is granulated and passed to a dissolution zone where the metal chlorides are dissolved to form an aqueous metal chloride solution. The invention also relates to a filtration and dissolution apparatus for this process, and to an apparatus for introducing the crude reaction gas into a circulated suspension of metal chlorides in chlorosilanes, thus producing a feedstock for the process.

Abstract: A crucible having an inner surface is not wetted by a melt which shrinks when it solidifies is provided with indentations in the walls of the crucible to support an ingot grown in it. Supporting the crystal provides a gap between the bottom of the ingot and the inner surface of the bottom of the crucible. The gap allows more uniform heat transfer from the bottom of the crucible than is provided when there is no gap; the gap provides a controllable temperature gradient between the interior and exterior of the crucible. To direct propagation of the growth of a macrocrystal, the bottom of the crucible is provided with at least one set of multiple grooves in parallel relationship with each other. Preferably a second set of multiple grooves in parallel relationship with each other intersect the grooves of the first set at an angle chosen depending upon the lattice structure of the macrocrystal to be grown. A macrocrystal grown in a crucible with twin sets of angulated grooves produces single crystals.

Abstract: A method for producing uranium oxide includes combining uranium tetrafluoride and a phyllosilicate mineral containing a solid oxidizing agent within the mineral's structure having a lower thermodynamic stability than the uranium oxide; heating the combination below the vapor point of the uranium tetrafluoride to sufficiently react the uranium tetrafluoride and the oxidizing agent to produce uranium oxide and a non-radioactive fluorine compound; and removing the fluorine compound.

Abstract: Isotopes of either germanium or silicon are separated by a chemical exchange reaction. Preferably the compound is a hydro halide or halide composition and the donor can be a wide variety of compounds such as a lower molecular weight alcohol.

Abstract: A method for producing zinc bromide from zinc hydroxide contaminated with iron and manganese compounds. The method comprises the step of mixing zinc hydroxide feedstock containing metal impurities with a hydrobromic acid comprising elemental bromine in the presence of a reducing agent to produce an impure zinc bromide solution. The metal impurities are removed from the zinc bromide solution in a two-stage process: the first stage comprises the steps of precipitating iron by maintaining the pH within a range of from about 3.6 to 4.15 and filtering out the insoluble iron compounds. The second stage comprises the steps of acidifying the zinc hydroxide solution and adjusting the pH to a range of 3.8 to 4.3 with a alkalinity source from metal oxide, hydroxide or carbonate to precipitate the manganese compounds. The resulting mixture is filtered and concentrated to form a solution comprising zinc bromide essentially free of iron and manganese compounds.

Abstract: A method for producing uranium oxide includes combining uranium oxyfluoride and a solid oxidizing agent having a lower thermodynamic stability than the uranium oxide after "oxide"; heating the combination below the vapor point of the uranium oxyfluoride to sufficiently react the uranium oxyfluoride and the oxidizing agent to produce uranium oxide and a non-radioactive fluorine compound; and removing the fluorine compound after "compound".

Abstract: The device and method of the invention provide a neutralizing compound that reacts with acid gases generated in laser exhaust to yield an insoluble non-toxic powder.

Abstract: A method for making zinc bromide from metallic zinc and bromine comprising contacting zinc with bromine dissolved in a reaction solvent containing a metal halide salt. During the practice of this method, the reaction temperature is maintained at less than 60.degree. C. The reaction solvent preferably comprises an alkali, alkaline earth or transition metal halide and the halide salt preferably comprises a chloride or a bromide. One preferred method includes the step of recirculating the zinc bromide product stream back to the reaction vessel. The reaction vessel can comprise either a one stage or a multiple stage reactor. The resulting product stream comprises a high density zinc bromide solution.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for the removal and recovery of zinc from an aqueous process stream. In particular, the process of the invention is useful in the removal and recovery of zinc compounds such as zinc chloride from an aqueous effluent stream produced in various manufacturing processes such as the manufacture of sorbic acid.

Abstract: The preparation of tin tetrachloride from tin granules and chlorine can be conducted safely even at high temperatures if the chlorine, before coming into contact with the tin, is brought into a highly disperse distribution in the circulating tin tetrachloride and develops a uniform flow profile.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for decomposing halogenated hydrocarbons are provided. The halogenated hydrocarbon is mixed with solvating agents and maintained in a predetermined atmosphere and at a predetermined temperature. The mixture is contacted with recyclable reactive material for chemically reacting with the recyclable material to create dehalogenated hydrocarbons and halogenated inorganic compounds. A feature of the invention is that the process enables low temperature destruction of halogenated hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A method for utilization of zinc byproducts in the manufacture of clear brine fluids comprising the step of mixing zinc feedstock containing metal impurities with a halogenic acid to produce an impure zinc halide solution. The metal impurities are removed from the zinc halide solution in a two-stage process: the first stage comprises the steps of precipitating and filtering out manganese and iron and the second stage comprises the steps of contacting the zinc halide solution with elemental zinc to cement out the remaining metals comprising nickel, lead, cadmium, copper, mercury and cobalt. Preferably, the zinc halide solution is contacted with zinc shot in multiple passes through zinc-filled column systems. The pH is adjusted between each step, if necessary, to maintain the pH in the first stage within a range of from about 3.5 to 4.5 and the alkalinity during the second stage at less than 1.0% zinc oxide.

Abstract: A method for producing uranium oxide includes combining uranium tetrafluoride and a solid oxidizing agent having a lower thermodynamic stability than the uranium oxide; heating the combination below the vapor point of the uranium tetrafluoride to sufficiently react the uranium tetrafluoride and the oxidizing agent to produce uranium oxide and a non-radioactive fluorine compound; and removing the fluorine compound.

Abstract: Methods are disclosed in which first and second reactant salts and a complexing agent are added to a non-aqueous reaction solvent in which the complexing agent is soluble. The complexing agent is a crown ether or other cyclic or acyclic polydentate chelating agent that, in the reaction solvent, forms chelation complexes with at least one of the reactant salts. The reactant salts, which are substantially soluble and reactive with each other in water to form a first crystallite of silver halide, are present in the reaction solvent in relative amounts that are sufficient to form a desired amount of the silver halide in the reaction solvent. Reaction of the first and second reactant salts in the reaction solvent forms a second crystallite precipitate comprising crystals of silver halide having a different habit or morphology from silver halide crystals in the first crystallite that would otherwise be formable in water by reaction of similar amounts of the first and second reactant salts.

Abstract: A process for the production of antimony trioxide comprising the steps of: (i) reacting antimony trisulfide with iron (III) chloride to produce antimony trichloride; and (ii) hydrolyzing antimony trichloride to produce antimony trioxide. In a preferred embodiment, the process is substantially closed or near-closed loop. Antimony trioxide is a known flame retardant for use in plastics, ceramics and the like.

Abstract: A process for recovering valuable components of a residue from a stream of used catalyst, discharged from a plant for the liquid-phase, homogeneously catalyzed oxidation of alkylaromatic compounds under pressure, to produce polycarboxylic aromatic acids. The residue containing mainly cobalt (Co) and manganese (Mn) compounds is injected into a molten metal bath in combination with enough oxygen gas to convert essentially all carbon in the residue mainly to CO. The residue may also be sludge from a pond in which the residue is stored. The Co content of the molten metal is determined by how much of the Mn in the residue is to be rejected from the molten metal. The Mn rejected is distributed between a slag overlying the molten metal and the effluent which leaves the bath. In the slag, the Mn is trapped as manganese oxide (MnO); in the effluent Mn leaves as manganese dibromide (MnBr.sub.2).

Abstract: In the preparation of metal chlorides from their elements to be used as additives in processes of making titanium dioxide by the chloride process, a titanium tetrachloride stream is directed to sweep over the lined inner wall of a metal chloride generator to act as a protective film, which considerably increases the life of the generator. Furthermore, the titanium tetrachloride is further heated, which is highly desirable in the chloride process. When the titanium tetrachloride is optionally conducted in advance through ducts in the lining of the inner walls of the metal chloride generator, its temperature can be further raised.

Abstract: A method for the production of tetrachloropalladic acid and bis(acetonitrile) palladium dichloride is described. Palladium metal is reacted with concentrated hydrochloric acid and chlorine to produce the acid which is converted to bis(acetonitrile) palladium dichloride by reaction with acetonitrile.

Abstract: A process for preparing high strength, rock-like, water-resistant aggregates by high intensity mixing of acidic metal chlorides and alkaline/cementitious materials in the presence of a low water ratio wherein the metal chlorides are simultaneously neutralized/stabilized and the mixture is solidified.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a novel method for purifying calomel (Hg.sub.2 Cl.sub.2). More particularly, this invention pertains to a novel process for treating impure calomel (Hg.sub.2 Cl.sub.2) to produce a highly purified calomel product that passes American Chemical Society requirements for calomel assay and mercuric chloride contamination. A process for treating impure calomel to produce purified calomel comprising: (a) incorporating impure calomel into an aqueous slurry; (b) oxidizing the aqueous slurry with an oxidizing agent to form soluble mercuric chloride; (c) filtering the aqueous slurry containing soluble mercuric chloride into liquid and solid components; (d) heating the liquid component to greater than 70.degree. C; (e) treating the liquid component with a reducing agent to precipitate purified calomel; and (f) separating the precipitated purified calomel from the filtrate.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for forming a slurry of metal oxide in a mineral or the like (e.g. of magnesium or calcium oxide) and introducing the slurry to an acid neutralization process in a time period before substantial hydration of the oxide has occurred.

Abstract: The present invention is a method of manufacturing silver halide grains using a double jet precipitation process. Soluble salt and soluble halide salt are introduced at a high velocity into a well mixing vessel containing silver halide grains for a time t. The introduction is halted for a time T, wherein T>t. No emulsion is removed from the reactor. The present invention provides precise control of the silver halide grain growth and provides improved scaleability.

Abstract: Methods and reaction systems are disclosed that are adapted for forming crystallites having novel crystal habits and/or morphologies compared to conventional crystallites of the same chemical composition. The methods and reaction systems involve chemical reactions between at least two reactant compounds occurring in a liquid (or gel) that form insoluble crystallite products. At least one of the reactants is rendered soluble in a solvent in which the reactant is not normally soluble by adding an agent that forms soluble molecular complexes of the agent and the reactant. The complexing agent not only facilitates dissolution of the reactant in the solvent but also plays a role in how the faces of crystals comprising the crystallite product are enlarged during formation of the product. Products having such altered crystallite structure have a number of possible uses.

Abstract: Process for using reactions of gas/solid type in which the solid reactant contains an at least partially hydrated salt.The process makes it possible to shift the position of the equilibrium line of the reaction under consideration and to reduce its slope in a Clapeyron diagram so as to cover a wider temperature region for a limited pressure range.

Abstract: A method for the recovery of zinc products, including zinc oxide and elemental zinc, and optionally iron-carbon feedstocks, from industrial waste streams containing zinc and iron, by treating the waste streams with carbon and an ammonium chloride solution, separating any undissolved components from the solution, displacing undesired metal ions from the solution using zinc metal, treating the solution to remove therefrom zinc compounds, and further treating the zinc compounds and the undissolved components, as necessary, resulting in the zinc products and the optional iron-carbon feedbacks.

Abstract: An apparatus for producing a highly uniform mixture of a first solution with two or more solute-containing solutions comprises a reaction vessel with a porous member located therein. The porous member, whic may be a membrane or a plurality of fine tubes, is located within the vessel below the surface of the first solution. One or more solute-containing solutions are rapidly and uniformly introduced into the first solution through the porous member. The solute containing solutions diffuse rapidly into the first solution through the openings in the porous member, mixing evenly to produce a uniform composition.

Abstract: A process for making silver chloride particles having an average particle size of less than about 25 microns comprising:(a) reacting silver metal particles having an average particle size of less than about 25 microns with chlorine gas in a chlorine-stable organic solvent for a sufficient amount of time to convert substantially all of said silver metal particles to silver chloride particles; and(b) recovering said silver chloride particles from said organic solvent.

Abstract: Metal halide compositions of enhanced purity are produced by vapor phase deposition via reactions involving organometallic starting materials in a process wherein a carbon getter is provided in the reaction zone and/or adjacent the developing metal halide deposit. The carbon getter reduces carbon contamination in the product which can result from side decomposition reactions involving the organometallic starting materials.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for controlling reactant ion concentration within a precipitation vessel to optimize the reactions occurring therein is disclosed. In one important implementation, the reactant controlled comprises halide ion in a reactor during the precipitation and growth of silver halide grains. In this embodiment, the method includes measuring the amount of halide ion within the precipitation vessel; measuring the flow rates of the halide feed stream and the silver feed stream; storing the measured halide ion concentration and measured feed stream flow rates; computing an estimated smoothed halide ion concentration value as a function of the stored measured halide ion concentration and measured feed stream flow rates; and adjustably controlling the amount of halide ion added to the precipitation vessel as a function of this estimated halide ion concentration value.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for reducing metal halates to metal halides, the process comprising reacting a metal halate with a reducing agent in an aqueous alkaline reaction medium having a pH above about 7, wherein the amount of reducing agent is sufficient to reduce substantially all of the metal halate to metal halide.