Abstract: A generator comprising heat differential, pressure, and conversion modules, and a heat recovery arrangement; the differential module comprising a first high temperature reservoir containing a work medium at high temperature, a second low temperature reservoir containing a work medium at low temperature and a heat mechanism in fluid communication with the reservoir(s). The heat mechanism maintains a temperature difference therebetween by providing heat to and/or removing heat from the reservoirs; the pressure module comprises a pressure medium in selective fluid communication with the reservoirs for alternately performing a heat exchange process with the work medium.

Abstract: Embodiments of a system for storing and providing electrical energy are disclosed. Also disclosed are embodiments of a system for purifying fluid, as well as embodiments of a system in which energy storage and fluid purification are combined. One disclosed embodiment of the system comprises a latent heat storage device, a sensible heat storage device, a vapor expander/compressor device mechanically coupled to a motor/generator device, a heat-exchanger, and a liquid pressurization and depressurization device. The devices are fluidly coupled in a closed-loop system, and a two-phase working fluid circulates therein. Embodiments of a method for operating the system to store and generate energy also are disclosed. Embodiments of a method for operating the system to purify fluid, as well as embodiments of a method for operating a combined energy storage and fluid purification system are disclosed.

Abstract: A high efficiency combined cycle internal combustion and steam engine includes a cylinder with a combustion chamber outward of a piston, a cylinder cap slideably mounted within the piston and a steam expansion chamber inside the piston. The cap can be heated to reduce condensation of steam. Steam remaining when a steam exhaust valve closes can be recompressed prior to admitting the next charge of steam. One valve or a pair of steam inlet valves connected in series act in cooperation to help maximize efficiency. The amount of steam admitted each stroke is regulated by shifting the phase of one steam admission valve of a pair to vary their overlap for determining the steam mass admitted each cycle. Other valves balance steam displacement with the steam generator output to use steam more efficiently.

Abstract: A heat engine comprising compressor and expander displacement elements (210, 211) reciprocating in respective compression and expansion chambers (111?, 102, 102?) and arranged in a linear, free piston configuration, a combustor (116) separate from the compression and expansion chambers (111, 111?, 102, 102?), and a linear energy conversion device (212, 213) providing conversion of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel into hydraulic, electric, or pneumatic energy by means of subjecting a working fluid to a thermodynamic cycle with substantially constant pressure combustion. The inlet and outlet valves of the compression chamber (102, 102?) and the rate of fuel injection to the combustor (116) are actively controlled by an electronic controller to avoid engine damage, and to maintain thermodynamic efficiency over a wide range of loads.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an installation and a process implementing the installation for converting thermal energy available in a given environment into useful energy. Installation and process by means of pressure differentials between a hot and a cold column of a pressurized fluid, create a continuous flow in a fluid driving in rotation elements the rotational energy of which is converted to a useful energy.

Abstract: An apparatus, system, and method are disclosed for a loop thermal energy system. A heat pump heats a first fluid to first temperature using heat from a heat source. A first pressure tank charges with the heated first fluid while a second pressure tank discharges the heated first fluid stored from a previous charging. The discharged heated first fluid motivates an engine.

Abstract: The amount of high-temperature steam supplied from external equipment is reduced. Provided is a hydrogen production system (1) including a reactor (3) that allows a humidified process fluid output from a humidifier (2) to react in the presence of a catalyst to transform carbon monoxide in the process fluid into carbon dioxide; a second channel (B) through which the high-temperature process fluid that has reacted in the reactor (3) flows; a circulation channel (C) through which excess water in the humidifier (2) is circulated; and a first heat exchanger (7), disposed at an intersection of the circulation channel (C) and the second channel (B), for heat exchange between the high-temperature process fluid that has reacted in the reactor (3) and the fluid circulated through the circulation channel (C).

Abstract: A method for heating a turbine shaft is provided. The turbine shaft is heated by spraying warm water from a supply pump or from a pre-heating section. A steam turbine is also provided. The steam turbine includes a housing, wherein injection nozzles for injecting the water are arranged within the housing.

Abstract: A method is provided for operating a combined cycle power plant including a CO2 capture system and flue gas recirculation system. The method includes controlling a flue gas recirculation rate and a re-cooling temperature of the recirculated flue gases, depending on load, to optimize the overall plant efficiency including the CO2 capture system. Also provided is a combined cycle power plant including a CO2 capture system and flue gas recirculation system. The plant being configured to carry out a method in which a flue gas recirculation rate and a re-cooling temperature of recirculated flue gases is controlled depending on load to optimize the overall plant efficiency including the CO2 capture system.

Abstract: A high efficiency combined cycle internal combustion and steam engine includes a cylinder and a piston with an internal combustion chamber outward of the piston, a fixed cylinder cap and a steam expansion chamber inside the piston. The cylinder cap can be heated to reduce condensation of steam entering from a steam generator fired by waste combustion heat. Following exhaust, residual steam can be recompressed prior to admitting the next charge of steam. A wrist pin connected to an inner end of the piston skirt inwardly of the cylinder cap is coupled to a connecting rod secured to a crankshaft. One valve or a pair of steam inlet valves are connected to communicate in series within the cylinder cap inside the piston. The steam mass admitted is regulated to reduce fuel consumption. Coolant can be superheated in the combustion exhaust manifold.

Abstract: Provided herein are methods and systems for sequestering carbon dioxide from a multi-component gaseous stream, such as flue gas from natural gas-burning power plant to produce a protonated carbonate. Also provided herein are methods and systems for electrochemically producing proton-removing agents to form a deprotonated carbonate from the protonated carbonate. The electrochemical process may consume less energy than the amount of energy generated during production of the multi-component gaseous stream.

Abstract: A thermally isolated counter flowing heat exchanger comprising two isolated fluids having different energy levels flowing in contained systems separated by fluid heat trap passages and utilizing gates that control flow into different cells based on temperature. A system for transferring and storing thermal energy comprising a refrigerant circulating in a tank in a vortex such that when the vortex flow of the refrigerant is in contact with multiple spaced tubing located inside the tank, energy is transferred between the refrigerant and a fluid flowing inside the tubing. A system for generating energy comprising a hot regenerator and a cold regenerator, each thermally isolated and connected to counter cycling hot expansion pistons that utilize compression of exhausting hot gas as it flows into the cold regeneration area to create a suction effect on the exhausting hot gas that adds power to the compression stroke of the piston to provide energy.

Abstract: A heat engine enclosed in a housing has two chambers maintained at different temperatures. The first chamber (“hot chamber”) receives heat energy from an external power source. The second chamber (“cold chamber”) is connected to the hot chamber by two conduits, such that a fluid (e.g., air, water, or any other gas or liquid) filling the two chambers can circulate between the two chambers. The expansion of the fluid in the hot chamber and the compression of the fluid in the cold chamber drive a turbine to provide a power output. The fluid may be pressurized to enhance efficiency. In one embodiment, the turbine propels an axle in a rotational motion to transmit the power output of the heat engine to an electrical generator outside of the heat engine's housing. In one embodiment, the turbine includes a first set of blades and a second set of blades located in the hot chamber and the cold chamber, respectively.

Abstract: A system for generating power from a low grade heat source includes a heat source inlet, heat sink inlet, heat exchanger unit, and a heat engine. The heat source inlet conveys a flow of a heated fluid into the system. The heat sink inlet conveys a flow of a cooled fluid into the system. The heat exchanger unit is configured to rotate. A portion of the heat exchanger unit alternates between thermal contact with the heated fluid and thermal contact with the cooled fluid in response to being rotated. The heat engine is configured to generate power in response to the heat exchanger unit being rotated.

Abstract: In some embodiments, a device for harvesting energy from an environment energy system comprises a pump, and a coherence capacitor of metamaterial configured to store of coherence in interactions between elements of the metamaterial, a carrier fluid of particles that flushes coherence from the metamaterial and carries the coherence to a quantum heat engine via a circuit at a rate determined by a pump. The quantum heat engine is configured to harvest heat energy from the environment and use the heat energy to output useful energy while expelling waste heat back into the same environment.

Abstract: A thermodynamic system and method of producing useful work includes providing a working fluid and a fluid pump, or compressor, for pumping the working fluid in a cycle. A thermal input is provided for supplying heat to the working fluid. An expansion device downstream of the thermal input converts motion of the working fluid to useful work. A heat pump is provided. A number of different means of implementing the heat pump are presented, including direct transfer of working fluid mass flow. The heat pump pumps heat from one portion of the working fluid to another portion of the working fluid. For some applications, a regenerator, or recuperator, may be used to transfer heat from a high temperature portion of the working fluid to a lower temperature portion.

Abstract: An external combustion engine comprising a drive shaft, a first cylinder kinematically connected to the drive shaft, a second cylinder kinematically connected to the drive shaft, and a thermodynamic circuit fluidly connected to both the cylinders, and having at least an expansion chamber and a compression chamber for a heat-carrying fluid, in order to determine the cyclic movement of the first cylinder and the second cylinder. The first cylinder is mounted on a first support frame and the second cylinder is mounted on a second support frame, distinct from and constrained in a mobile manner to the first support frame. Movement means are mechanically connected to the first support frame and/or the second support frame, in order to determine the desired relative movement of the first support frame and the second support frame and to vary the reciprocal kinematic connection phasing of the two cylinders with respect to the drive shaft.

Abstract: The object of the invention is a more energy-efficient system for utilizing waste heat and residual gases from the engineered generation of carbon compounds, such as carbon black, graphite or from sugar pyrolysis, using a coupling of energy-heat or a thermal heat-generating plant for generating electrical energy, in particular for operating melt furnaces, and/or for utilizing the waste heat in endothermal processes. The invention also relates to the use of waste heat.

Abstract: An exemplary steam plant having a steam circuit which includes a superheater defining a boundary between a superheated steam region and an unsuperheated steam region. The steam circuit includes a branch, from a superheated steam region of the steam circuit, with a branch valve and a steam desuperheater upstream of the branch valve. The desuperheater provides cooling to the branch during flow mode operation of the branch. During a no flow mode, a first preheat line and a second preheat line provide the cooling by supplying unsuperheated steam to the branch and directing this flow through to a lower pressure region of the steam circuit.

Abstract: A combination internal combustion and steam engine includes a cylinder having a piston mounted for reciprocation therein with an internal combustion chamber and a steam chamber in the cylinder adjacent the piston and at least one steam exhaust port positioned to communicate with the steam chamber through the wall of the cylinder for exhausting steam at a location in the cylinder wall adjacent to an engine cylinder cap surface that is heated externally to assist in reducing chilling or condensation of steam entering the steam chamber from a boiler fired by waste combustion heat. The invention also permits steam admitted from a steam chest jacketing the cylinder cap to be exhausted from the engine when the steam chamber is in an expanded state whereupon residual steam is then recompressed prior to admitting the next charge of steam with the stream in the steam chamber being heated directly by the combustion chamber as well as by heat from the steam chest. An I.C. exhaust powered heater is a part of an I.C.

Abstract: A waste heat recovery system, method and device executes a thermodynamic cycle using a working fluid in a working fluid circuit which has a high pressure side and a low pressure side.

Abstract: The patent application relates to a district-heat consumer plant which is capable of being linked to a district-heat network and which comprises at least one heat-consumer which is capable of being supplied with heat from the district-heat network, the district-heat consumer plant comprising a port via which the district-heat consumer plant is capable of being linked to a district-heat reflux of the district-heat network, in order to withdraw heat from the district-heat reflux for the purpose of supplying the at least one heat-consumer. The patent application further relates to a district-heat network, to which a district-heat consumer plant is capable of being linked, the district-heat network comprising a district-heat reflux, and the district-heat reflux comprising a port for the district-heat consumer plant, in order to supply the district-heat consumer plant with heat from the district-heat reflux.

Abstract: A heat transfer composition comprising trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234ze(E)), difluoromethane (R-32) and 1,1-difluoroethane (R-152a).

Abstract: A system for reducing the power required to cool a combustion gas for cleaning and a method for performing the same are disclosed. The system includes an expander for producing power. Energy in the form of heat is transferred from the combustion gas to a working fluid. The working fluid drives the expander to generate at least a portion of the power required for performing to drive a compressor in a refrigeration system. After the combustion gas transfers energy the combustion gas is cooled with the refrigeration system. In some embodiments the expander and the compressor are arranged along a common shaft.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are combustion systems, power plants, and flue gas treatment systems that incorporate sweep-based membrane separation units to remove carbon dioxide from combustion gases. In its most basic embodiment, the invention is a combustion system that includes three discrete units: a combustion unit, a carbon dioxide capture unit, and a sweep-based membrane separation unit. In a preferred embodiment, the invention is a power plant including a combustion unit, a power generation system, a carbon dioxide capture unit, and a sweep-based membrane separation unit. In yet another embodiment, the invention is a flue gas treatment system that incorporates three membrane separation units with a carbon dioxide liquefaction unit.

Abstract: A fluid machine which can be compact and produced at reduced costs and which can increase the amount of heat added to a refrigerant circulating in a Rankine cycle and thus greatly increase the efficiency of the Rankine cycle. A fluid machine (1) comprising a pump mechanism (46) incorporated in a Rankine cycle to force a working fluid to circulate in the Rankin cycle to recover waste heat from a heat source, and an expansion mechanism (48) rotationally driven by expansion of the working fluid having been forced out by the pump mechanism (46) and then superheated, the pump mechanism and the expansion mechanism being linked by a shared drive shaft (50), wherein a pump mechanism exit section (76a) through which the refrigerant flows out of the pump mechanism (46) and an expansion mechanism exit section (76b) through which the refrigerant flows out of the expansion mechanism (48) are open outward in the same direction.

Abstract: A heat transfer composition comprising trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234ze(E)), carbon dioxide (R-744) and a third component selected from difluoromethane (R-32), 1,1-difluoroethane (R-152a), fluoroethane (R-161), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), propylene, propane and mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A power generation system includes a heat source, a primary heat engine and a secondary heat engine. The primary heat engine has a hot heat exchanger thermally coupled to the heat source and a cold heat exchanger. The secondary heat engine has a hot heat exchanger thermally coupled to the cold heat exchanger of the primary heat engine and a cold heat exchanger configured to reject waste heat.

Abstract: High work/energy efficiency and liquid efficiency processes and inventions for producing continuing work from confined liquid transient pressures in a pressure conduit. More particularly work processes and inventions that conserve liquid and increase and maintain the amount of continuing work done by transient pressures produced in a liquid within a confined pressure system.

Abstract: A combustion plant, comprising: a combustion chamber (1) for combustion of a mass of fuel; a postcombustion device (2) for thermodestruction of the incondensable gases generated by combustion in the chamber (1); a pipe (9) for conveying the combustion fumes from said chamber (1) to said postcombustor (2); a supply (21) of oxygen-enriched air to said chamber (1) and/or to said postcombustor (2); and a device (4) for abatement of the carbon dioxide contained in the combustion fumes that are to reach the postcombustor.

Abstract: Pendular and differential periodic heat engines with theoretical efficiencies of ONE, and industrial efficiencies close to ONE, exclusively subordinate to the physical constraints inherent in any material device under ordinary conditions of use, operating with recirculation of the gases in closed loops between a thermodynamic pendulum (2/2, 2/4) made up of a chamber (1/2, 1/4) fitted with a piston (2/2, 2/4) connected to a free flywheel (3/2), and a regulated supply of heat (10/4, 10/4, etc.) positioned some distance away from the chamber of the thermodynamic pendulum (FIG. 2), with extension to turbine engines (FIG. 5) thanks to phase changes.

Abstract: A combined cycle power plant includes a gas turbomachine having a compressor portion and a turbine portion, a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) operatively coupled to the turbine portion of the gas turbomachine, and an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) device fluidly coupled to the HRSG. The ORC device includes an organic fluid passing through a closed loop system operatively coupled to a turbine. Heated fluid from the HRSG elevates a temperature of the organic fluid flowing through the closed loop system. Thermal energy from the organic fluid is converted to mechanical energy in the turbine.

Abstract: A portion of the exhaust generated by a turbomachine is recirculated through an inlet portion by an exhaust gas recirculation system. The system reduces the level of harmful constituents within the exhaust before the exhaust is recirculated.

Abstract: A generator is disclosed. The generator comprising at least one layer, the at least one layer defining a cavity and at least one aperture, at least a portion of the at least one layer including a reflective medium, or coatings, the cavity configured to hold a fluid, a fluid inlet coupled to the at least one layer, the fluid inlet in fluid communication with the cavity, and a fluid outlet coupled to the at least one layer, the fluid outlet in fluid communication with the cavity, the fluid configured to absorb radiation, the fluid outlet configured to release the fluid to perform work.

Abstract: A power generation system that includes a heat source loop, a heat engine loop, and a heat reclaiming loop. The heat can be waste heat from a steam turbine, industrial process or refrigeration or air-conditioning system, solar heat collectors or geothermal sources. The heat source loop may also include a heat storage medium to allow continuous operation even when the source of heat is intermittent. Heat from the heat source loop is introduced into the heat reclaiming loop or turbine loop. In the turbine loop a working fluid is boiled, injected into the turbine, recovered condensed and recycled. The power generation system further includes a heat reclaiming loop having a fluid that extracts heat from the turbine loop. The fluid of the heat reclaiming loop is then raised to a higher temperature and then placed in heat exchange relationship with the working fluid of the turbine loop. The power generating system is capable of using low temperature waste heat is approximately of 150 degrees F. or less.

Abstract: The instant invention relates to improved means for the storage of H2 and O2, wherein the H2 and/or the O2 is stored on a vessel, ship or other non-Earth body in Space, whether manned or unmanned. Further, the instant invention relates to improved means for the storage of fuel, preferably hydrogen (H2) and oxidizer, preferably oxygen (O2), wherein the H2 and O2 are obtained from at least one storage tank or obtained by electrolysis of water (H2O). The instant invention does not require a hydrocarbon fuel source. H2O is the primary product of combustion; while in many embodiments of the instant invention, H2O is separated into H2 and O2, thereby making H2O an efficient method of storing fuel and oxidizer.

Abstract: A Stirling cycle machine. The machine includes at least one rocking drive mechanism which includes: a rocking beam having a rocker pivot, at least one cylinder and at least one piston. The piston is housed within a respective cylinder and is capable of substantially linearly reciprocating within the respective cylinder. Also, the drive mechanism includes at least one coupling assembly having a proximal end and a distal end. The linear motion of the piston is converted to rotary motion of the rocking beam. Also, a crankcase housing the rocking beam and housing a first portion of the coupling assembly is included. The machine also includes a working space housing the at least one cylinder, the at least one piston and a second portion of the coupling assembly. An airlock is included between the workspace and the crankcase and a seal is included for sealing the workspace from the airlock and crankcase.

Abstract: A first seal member 21A according to a first embodiment of the present invention includes a double-structure bellows 22 in corrugated form, and vibration control means provided on the outside of the bellows 22 such as to cover part of the bellows 22. A flat portion 23 that is not in corrugated form is provided in part of the bellows 22. The vibration control means is provided in a circumferential direction on an outer surface of the flat portion 23, and made up of a ring-shaped rib 25 having a plurality of holes in a circumferential direction and weights 26 inserted in the holes provided in an outer wall of the rib 25. Natural frequency is adjusted by adjusting the number of weights 26, thereby preventing resonance between the natural frequency of the first seal member 21A and the rotational frequency of a rotor from occurring.

Abstract: An on-site electrical power generation system utilizing environmentally hazardous waste oils as a combustible fuel. The disclosed invention utilizes the combustion of environmentally hazardous waste oils to drive a heat engine and electrical generator. In addition, the system is adapted to provide local space heating and hot water as a byproduct of the combustion process.

Abstract: In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for using heat to perform work, comprising: operating a first thermodynamic cycle wherein heat for a first working fluid is provided by combustion of a fuel-based (FB) energy source; operating a second thermodynamic cycle wherein heat for a second working fluid is from a combination of a non-fuel-based (NFB) energy source and waste heat from the first thermodynamic cycle.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a system for depressurisation of high pressure pipeline fluids. The system may provide for net power generation without the pressurised fluid undergoing liquefaction or solidification or unacceptable temperature reduction as a result of a Joule-Thompson process. The system is particularly relevant for depressurising high pressure natural gas pipelines in an energy efficient manner whilst making possible net power generation. The system for depressurisation of a pressurised fluid in a pipeline comprises at least one depressuriser for expanding the fluid in the pipeline to a lower pressure; and a transcritical heat pump for circulating a supercritical fluid, wherein the supercritical fluid undergoes cooling so as to release heat for transmission to the pressurised fluid in the pipeline prior to at least one expansion of said pressurised fluid.

Abstract: A system and method for generating power using air as the working medium. External air is compressed by an air compressor and heated by a heat exchanger and then used to cause rotation of an air turbine. The air is then mixed with fuel in a combustion chamber to allow for combustion. The resulting combustion gas is used by the heat exchanger to heat the incoming external air.

Abstract: An annular design heat exchanger is formed from an arrangement of wedge-shaped stacks of wafers. Each wafer includes sheets of material separated by peripheral and supporting walls that define interior flow channels through which a first fluid can flow. Holes in the sheets provide inlets and outlets to the channels, and walls surrounding the holes mate with neighboring wafers in the stack, forming integral inlet and outlet manifolds, while ensuring uniform spacing between the wafers. A second fluid can flow around the manifolds and through the spaces between the wafers in a counterflow pattern. In the annular assembly, the manifolds are oriented substantially axially, and the flow channels are oriented substantially radially. The heat exchanger can be formed from a ceramic material, and can be incorporated into an engine assembly or a heat-recirculating combustor.

Abstract: A heat engine system for producing work by expanding a working fluid comprising first and second components, the system comprising, an apparatus for combining the second component of the working fluid as a liquid with the first component, the first component being a gas throughout the system, a compressor for compressing the first component, a pump for compressing at least most of the second component, a heater for heating the first and second components, an expander for expanding the first and second components to produce the work, and a recuperator for transferring at least some of the energy of the working fluid from the outlet of the expander, to the working fluid from the outlet of the apparatus, wherein a substantial portion of the energy transferred in the recuperator is at least a portion of the latent heat of the second component from the outlet of the expander.

Abstract: An ORC system configured to limit temperature of a working fluid below a threshold temperature is provided. The ORC system includes a heat source configured to provide waste heat fluid. The ORC system also includes a heat exchanger coupled to the heat source, wherein the heat exchanger includes multiple external or internal enhancement features. The external enhancement features are configured to reduce a first heat transfer coefficient between the working fluid and the waste heat fluid from the heat source, external to the heat exchanger. The internal enhancement features are configured to increase a second heat transfer coefficient between the working fluid and the waste heat fluid from a heat source, internal to the heat exchanger.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed related to utilization of energy including utilization of latent energy from electricity generating processes. According to one exemplary implementation, steam is produced from thermal energy, such as fossil fuel energy, nuclear energy and solar thermal energy; generating electricity from the steam using a turbine; and directing steam exhausted from the turbine to an absorption chiller or desalination apparatus as a condenser to drive an industrial process therein. In one exemplary implementation the absorption chiller may be an atmospheric control system to produce a gas of a desired temperature such as in an air-conditioning system. In another exemplary implementation the heat exchange apparatus is a desalination system employed to produce water of a desired purity.

Abstract: A machine includes at least one piston (1) reciprocally movable in a cylinder (2), at least two balancing rotors (3c, 3d) mounted for oscillating rotational movement about an axis or axes (4) transverse to the axis of motion of the piston, one balancing rotor having a centre of mass on one side of and another balancing rotor having a centre of mass on an opposite side of the axis or axes of motion of the rotors, and at least one connecting member or mechanism between the piston and rotors so that the rotors move in opposition to the reciprocal movement of the piston. The machine may be an electrical machine such as an electric motor or generator. An electronic control system may control piston motion or output waveform.

Abstract: A filtering apparatus having a vessel and a filter made from fluororesin and treated before filtering operation by at least one of adding thermal treatment in gas or liquid and penetrating with fluid composed of hot water or steam at a temperature of less than melting point of the fluororesin.

Abstract: An integrated gasification combined cycle system is provided. The integrated gasification combined cycle system includes an air compressor coupled in flow communication to an air separation unit, a condensate heater coupled in flow communication with the air compressor, and a condenser coupled in flow communication with the condensate heater. The condensate heater and the air compressor are coupled such that a portion of compressed air generated by the air compressor is channeled to the condensate heater. A method of assembling an integrated gasification combined cycle system is also provided.

Abstract: A waste heat recovery system, method and device executes a thermodynamic cycle using a working fluid in a working fluid circuit which has a high pressure side and a low pressure side.