Abstract: Techniques, systems and apparatus are described for implementing a heart rate sensor based on optical measurements of color response of human blood. An optical heart rate sensor can include light source circuitry including a first light emitting diode (LED) to output a first source light signal to a target measurement site, a second LED to output a second source light signal to the target measurement site, a first current pulse driver communicatively coupled to the first LED to modulate the first source light signal output from the first LED at a first predetermined frequency and a second current pulse driver communicatively coupled to the second LED to modulate the second source light signal output from the second LED at a second predetermined frequency different from the first predetermined frequency. The optical heart rate sensor can include detector circuitry including a light detecting photodiode connected to a bias voltage.

Abstract: An optical measurement system includes a portable type optical measurement apparatus and a non-portable type optical measurement apparatus larger than the portable optical measurement apparatus. The non-portable type optical measurement apparatus is configured to be communicable to the portable type optical measurement apparatus and to be operated as a main measurement apparatus which executes measurement condition settings and measurement controls based on an input operation from the operation input section and also executes measurement condition settings and measurement controls of the non-portable type optical measurement apparatus by communication. The portable type measurement apparatus is capable of measuring a subject independently of the non-portable type measurement apparatus, and is operated as a sub-measuring apparatus for executing measurement condition settings and measurement controls in accordance with a control by the non-portable type measurement apparatus.

Abstract: An imaging apparatus and method determines distribution and a type of tissue attribute in a vascular cross section based on reflected wave data of ultrasound detected by an imaging core and interference light data including a reflected wave of light detected by the imaging core. A portion of match/mismatch is determined by comparing respectively classified vascular tissue attributes. Then, the distribution of the body tissue attributes is displayed by superimposing the distribution on any one of an ultrasound cross-sectional image, an optical interference cross-sectional image, and a composite image between the ultrasound cross-sectional image and the optical interference cross-sectional image, in a display form in which the match/mismatch can be identified.

Abstract: An apparatus for use in the measurement of the optical density of macular pigment in the human eye, and an apparatus for the use in measuring the lens optical density of a human eye. The apparatus is particularly applicable to flicker photometers, which are used to measure the macular pigment in the human eye.

Abstract: The present application discloses an apparatus for protecting a user's eye from blue light radiation, the apparatus includes a radiation detector configured to convert blue light from a light source into a photo voltage having a voltage value; a processor coupled to the radiation detector and configured to calculate a cumulative radiation intensity based on the voltage value cumulated over a time interval, and to compare the cumulative radiation intensity with a threshold value; and a controller coupled to the processor, configured to adjustably control blocking of at least a portion of blue light from the user's eye when the cumulative radiation intensity exceeds the threshold value.

Abstract: System and method for improving the shaving experience by providing improved visibility of the skin shaving area. A digital camera is integrated with the electric shaver for close image capturing of shaving area, and displaying it on a display unit. The display unit can be integral part of the electric shaver casing, or housed in a separated device which receives the image via a communication channel. The communication channel can be wireless (using radio, audio or light) or wired, such as dedicated cabling or using powerline communication. A light source is used to better illuminate the shaving area. Video compression and digital image processing techniques are used for providing for improved shaving results. The wired communication medium can simultaneously be used also for carrying power from the electric shaver assembly to the display unit, or from the display unit to the electric shaver.

Abstract: A method for determining the fat mass of a subject includes the steps of acquiring an image of the subject through a digital device, and generating a virtual frame that contains at least in part that image. The virtual frame contains the subject, on the basis of its height or of the greater size in the case of animals, to provide an estimation of the content of the fat mass through an algorithm on the basis of at least an indicative index of the area occupied by the subject with respect to the area of the frame in which it is contained at least in part.

Abstract: At a central controlling system, a composite map is constructed based on a previous dataset that includes (A) images of a target obtained by imaging devices at a first time, and (B) respective meta data associated with the images. Imaging devices collect image data during a second time after the first time. In accordance with the composite map, the imaging devices obtain images of the target and associate meta data with the images. The images and respective meta data are communicated to the central controlling system. The positions and orientations of the imaging devices when the respective images were obtained, and when the images were obtained, are used to index the images against the target, thereby aggregating multi-dimensional data for the target. Temporal information about a characteristic of the target over time is then extracted from the aggregated multi-dimensional data.

Abstract: A method for determining an arterial pulse wave velocity representative of a health condition of a blood vessel includes receiving an image data set comprising a plurality of images of a subject, from an imaging modality. The method also involves determining a blood vessel region in an image from the plurality of images. The method further includes determining a plurality of cross-sectional area values of a blood vessel at a plurality of locations in the blood vessel region, corresponding to a plurality of phases of a cardiac cycle of the subject and determining a plurality of flow rate values of blood flowing in the blood vessel corresponding to the plurality of cross-sectional area values. The method also includes determining a hemodynamic model based on the plurality of cross-sectional area values and the plurality of blood flow rate values and determining the arterial pulse wave velocity based on the hemodynamic model.

Abstract: An optical system that includes a micro-mirror array optical modulator that can selectively modulate an incident light beam having a defined narrow spectral bandwidth to encode data thereon based on commands to an ON-state or an OFF-state of a micro-mirror. The micro-mirror array optical modulator can redirect light by diffraction and reflection to provide an output modulated light beam that exhibits a diffraction handedness dependent described by an arrangement of diffraction orders that depend in part on the narrow spectral bandwidth of light incident thereupon. An optical element has an optimized limiting aperture for defining portions of a modulated light beam that are blocked and remaining portions that are transmitted. An ON-state efficiency and an OFF-state contrast of an optically transmitted modulated light beam can depend on the diffraction handedness of the output modulated light beam relative to a size and a shape of the optimized limiting aperture.

Abstract: A pressure ulcer detection system includes a support surface assembly including a transparent window, a signal generator/receiver, and an optical fiber embedded at least in part in the support surface assembly. The fiber conveys outgoing radiation from the signal generator/receiver to the window thereby illuminating a tissue site which overlies the window and conveys incoming radiation reflected from the tissue site and through the window back to the generator/receiver. The system also includes a controller in communication with the signal generator/receiver. The controller comprises a processor adapted to assess health status of tissue at the tissue site based on a property of at least one of the outgoing radiation and the incoming radiation, and to communicate an outcome of the assessment to a destination.

Abstract: An image capturing system, comprising: a light source device that emits illumination light containing wavelength regions; an image pickup device having an RGB filter; and an image processing unit to calculate a first index representing a molar concentration ratio of a first biological substance and a second biological substance contained in the living tissue, wherein the wavelength regions comprise: a first wavelength region corresponding to a B filter; and a second wavelength region corresponding to a G filter, wherein: in the first wavelength region, a value of image data B varies depending on the molar concentration ratio; the second wavelength region contains a plurality of isosbestic points of the living tissue, and, in the second wavelength region, a value of image data G takes a constant value without depending on the molar concentration ratio.

Abstract: A medical registration training component executing within a medical registration system performs a training medical registration operation on a pair of medical studies. Responsive to the medical registration training system determining that the training medical registration operation succeeds, the medical registration training system records a medical registration instance for the pair of medical studies in a medical registration history and marks the medical registration instance as a positive instance in the medical registration history. Responsive to the medical registration training system determining that the training medical registration operation requires correction, the medical registration training system records a medical registration instance for the pair of medical studies in the medical registration history and marks the medical registration instance as a negative instance in the medical registration history.

Abstract: A medical registration training component executing within a medical registration system performs a training medical registration operation on a pair of medical studies. Responsive to the medical registration training system determining that the training medical registration operation succeeds, the medical registration training system records a medical registration instance for the pair of medical studies in a medical registration history and marks the medical registration instance as a positive instance in the medical registration history. Responsive to the medical registration training system determining that the training medical registration operation requires correction, the medical registration training system records a medical registration instance for the pair of medical studies in the medical registration history and marks the medical registration instance as a negative instance in the medical registration history.

Abstract: An imaging apparatus includes an illumination section, an imaging section, and an image processor. The illumination section includes an illumination unit configured to selectively emit illumination light rays of light wavelength bands different from each other, and an illumination switch controller which generates an illumination unit control signal corresponding to each of sets of emission patterns so that combinations of the light wavelength bands of the illumination light rays emitted from the illumination unit are different from each other and the illumination switch controller controlling the illumination unit so that the illumination light rays are sequentially emitted from the illumination unit in the sets of emission patterns different from each other.

Abstract: A tower inspection system (100) includes an unmanned aircraft such as a drone (101). The drone includes one or more processors (105) operable with an image capture device (108) and a propulsion system (106). The propulsion system can navigate the unmanned aircraft about a wireless communication tower (300) along a flight path (321). The image capture device can capture one or more video images of identifying information (305) identifying the wireless communication tower disposed on an identification sign (304) prior to capturing other video images of one or more Radio Antenna Devices (RADs) (308,309,310,311) coupled to the wireless communication tower to make review of inspections faster and more efficient. Measurements of RADs can also be taken.

Abstract: A method of evaluating formation of fouling material in a petroleum feed involves illuminating a sample with cross-polarized light while subjecting the sample to temperature and pressure conditions relevant to an industrial process to induce chemical and/or physical changes; collecting images of the treated sample; and analyzing the images to evaluate fouling formation based on heterogeneity of the images in terms of brightness and/or color, where an increase in heterogeneity is indicative of initiation of fouling formation. The method is conducted using a cross-polarized microscopy system including a hot stage reactor assembly capable of withstanding operation within a temperature between about 20° C. to 450° C. or higher, and a pressure between about 0.1 MPa to 16 MPa or higher.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for tracking a device comprising a magnet as the device is inserted through a subject. The apparatus is wearable by the subject and comprises a unit configured to conform to the subject. The apparatus further comprises magnetic sensors arranged with the unit. In use, the magnetic sensors detect magnetic fields of the magnet and the detected magnetic fields are processed to determine a position of the magnet. This allows tracking of the device as the device is inserted through the subject.

Abstract: Various patient monitoring systems can include a sensor configured to collect three dimensional information. The systems can identify a location of a patient support surface based on the three dimensional information. The systems can set a two dimensional planar threshold based on the patient support surface. The systems can identify a patient location above the patient support surface based on the three dimensional information and compare the patient location to the two dimensional planar threshold. Exceeding the threshold can be indicative of a high risk of a patient fall. An alert can be generated based on the threshold being exceeded. The systems can repeat the identification of the patient support surface location and the setting of the threshold to account for changes in the patient area.

Abstract: Methods and devices are disclosed for the imaging of a biological sample with a top-down camera and a side-view camera. A biological sample is held on an imaging stage that is capable of rotation in two orthogonal axes. The top-down and side-view cameras can record a series of images of the sample using multiple imaging modalities at different rotational positions of the imaging stage. The top-down camera can be translated along its optical axis to affect the camera zoom and influence the resolution and field of view of the recorded images. Fluorescence excitation light sources can be positioned proximate to each of the top-down and side-view cameras to provide substantially uniform illumination of the sample for imaging with each camera.

Abstract: A method for measuring a physiological signal is provided, including the steps of: receiving a video and performing face detection for each image frame thereof; performing photo-plethysmography (PPG) calculation and analysis on first face image for first image frame to obtain first PPG information of first regions and second PPG information of corresponding second regions; determining at least one region-of-interest (ROI) and one noise reference region according to the first PPG information and the second PPG information; generating ROI information and noise reference region information based on the ROI and the noise reference region; and performing the PPG calculation and analysis on the ROI and the noise reference region of the second face image of each subsequent second image frame and generating corresponding third PPG information; and counting the PPG information of all the image frames to calculate a measured value of a physiological signal.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are devices and methods for modifying a conventional imager to have functional features similar to that of a lock-in camera. Optical mask devices are configured to be coupled to conventional imager sensors and the configuration of the mask devices can be adjusted to acquire image data in rapid succession. One variation of an optical mask device comprises a substrate comprising a pattern of light-blocking and light-transmitting regions and an attachment structure for coupling the optical mask device to the imager. The substrate is configured to adjust the position of the light-blocking regions and light-transmitting regions relative to the light-sensing region of the imager based on a set of one or more predetermined substrate configurations. In some variations, the mask device and/or the imager sensor may be mechanically moved relative to each other based on the set of one or more predetermined substrate configurations.

Abstract: The present disclosure generally relates to an optical measurement module, an optical measurement device, and a method for optical measurement. The optical measurement module provides optical architecture to measure the optical properties of an analyte. The optical measurement device comprising the optical measurement module is configured to measure the optical properties of an analyte. The method for the optical measurement provides steps for optical measurement.

Abstract: An electronic device is configured to select a first set of one or more distinct wavelengths for tracking a first portable device in communication with the electronic device; and, subsequent to selecting the first set of one or more distinct wavelengths for tracking the first portable device, initiate the first portable device to emit light of the first set of one or more selected wavelengths; receive information identifying one or more respective intensities of light, detected by the one or more optical sensors, for the first set of one or more selected wavelengths; and determine a position of the first portable device based on the information identifying the one or more respective intensities of light, detected by the one or more optical sensors, for the first set of one or more selected wavelengths. A method for determining a position of the first portable device is also described.

Abstract: An endoscope includes an observation mode switch to switch observation modes. The observation modes include a dye valid observation mode allowed to acquire an image in which the dye is visually recognized well, and a dye invalid observation mode allowed to acquire an image in which the dye is substantially not visually recognized.

Abstract: A biological information measurement apparatus includes a plurality of biological sensors of the same type (111a and 111b) and a controller (120) that measures biological information based on biological measurement outputs obtained from the biological sensors (111a and 111b).

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a heart rate monitor system (10) which is able to determine the resting heart rate in an effective and unobtrusive manner. In an aspect of the present invention, a heart rate monitor system (10) comprising an inactivity determining unit (320) for determining periods of inactivity (IP) of a user based on motion data (MD) detected by at least one motion sensor (200) attached to the user and a resting heart rate calculating unit (330) for calculating a resting heart rate (RHR) of the user based on heart rate data (HR) detected by at least one heart rate sensor (100) attached to the user during the periods of inactivity (IP) as determined by the inactivity determining unit (320) is provided.

Abstract: An electronic device is provided. The electronic device includes a display configured to output a screen on which a web browser is executed, an input device comprising input circuitry configured to integrate with the display or be independent of the display, a communication circuit configured establish a communication channel with the network via a wired or wireless communication connection, a processor configured to be electrically connected with the communication circuit, the display, and the input device, and a memory configured to store a program and instructions for the web browser and be electrically connected with the processor.

Abstract: A system and method for in vivo detection and quantification of drusen present in the retina via administering an excitation signal to the retina of the eye and detecting an electromagnetic emissions spectrum from the retina in response to the excitation signal. The electromagnetic emissions spectrum may be used to identify a plurality of component emissions spectra, each component emissions spectrum corresponding to fluorescence from a component of the retina, one of the component emissions spectra corresponding to a target emissions spectrum.

Abstract: A method for tissue assessment includes ablating tissue at a site within a body of a living subject using an invasive probe applied to the site. At a first stage in ablation of the tissue, first measurements are made of scattered light intensities from the site at a plurality of different wavelengths. At a second stage in the ablation of the tissue, subsequent to the first stage, second measurements are made of the scattered light intensities from the site at the plurality of different wavelengths. Progress of the ablation is assessed by computing different, respective measures of change in the scattered light intensities at the different wavelengths occurring between the first and second measurements, and comparing the respective measures.

Abstract: Methods and systems for assessing tissue of a subject include receiving a time series of signal intensity data capturing the transit of an imaging agent through tissue over a period of time, wherein the tissue comprises a plurality of calculation regions and wherein signal intensity in each calculation region over the period of time may be approximated by a time-intensity curve corresponding to the calculation region; determining, for each calculation region, a coefficient value that is related to at least a portion of the time-intensity curve corresponding to the calculation region; and converting the coefficient values across the plurality of calculation regions into a coefficient-derived image map.

Abstract: An organism optical measurement device having a light transmitter/receiver control unit for obtaining measurement data concerning brain activities and a measurement data display control unit for displaying the measurement data. The organism optical measurement device is further provided with a head surface appearance image acquiring unit for acquiring a head surface appearance image of a subject, a head surface appearance image display control unit for displaying the head surface appearance image, and a measurement-related position calculating unit for calculating the measurement-related position in the head surface appearance image from which the measurement data is obtained when an input device specifies the positions in the head surface appearance image corresponding to the positions of a light transmitting probe and a light receiving probe disposed on the head surface of the subject.

Abstract: A three-dimensional image of the eardrum is automatically registered. In one aspect, a three-dimensional image (e.g., depth map) of an eardrum is produced from four-dimensional light field data captured by a light field otoscope. The three-dimensional image is registered according to a predefined standard form. The eardrum is then classified based on the registered three-dimensional image. Registration may include compensation for out-of-plane rotation (tilt), for in-plane rotation, for center location, for translation, and/or for scaling.

Abstract: Disclosed methods and systems may be operable to obtain non-contact diagnostic information about movements of scattering objects such as fluids in subsurface vasculature in tissue. As an example, a method may include causing a light source to illuminate the tissue with at least a first portion of the emitted light and illuminate an optical modulator with at least a second portion of the emitted light. The second portion of the emitted light may be modulated by the optical modulator. An offset source is configured to provide an offset frequency signal. An image sensor may receive optical information from the sample. A heterodyne signal based on the reference frequency signal and the offset frequency signal may be used as a gain input of each detector element of the image sensor. Based on the received information, a movement of a portion of the sample may be determined.

Abstract: An image display device is used by being mounted on an observer, and includes: a frame section that includes a front section and a temple section; a modulated light generation section, a scan section that is arranged in the temple section and scans the modulated light which is emitted from the modulated light generation section; a deflection section that is arranged in the front section and deflects the modulated light which is scanned by the scan section toward the eye of the observer; and a detection section that detects the modulated light which is reflected in the deflection section.

Abstract: A near-infrared spectrum imaging system for diagnosis of the depth and the area of burn skin necrosis comprises a spectrum imager and a computer controlled system. The spectrum imaging system comprises a light source (101), an optical lens (102), a filter (103), a driving controller (105a, 105b, 104), and a CCD camera (106). The filter (103) uses a wide-spectrum liquid crystal tunable filter (LCTF) or an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) that obtain 1100-2500 nm waveband spectral signals of burn skin necrosis tissue of a target region. A compute controlled system is internally provided with a universal module, a data module, a spectrum correction module, a spectrum matching module, and a burn wound three-dimensional synthesizing module.

Abstract: An emission lifetime measuring method, in particular for measuring a mean lifetime of electronically excited states of a sample, comprises the steps of illuminating the sample with at least one excitation light pulse, time-resolved detecting an emission response from the sample and creating a temporal detector response function, and calculating the mean lifetime of the electronically excited states on the basis of the detector response function, wherein the at least one excitation light pulse is shaped such that the sample achieves an equilibrium excited steady-state including a linearly increasing or constant number of the electronically excited states, the detector response function has a linear response function section with a constant slope, and the mean lifetime (?) of the electronically excited states is calculated on the basis of at least one of a time position of the linear response function section relative to a reference time of the at least one excitation light pulse and the slope of the linear res

Abstract: A image file creation method includes: an image pickup step of picking up an image of a living body; a treatment detection step of detecting a treatment related to the living body; and an image file creation step of creating, according to a result of the detection in the treatment detection step, an image file, for image data obtained in the image pickup step, with specimen information including information indicating that the image is an image relating to specimen collection by the treatment related to the living body, to record data of, e.g., an image of a tissue such as a cell itself and data of, e.g., an image related to the tissue such as the cell, a treatment and/or collection, enabling a plurality of institutions, facilities, etc., to easily refer to information on the tissue such as the cell.

Abstract: Methods and devices for diagnosing, monitoring, and/or treating tissue through an opening or port through an airway wall. A passageway is created extending from the airway to the target tissue. The passageway provides local access to the target tissue for treatment instruments and for delivering agents.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is provided to calculate scatter using a method to determine primary X-ray flux, first-scatter flux, and multiple-scatter flux using an integral formulation of a radiative transfer equation and using spherical-harmonic expansion. The integral for the primary X-ray flux does not include a spherical-harmonic expansion. The integral for the first-scatter flux includes an angle-dependent scatter cross-section. The integral for the multiple-scatter flux is performed iteratively, includes spherical harmonics, and includes a scatter cross-section expanded using Legendre polynomials. The integrals of attenuation along propagation rays can be accelerated using material decomposition of the attenuation coefficients. An anti-scatter-grid term can be included in the integrals to account for the effects of an anti-scatter grid on the fluxes prior to detection of the X-rays.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus and method are disclosed, which processes an image of a target object. The image processing apparatus includes an image acquisition unit which acquires a series of first images and a series of second images of the target object which are scanned at a first pull-back speed and at a second pull-back speed faster than the first pull-back speed, a correlation unit which correlates first images, which are scanned at the first pull-back speed, with first images, which are scanned at the second pull-back speed, and a control unit which correlates a series of the first images which are scanned at the first pull-back speed and a series of the second images which are scanned at the second pull-back speed so as to display the images on a display apparatus, based on the result of the correlation.

Abstract: Systems, devices and methods for producing registered images of a body lumen are provided. The system includes a first imaging device having an imager positioned at a distal end thereof, said first imaging device configured to produce a first image of a body cavity; and an imaging system, including a second imaging device having an imager positioned at a distal end thereof and configured to be positioned approximate to said imager of said first imaging device within said body cavity and configured to produce a second image; an elongated member configured to contain said second imaging device; and at least one marker configured to produce registration information in the first image and the second image.

Abstract: In a minimally invasive surgical system, an image capture unit includes a prism assembly and sensor assembly. The prism assembly includes a beam splitter, while the sensor assembly includes coplanar image capture sensors. Each of the coplanar image capture sensors has a common front end optical structure, e.g., the optical structure distal to the image capture unit is the same for each of the sensors. A controller enhances images acquired by the coplanar image capture sensors. The enhanced images may include (a) visible images with enhanced feature definition, in which a particular feature in the scene is emphasized to the operator of minimally invasive surgical system; (b) images having increased image apparent resolution; (c) images having increased dynamic range; (d) images displayed in a way based on a pixel color component vector having three or more color components; and (e) images having extended depth of field.

Abstract: A four-dimensional multiplexing method and four-dimensional multiplexing system are provided for optical networks. The method includes receiving sensor data to be transmitted on an optical network. The method also includes encoding the sensor data into an optical signal employing one or more multiplexing systems. The method additionally includes transmitting the optical signal over the optical network. The method further includes decoding the optical signal into the sensor data employing the one or more multiplexing systems. The method also includes controlling an operation of a processor-based machine responsive to the sensor data.

Abstract: A system and method that images biological samples and uses chromophores to analyze the imaged samples. The chromophore analysis can be done by itself or in conjunction with fluorophore analysis in High Content Imaging systems. To perform chromophore analysis the biological samples can be labeled with different chromophores and imaged using transmitted light that is at least partially absorbed by the chromophores. To also perform fluorophore analysis the samples can also be labeled with fluorophores that are excited by excitation light. The chromophore analysis and fluorophore analysis can be performed separately or concurrently using a High Content Imaging system. The system provides the expanded capability by illuminating the chromophore-labeled samples with transmitted light of different wavelengths and automatically detecting the images which represent the differential absorption of the colored lights by the sample.

Abstract: Robotic debridement apparatuses, related systems, and methods of using the same are disclosed herein. The robotic debridement apparatuses are configured to facilitate debridement of tissue from a wound region. For example, the robotic debridement apparatuses can include one or more of at least one debriding tool configured to debride tissue, at least one tissue disposal tool configured to dispose of substances in the wound region, to the wound region. The systems disclosed herein can include a plurality of robotic debridement apparatuses. The systems disclosed herein can include a dressing associated with the plurality of robotic debridement apparatuses. The dressing can be associated with the robotic debridement apparatuses in a manner that facilitates operations of the robotic debridement apparatuses.

Abstract: A method and system for intra-oral imaging using High Dynamic Range (HDR) and highlight removal is presented. The method comprising generating a first High HDR irradiation map of teeth with multiple images captured with different exposures for same intra-oral scene; and removing highlight caused by a specular reflection in a detail-reserved way from the first HDR irradiation map so as to obtain a second HDR irradiation map in which the specular reflection is at least partly suppressed.

Abstract: A Raman spectroscopic detection device comprising at least one microfluidic sample channel; at least one excitation waveguide for exciting a Raman signal and at least one collection waveguide for collecting a Raman signal. The output of the excitation waveguide and the input of the collection waveguide are positioned directly in the microfluidic sample channel.

Abstract: System and method for improving the shaving experience by providing improved visibility of the skin shaving area. A digital camera is integrated with the electric shaver for close image capturing of shaving area, and displaying it on a display unit. The display unit can be integral part of the electric shaver casing, or housed in a separated device which receives the image via a communication channel. The communication channel can be wireless (using radio, audio or light) or wired, such as dedicated cabling or using powerline communication. A light source is used to better illuminate the shaving area. Video compression and digital image processing techniques are used for providing for improved shaving results. The wired communication medium can simultaneously be used also for carrying power from the electric shaver assembly to the display unit, or from the display unit to the electric shaver.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for measuring 3D refractive-index tomograms using a wavefront shaper in ultra-high speed and high precision is provided. The method includes the steps of modifying at least one of an illumination angle and a wavefront pattern of an incident ray through the wavefront shaper and leading the modified incident ray to a sample, measuring a 2D optical field, which passes through the sample, through an interferometry along at least one or more of the incident rays, and obtaining 3D refractive-index tomograms through measured information of the 2D optical field.