Abstract: A process for forming polymer films through electrochemical techniques utilizing electrolytes which include conductive polymer. The resulting polymer films are electrically conductive and corrosion and wear resistant. Poyamino-benzene (polyaniline), for example, undergoes an insulator-to-metal transition upon doping with protonic acids in an acid/base-type reaction. Composite polymer-aluminum oxide films may be formed by modifying the anodizing electrolyte, resulting in the codeposition of polyaniline during aluminum anodization. A nonprotonated, ring-sulfonated aluminum salt of polyaniline was determined to be the reaction product within the aluminum oxide phase of the codeposited films. A second process, which incorporates electrochemical sealing of the anodic layer with polyaniline, was also developed.The formation of these composite films is documented through experimental processing, and characterized through scientific analysis and engineering tests.

Abstract: A Zn or part-Zn plated steel sheet has an MgO coating free of metallic Mg thereon which increases corrosion resistance and plating adherence. The MgO coating is formed by coating according to the sol-gel method or by dipping or treating by cathodic electrolysis a Zn or part-Zn plated steel sheet in a molten salt bath mainly containing a magnesium salt.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for applying a stabilization layer to at least one side of copper foil comprising contacting said side of said copper foil with an electrolyte solution comprising zinc ions, chromium ions and at least one hydrogen inhibitor. This invention also relates to copper foils treated by the foregoing process, and to laminates comprising a dielectric substrate and copper foil treated by the foregoing process adhered to said dielectric substrate.

Abstract: A process for synthesizing iron(III) hexacyanoferrate(II) as a blue insoluble product on the surface of a working electrode is disclosed which comprises immersing a pair of electrodes in a solution mixture of an iron(III) ion-containing solution and a hexacyanoferrate(III) ion-containing solution and effecting electrolysis with one of the electrodes as an anode and the other as a cathode, whereby iron(III) hexacyanoferrate(II) is deposited on the surface of the cathode.

Abstract: A process for stably producing a zinc oxide thin film by electrolysis with excellent adhesion to a substrate is described. In particular, a zinc oxide thin film suitably used as a light confining layer of a photoelectric conversion element is formed on a conductive substrate by applying a current between a conductive substrate immersed in an aqueous solution containing at least nitrate ions, zinc ions, and a carbohydrate, and an electrode immersed in the solution.

Abstract: A metal oxide layer is provided around a thermocouple element. The metal oxide layer is formed by preparing a sol, in which particulates of a metal oxide are dispersed, by a sol-gel method, dipping the thermocouple element in this sol, energizing the thermocouple element as a cathode for bonding the precursor particulates of the metal oxide thereto, and heat treating the same. The thermocouple according to the present invention is compact with a thin insulating layer, excellent in flexibility, and provides no gas adsorption source.

Abstract: A method for forming relatively thick composite coatings on a region of the surface of a metallic member includes exposing the surface region to an electrolyte fluid, either by immersion or by spraying the electrolyte against the surface region. A preferred electrolyte fluid is an aqueous solution including an electrolytic agent, a passivating agent and a modifying agent in the form of a solute or a powder suspended in the solution. A voltage signal is applied to induce a current flow of constant magnitude between the metallic member and the electrolyte fluid so that the metallic member interacts with the passivating agent to form a passive oxide layer on the surface region. The voltage signal increases in magnitude until local voltage reaches a breakthrough level across separate highly localized discharge channels along the surface region of the metallic member.

Abstract: A passthrough method is provided in which the surface of an industrial grade, low-grease precursor made of copper, with a defined surface roughness, is patinated. For this purpose the precursor material, connected as the anode, is passed through an electrolysis bath, containing sodium carbonate and/or sodium hydrogencarbonate as well as sodium sulfite and/or sodium disulfite, with a temperature of 30.degree. C. to 90.degree. C. and a current density of 1 A/dm.sup.2 to 20 A/dm.sup.2 as bath parameters, for a residence time of 10 seconds to 12 minutes. The precursor material is rinsed and then moved through a fixing bath at a temperature of 35.degree. C. to 95.degree. C. for a residence time of 10 seconds to 120 seconds, and lastly, after a further rinsing, is dried. The fixing bath contains at least one of the oxidation agents: hydrogen peroxide (H.sub.2 O.sub.2), potassium chlorate (KClO.sub.3), potassium peroxodisulfate (K.sub.2 S.sub.2 O.sub.8), potassium permanganate (KMnO.sub.4), of copper sulfate (CuSO.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrode preferably an insoluble electrode for an electrolytic cell. The electrode is located within an enclosure defining a chamber, a wall of said enclosure being formed by a membrane allowing ions to pass therethrough. The enclosure has an opening for feeding electrolyte, an opening for evacuating electrolyte and means conducting the upward current of electrolyte with a velocity in the vicinity of the electrode of at least 0.01 m/s. The invention relates also to plants and processes using such electrode for the plating or deplating of metal strips.

Abstract: High power density electrochemical capacitors may be pretreated by immersing the electrodes therefore in an alkaline solution. Thereafter the immersed electrode are subjected to high power pulses for brief periods of time. The pretreatment process forms an activated oxide layer on the electrode surface. The resulting device is capable of delivering high current pulses with enhanced discharge voltage.

Abstract: A method for forming a fluorinated silicon dioxide layer on a silicon substrate is brought about by anodic oxidation at room temperature. The fluorinated silicon dioxide layer may serve as a field oxide layer or the oxide layer of a thin film transistor. The method involves an electrolytic reaction making use of the silicon substrate as an anode and an electrolyte made of a hydrosilicofluoric acid aqueous solution containing the hydrosilicofluoric acid and the water in a volumetric ratio of about 1:1000. The electrolytic reaction is brought about by a current density of about 1 mA/cm.sup.2. The oxide layer is formed on the anode at a rate of 1 .mu.m/hr and is proved to contain a Si-F bond by the FTIR analysis.

Abstract: An anodic oxide containing impurities at a low concentration and thereby improved in film quality, and a process for fabricating the same. The process comprises increasing the current between a metallic thin film and a cathode until a voltage therebetween reaches a predetermined value, and maintaining the voltage at the predetermined value thereafter.

Abstract: Metals useful in the formation of hydrides for applications such as batteries are advantageously activated by hydriding/dehydriding process. This process involves repeatedly stepping the potential of metal/metal hydride electrodes in electrochemical cells. The process activates hydrogen-storing materials that are difficult to activate by conventional means.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for increasing blade fatigue strength in a turbine engine. The blades in the turbine engine are configured so as to reduce stress at the tip of the blades during operation of the turbine engine, thus increasing blade fatigue strength. This stress reduction helps to counteract the detrimental effect of abrasive tip coatings on blade fatigue strength. In one embodiment, the tip of the blade is chamfered in order to reduce the stress on the tip of the blade. An abrasive coating is then applied to the tip of the blade to assist the blade in seating into an abradable outer air seal. In another embodiment, an abrasive coating is applied to a center portion of the tip of the blade, with the periphery of the abrasive coating being set back from the opposing surfaces of the blade.

Abstract: A metal surface, useful as an electrode in an electrolytic cell, is now described having enhanced adhesion of subsequently applied coatings combined with excellent coating service life. The substrate metal of the electrode, such as a valve metal as represented by titanium, is provided with a highly desirable rough surface characteristic for subsequent coating application. This can be achieved by various operations including etching and melt spray application of metal or ceramic oxide to ensure a roughened surface morphology. Usually in subsequent operations, a barrier layer is provided on the surface of enhanced morphology. This may be achieved by operations including heating, as well as including thermal decomposition of a layer precursor. Subsequent coatings provide enhanced lifetime even in the most rugged commercial environments.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method of manufacturing a plated steel sheet with a Zn--Cr composite plating, wherein a total of 0.01 to 300 g/l of at least one type of salt having a pH buffering action in a pH range of 2 to 6 in a bath containing only zinc are added to an acidic Zn--Cr composite plating bath containing zinc ions and trivalent chromium ions to prepare a plating bath, and plating film is formed on a steel sheet using the resultant plating bath.

Abstract: A method of producing oxide ceramic layers on Al, Mg, Ti, Ta, Zr, Nb, Hf, Sb, W, Mo, V, Bi or their alloys by a plasma-chemical anodical oxidation in a chloride-free electrolytic bath having a pH value of 2 to 8 and a constant bath temperature of -30.degree. to +15.degree. C. A current density of at least 1 A/dm.sup.2 is maintained constant in the electrolytic bath until the voltage reaches a predetermined end value.

Abstract: The invention relates to aqueous electrocoating paints which contain 2 to 10% by weight of an anticorrosive pigment based on zinc silicate in combination with 1 to 15% by weight of a very fine quartz powder or cristobalite powder coated with epoxysilane or aminosilane, the percentages by weight being based on the total solids content of the electrocoating paint and the anticorrosive pigment being preparable by fusing together 35 to 65% by weight of ZnO, 15 to 35% by weight of SiO.sub.2 and 0 to 20% by weight of B.sub.2 O.sub.3 and/or 0 to 20% by weight of WO.sub.3 and/or 0 to 20% by weight of MoO.sub.3 and/or 0 to 20% by weight of SnO.sub.2, the components being fused together using at least one of the cited oxides besides ZnO and SiO.sub.2 in such a manner that the percentages by weight always total 100.

Abstract: A zinc-plated metallic material resistant to corrosion at elevated temperatures comprising a metallic material; a plating layer consisting of zinc or zinc alloy containing 70% by weight or more of zinc; and a coating layer on the plating layer comprising 10 to 5,000 mg. of magnesium oxide or hydrated magnesium oxide and 50 to 5,000 mg. of chromium oxide or hydrated chromium oxide per square meter of the coating layer.

Abstract: A method of producing an absorber layer for solar cells by electrolytic dispersion deposition.

Abstract: A treating solution for forming a hydroxide film on each surface of zinc-plated steel plates by cathodic electrolysis is here disclosed which comprises (a) 0.2 to 50 g/l of one or more metal ions selected from the group consisting of Mg.sup.2+, Cr.sup.3+, Ca.sup.2+, Ni.sup.2+, Co.sup.2+ and Al.sup.3+, and (b) 0.1 to 50 g/l of one or more oxidizing agents selected from the group consisting of nitrate ions, nitrite ions, chlorate ions, bromate ions and hydrogen peroxide. A process for the surface treatment of the zinc-plated steel plates by the use of this treating solution is also disclosed.

Abstract: A compound containing an element of Group IIB and of Group VIB is cathodically deposited on a cathode comprising a layer of high sheet resistance on an insulating substrate by positioning the anode relative to the cathode such that the distance from the anode to a point on the cathode increases as the distance between the point and the nearest electrical connection to the cathode decreases.

Abstract: A metallized web of barrier packaging material e.g. metallized plastic film, is made transparent to microwaves (without loss of its barrier properties) by passing it through an electrolyte in a bath to anodize the metal and convert it to its oxide and/or hydroxide.

Abstract: An electrical insulating coating layer having excellent adhesion, toughness and heat resistance is formed on a surface of a copper material by anodizing the copper material under a low current in an acid bath of a hexacyanoiron complex. Copper materials such as coil wires can hence be provided with a thin, heat-resistant, electrical insulating layer, whereby the values of the copper materials can be heightened.