Abstract: A method of forming a semiconductor structure is disclosed comprising removing mandrel elements, the side walls of which support semiconductor fin structures, which mandrel elements are formed by removing portions of each of a plurality of elongated mandrels outside sacrificial gate structures, wherein the mandrel elements are removed after removing the sacrificial gate structure. Also disclosed is an intermediate semiconductor structure, obtained during some embodiments of the method, comprising a plurality of mandrel elements, a plurality of fin channel structures, source regions and drain regions on opposing sides of the fin channel structures wherein the bottom most surface of the fin channel structures and the source and drain regions are in direct physical contact with a common dielectric layer on a silicon-containing substrate.

Abstract: Disclosed is an improved semiconductor structure (e.g., a silicon germanium (SiGe) hetero-junction bipolar transistor) having a narrow essentially interstitial-free SIC pedestal with minimal overlap of the extrinsic base. Also, disclosed is a method of forming the transistor which uses laser annealing, as opposed to rapid thermal annealing, of the SIC pedestal to produce both a narrow SIC pedestal and an essentially interstitial-free collector. Thus, the resulting SiGe HBT transistor can be produced with narrower base and collector space-charge regions than can be achieved with conventional technology.

Abstract: A transistor device includes a compound semiconductor body having a first surface and a two-dimensional charge carrier gas disposed below the first surface in the compound semiconductor body. The transistor device further includes a source in contact with the two-dimensional charge carrier gas and a drain spaced apart from the source and in contact with the two-dimensional charge carrier gas. A first passivation layer is in contact with the first surface of the compound semiconductor body, and a second passivation layer is disposed on the first passivation layer. The second passivation layer has a different etch rate selectivity than the first passivation layer. A gate extends through the second passivation layer into the first passivation layer.

Abstract: Some embodiments include a memory cell string having a body having a channel extending therein and in contact with a source/drain, a select gate adjacent to the body, a plurality of access lines adjacent to the body, and a dielectric in a portion of the body between the source/drain and a level corresponding to an end of the plurality of access lines most adjacent to the select gate. The dielectric in the portion of the body does not extend along an entire length of the body. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

Abstract: In a field effect transistor, a carbon concentration in a buffer layer at the side closer to a high resistance layer is not less than 0.8×1019/cm3 and not more than 1.0×1021/cm3, a carbon concentration in the high resistance layer at the side closer to the buffer layer is not less than 3.7×1018/cm3 and not more than 1.0×1021/cm3, and a carbon concentration in the high resistance layer at the side closer to the channel layer is not less than 1.4×1019/cm3 and not more than 1.0×1021/cm3.

Abstract: In an n-channel HK/MG transistor including: a gate insulating film made of a first high dielectric film containing La and Hf; and a gate electrode which is formed of a stacked film of a metal film and a polycrystalline Si film and which is formed in an active region in a main surface of a semiconductor substrate and surrounded by an element separation portion formed of an insulating film containing oxygen atoms, a second high dielectric film which contains Hf but whose La content is smaller than a La content of the first high dielectric film is formed below the gate electrode which rides on the element separation portion, instead of the first high dielectric film.

Abstract: An integrated circuit containing an NMOS transistor with a boron-doped halo is formed by co-implanting carbon in at least three angled doses with the boron halo implants. The carbon is co-implanted at tilt angles within 5 degrees of the boron halo implant tilt angle. An implant energy of at least one of the angled carbon co-implant is greater than the implant energy of the boron halo implant. A total carbon dose of the angled carbon co-implants is at least 5 times a total boron dose of the boron halo implants. The NMOS transistor has a carbon concentration in the halo regions which is at least 5 times greater than the boron concentration in the halo regions. The co-implanted carbon extends under the gate of the NMOS transistor.

Abstract: A method is provided for fabricating MOS transistors. The method includes providing a semiconductor substrate having at least a first region and a second region; and forming first transistors on the semiconductor substrate. Wherein source/drain regions of the first transistors are configured as SiGe growth regions; and a first density of SiGe growth regions in the first region is smaller than a second density of SiGe growth regions in the second region. The method also includes forming dummy SiGe growth regions in the first region to increase the first density such that the total density of SiGe growth regions in the first region is in a range similar to the second density; and forming trenches in the first region and the second region and the dummy SiGe growth region. Further, the method includes forming embedded source/drain regions of the first transistors and dummy SiGe regions.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a source electrode portion and a drain electrode formed on a semiconductor stacked body so as to be at an interval from each other, and a gate electrode formed between the source electrode portion and the drain electrode at an interval from the source electrode portion and the drain electrode. The source electrode portion includes a first recess electrode being directly in contact with a two-dimensional electron gas layer formed in the first nitride semiconductor layer, and a surface electrode formed between the gate electrode and the first recess electrode and connected conductively to the two-dimensional electron gas layer. A source potential is applied to the surface electrode and the recess electrode, and a width of the surface electrode in a gate-source direction is 0.4 times or more a distance between a gate-side end of the surface electrode and a source-side end of the gate electrode.

Abstract: A compound semiconductor device includes: a compound semiconductor layered structure; a gate electrode formed above the compound semiconductor layered structure; a first protective insulating film that covers a surface of the compound semiconductor layered structure and is made of silicon nitride as a material; a second protective insulating film that covers the gate electrode on the first protective insulating film and is made of silicon oxide as a material; and a third protective insulating film that contains silicon oxynitride and is formed between the first protective insulating film and the second protective insulating film.

Abstract: A semiconductor structure includes a first III-V compound layer. A second III-V compound layer is over the first III-V compound layer and is different from the first III-V compound layer in composition. A carrier channel is located at an interface of the first III-V compound layer and the second III-V compound layer. A dielectric cap layer is over the second III-V compound layer and a protection layer is over the dielectric cap layer. Slanted field plates are in a combined opening in the dielectric cap layer and protection layer.

Abstract: A method to form a strain-inducing semiconductor region is described. In one embodiment, formation of a strain-inducing semiconductor region laterally adjacent to a crystalline substrate results in a uniaxial strain imparted to the crystalline substrate, providing a strained crystalline substrate. In another embodiment, a semiconductor region with a crystalline lattice of one or more species of charge-neutral lattice-forming atoms imparts a strain to a crystalline substrate, wherein the lattice constant of the semiconductor region is different from that of the crystalline substrate, and wherein all species of charge-neutral lattice-forming atoms of the semiconductor region are contained in the crystalline substrate.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure provide an integrated circuit (IC) structure, which can include: a doped semiconductor layer having a substantially uniform doping profile; a first gate structure positioned on the doped semiconductor layer; and a second gate structure positioned on the doped semiconductor layer, the second gate structure including a metal-insulator transition material and a gate dielectric layer separating the metal-insulator transition material from the doped semiconductor layer.

Abstract: A semiconductor structure with a MISFET and a HEMT region includes a first III-V compound layer. A second III-V compound layer is disposed on the first III-V compound layer and is different from the first III-V compound layer in composition. A third III-V compound layer is disposed on the second III-V compound layer is different from the second III-V compound layer in composition. A source feature and a drain feature are disposed in each of the MISFET and HEMT regions on the third III-V compound layer. A gate electrode is disposed over the second III-V compound layer between the source feature and the drain feature. A gate dielectric layer is disposed under the gate electrode in the MISFET region but above the top surface of the third III-V compound layer.

Abstract: AlGaN/GaN HEMTs are disclosed having a thin AlGaN layer to reduce trapping and also having additional layers to reduce gate leakage and increase the maximum drive current. One HEMT according to the present invention comprises a high resistivity semiconductor layer with a barrier semiconductor layer on it. The barrier layer has a wider bandgap than the high resistivity layer and a 2DEG forms between the layers. Source and drain contacts contact the barrier layer, with part of the surface of the barrier layer uncovered by the contacts. An insulating layer is included on the uncovered surface of the barrier layer and a gate contact is included on the insulating layer. The insulating layer forms a barrier to gate leakage current and also helps to increase the HEMT's maximum current drive. The invention also includes methods for fabricating HEMTs according to the present invention. In one method, the HEMT and its insulating layer are fabricated using metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD).

Abstract: A method of making a stepped field gate for an FET including forming a first set of layers having a passivation layer on a barrier layer of the FET and a first etch stop layer over the first passivation layer, forming additional sets of layers having alternating passivation layer and etch stop layers, successively removing portions of each set of layers using lithography and reactive ion etching to form stepped passivation layers and a gate foot, applying a mask having an opening defining an extent of a stepped field-plate gate, and forming the stepped field plate gate and the gate foot by plating through the opening in the mask.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a gate disposed over a substrate. The gate has a first gate portion of the gate including a gate dielectric and a gate electrode disposed above a first channel region and a second gate portion including a gate dielectric and a gate electrode disposed between the substrate and the first channel region and aligned with the first gate portion. A source and a drain region are disposed adjacent the gate. A dielectric layer is disposed on the substrate and has a first portion underlying at least some of the source, a second portion underlying at least some of the drain; and a third portion underlying at least some of the first channel, the first gate portion and the second gate portion.

Abstract: A method is provided for fabricating a junction-less transistor. The method includes providing a semiconductor substrate having a dielectric layer; and forming a semiconductor layer including a first heavily doped layer formed on the dielectric layer, a lightly doped layer formed on the first heavily doped layer and a second heavily doped layer formed on the lightly doped layer. The method also includes etching the semiconductor layer and the dielectric layer to form trenches to expose side surfaces of a portion of the semiconductor layer and a portion of the dielectric layer; and removing the portion of the dielectric layer between the adjacent trenches to form a chamber. Further, the method includes forming a gate structure around the portion of the semiconductor layer between the adjacent trenches; and forming a source region and a drain region in the semiconductor layer at both sides of the gate structure.

Abstract: An integrated circuit device includes a first III-V compound layer, a second III-V compound layer over the first III-V compound layer, a gate dielectric over the second III-V compound layer, and a gate electrode over the gate dielectric. An anode electrode and a cathode electrode are formed on opposite sides of the gate electrode. The anode electrode is electrically connected to the gate electrode. The anode electrode, the cathode electrode, and the gate electrode form portions of a rectifier.

Abstract: A method of forming a source/drain region with an abrupt, vertical and conformal junction and the resulting device are disclosed. Embodiments include forming a gate electrode over and perpendicular to a semiconductor fin; forming first spacers on opposite sides of the gate electrode; forming second spacers on opposite sides of the fin; forming a cavity in the fin adjacent the first spacers, between the second spacers; partially epitaxially growing source/drain regions in each cavity; implanting a first dopant into the partially grown source/drain regions with an optional RTA thereafter; epitaxially growing a remainder of the source/drain regions in the cavities, in situ doped with a second dopant; and implanting a third dopant in the source/drain regions.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a transistor device comprising a channel layer is disclosed. In one example, the method includes providing a substrate, epitaxially growing a strained layer on the substrate (defect free), epitaxially growing the channel layer on the epitaxially grown strained layer, and providing a gate structure on the channel layer. In this example, the method also includes selectively etching into the channel layer and at least partially in the epitaxially grown strained layer, thereby using the gate structure as a mask, and thereby creating a protrusion extending from the substrate. The protrusion may comprise a portion of the channel layer and at least an upper portion of the epitaxially grown strained layer, and may allow for elastic relaxation in the portions.

Abstract: The semiconductor device has a barrier layer formed on a channel layer, an n type diffusion preventing layer formed on the barrier layer and containing aluminum, and a source electrode and a drain electrode formed on the diffusion preventing layer. The semiconductor device further has a p type cap layer formed on the diffusion preventing layer sandwiched between the source electrode and the drain electrode and a gate electrode formed on the cap layer. The diffusion preventing layer has an aluminum composition ratio greater than the aluminum composition ratio of the barrier layer.

Abstract: A semiconductor device including an active region having a field insulating layer disposed at a first side thereof; a first wire pattern formed on the active region and extended in a first direction; a normal gate formed on the active region, extended in a second direction crossing the first direction and covering the first wire pattern; and a dummy gate having a first part which overlaps a first end of the field insulating layer and a second part which overlaps the active region, and wherein the dummy gate is formed on the active region and spaced apart from the normal gate in the first direction, wherein the first wire pattern penetrates a third part of the dummy gate and the dummy gate covers a first end of the first wire pattern.

Abstract: A method of forming a source/drain region with abrupt vertical and conformal junction and the resulting device are disclosed. Embodiments include forming a first mask over a fin of a first polarity FET and source/drain regions of the first polarity FET; forming spacers on opposite sides of a fin of a second polarity FET, the second polarity being opposite the first polarity, on each side of a gate electrode; implanting a first dopant into the fin of the second polarity FET; etching a cavity in the fin of the second polarity FET on each side of the gate electrode; removing the first mask; performing rapid thermal anneal (RTA); epitaxially growing a source/drain region of the second polarity FET in each cavity; forming a second mask over the fin of the first polarity FET and source/drain regions of the first polarity FET; and implanting a second dopant in the source/drain regions of the second polarity FET.

Abstract: A Tunnel Field-Effect Transistor (TFET) includes a source region in a semiconductor substrate, and a drain region in the semiconductor substrate. The source region and the drain region are of opposite conductivity types. The TFET further includes a gate stack over the semiconductor substrate, with the source region and the drain region extending to opposite sides of the gate stack. The gate stack includes a gate dielectric over the semiconductor substrate, and a ferroelectric layer over the gate dielectric.

Abstract: A semiconductor structure and a method for forming the same are provided. The semiconductor structure includes a substrate and a metal gate structure formed over a fin structure of the substrate. The semiconductor structure further includes a spacer formed on a sidewall of the metal gate structure and a source/drain structure formed in the fin structure. In addition, the spacer is in direct contact with the fin structure.

Abstract: An epitaxial substrate having preferable two dimensional electron gas characteristic and contact characteristic is provided in the present invention. A channel layer is formed on a base substrate with GaN. A spacer layer is formed on the channel layer with AlN. A barrier layer is formed on the spacer layer with group III nitride having a composition of InXAlyGazN (wherein x+y+z=1) and at least including In, Al, and Ga such that the composition of the barrier layer is within the range surrounded with four lines defined in accordance with the composition on a ternary phase diagram with InN, AlN, and GaN as vertexes.

Abstract: A heterojunction semiconductor field effect transistor HFET having a pair of layers of different semiconductor materials forming a quantum well within the structure to support the 2DEG. Source, drain and gate electrodes are disposed above the channel. The HFET has a predetermined transconductance. A transconductance control electrode varies an electric field within the structure under the channel to vary the shape of the quantum well and thereby the transconductance of the FET in accordance with a variable control signal fed to the transconductance control electrode.

Abstract: A dummy gate structure straddling at least one semiconductor fin is formed on a substrate. Active semiconductor regions and raised active semiconductor regions may be formed. A planarization dielectric layer is formed over the at least one semiconductor fin, and the dummy gate structure is removed to provide a gate cavity. Electrical dopants in the channel region can be removed by outgassing during an anneal, thereby lowering the concentration of the electrical dopants in the channel region. Alternately or additionally, carbon can be implanted into the channel region to deactivate remaining electrical dopants in the channel region. The threshold voltage of the field effect transistor can be effectively controlled by the reduction of active electrical dopants in the channel region. A replacement gate electrode can be subsequently formed in the gate cavity.

Abstract: A semiconductor structure includes a first III-V compound layer. A second III-V compound layer is disposed on the first III-V compound layer and is different from the first III-V compound layer in composition. A dielectric passivation layer is disposed on the second III-V compound layer. A source feature and a drain feature are disposed on the second III-V compound layer, and extend through the dielectric passivation layer. A gate electrode is disposed over the second III-V compound layer between the source feature and the drain feature. The gate electrode has an exterior surface. An oxygen containing region is embedded at least in the second III-V compound layer under the gate electrode. A gate dielectric layer has a first portion and a second portion. The first portion is under the gate electrode and on the oxygen containing region. The second portion is on a portion of the exterior surface of the gate electrode.

Abstract: A light emitting device including an organic electroluminescence element is provided. The light emitting device may be a display device or a lighting device. The organic electroluminescence element includes an anode, a light emitting layer, and a cathode that are arranged in this order. An electron injection layer is arranged between the light emitting layer and the cathode. The electron injection layer is made of an amorphous C12A7 electride.

Abstract: A method for forming a semiconductor device comprises, forming a fin on a semiconductor substrate, forming spacers adjacent to the fin, etching to remove exposed portions of the semiconductor substrate adjacent to the spacers to form a trench adjacent to the spacers, removing the spacers, implanting dopants in the semiconductor substrate adjacent to the fin and in the trench, and performing an annealing process to diffuse the dopants in the semiconductor substrate and form a punch through stopper region below the fin that includes the dopants.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) and a manufacturing method thereof. The IGBT includes: a gallium nitride (GaN) substrate, a first GaN layer with a first conductive type, a second GaN layer with a first conductive type, a third GaN layer with a second conductive type or an intrinsic conductive type, and a gate formed on the GaN substrate. The first GaN layer is formed on the GaN substrate and has a side wall vertical to the GaN substrate. The second GaN layer is formed on the GaN substrate and is separated from the first GaN layer by the gate. The third GaN layer is formed on the first GaN layer and is separated from the GaN substrate by the first GaN layer. The gate has a side plate adjacent to the side wall in a lateral direction to control a channel.

Abstract: There has been a case where peeling occurs if an internal stress of a wiring of a TFT is strong. In particular, the internal stress of a gate electrode largely influences a stress that a semiconductor film receives, and there has been a case where the internal stress becomes a cause of reduction in electric characteristics of a TFT depending on the internal stress. According to the present invention, an impurity element is introduced into a wiring, or both the introduction of an impurity element and heat treatment are performed, whereby the wiring can be controlled to have a desired internal stress. It is effective that the present invention is particularly applied to a gate electrode. Further, it is possible that the introduction of an impurity element and the heat treatment are conducted to only a desired region to conduct control to attain a desired internal stress.

Abstract: A semiconductor device and method making it comprises pFETs with an SiGe channel and nFETs with an Si channel, formed on an SOI substrate. Improved uniformity of fin height and width is attained by forming the fins additively by depositing an SiGe layer on the SOI substrate and forming first fins from the superposed SiGe layer and underlying thin Si film of the SOI substrate. Second fins of Si can then be formed by replacing the upper SiGe portions of selected first fins with Si.

Abstract: A high electron mobility transistor includes a source, a gate and a drain, a first III-V semiconductor region, and a second III-V semiconductor region below the first III-V semiconductor region. The high electron mobility transistor further includes a compensation structure interposed between the first and second III-V semiconductor regions so that the first and second III-V semiconductor regions are spaced apart from one another by the compensation structure. The compensation structure has a different band gap than the first and second III-V semiconductor regions.

Abstract: A switch includes an input contact and an output contact to a conducting channel. At least one of the input and output contacts is capacitively coupled to the conducting channel. A control contact is located outside of a region between the input and output contacts, and can be used to adjust the switch between on and off operating states. The switch can be implemented as a radio frequency switch in a circuit.

Abstract: A diamond based oxygen sensor is able to function in harsh environment conditions. The oxygen sensor includes a gateless field effect transistor including a synthetic, quasi-intrinsic, hydrogen-passivated, monocrystalline diamond layer exhibiting a 2-dimension hole gas effect. The oxygen sensor also includes a sensing layer comprising yttrium-stabilized zirconia deposited onto a surface of the gateless field effect transistor.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a first conductivity type semiconductor substrate including one of Si and SiC; a second conductivity type semiconductor region at a surface of the semiconductor substrate, a GaN-based semiconductor layer on the semiconductor substrate, and a lateral semiconductor element at the GaN-based semiconductor layer and above the semiconductor region, the lateral semiconductor element having a first electrode and a second electrode electrically connected to the semiconductor region.

Abstract: Methods of forming strain-relaxing semiconductor layers are provided in which a porous region is formed in a surface of a semiconductor substrate. A first semiconductor layer that is lattice-matched with the semiconductor substrate is formed on the porous region. A second semiconductor layer is formed on the first semiconductor layer, the second semiconductor layer being a strained layer as formed. The second semiconductor layer is then relaxed.

Abstract: A multi-threshold voltage (Vt) field-effect transistor (FET) formed through strain engineering is provided. An embodiment integrated circuit device includes a first transistor including a first channel region over a first buffer, the first channel region formed from a III-V semiconductor material and a second transistor including a second channel region over a second buffer, the second channel region formed from the III-V semiconductor material, the second buffer and the first buffer having a lattice mismatch. A first strain introduced by a lattice mismatch between the III-V semiconductor material and the first buffer is different than a second strain introduced by a lattice mismatch between the III-V semiconductor material and the second buffer. Therefore, the threshold voltage of the first transistor is different than the threshold voltage of the second transistor.

Abstract: Deep gate-all-around semiconductor devices having germanium or group III-V active layers are described. For example, a non-planar semiconductor device includes a hetero-structure disposed above a substrate. The hetero-structure includes a hetero-junction between an upper layer and a lower layer of differing composition. An active layer is disposed above the hetero-structure and has a composition different from the upper and lower layers of the hetero-structure. A gate electrode stack is disposed on and completely surrounds a channel region of the active layer, and is disposed in a trench in the upper layer and at least partially in the lower layer of the hetero-structure. Source and drain regions are disposed in the active layer and in the upper layer, but not in the lower layer, on either side of the gate electrode stack.

Abstract: A fin field effect transistor (FinFET), and a method of fabrication, is introduced. In an embodiment, trenches are formed in a substrate, wherein a region between adjacent trenches defines a fin. A dielectric material is formed in the trenches. The fins are doped to form source, drain and buried channel regions. A gate stack is formed over the buried channel regions. Contacts are formed to provide electrical contacts to the source/drain regions and the gate.

Abstract: A semiconductor device is provided with an electronic transit layer, an electron supply layer, a source region, a drain electrode, a source electrode and an insulated gate. In a region between the drain electrode and the insulated gate, a two-dimensional electron gas layer is configured to be generated at a hetero junction between the electronic transit layer and the electron supply layer. A part of the insulated gate is configured to face to the source region.

Abstract: An intermediate layer composed of i-AlN is formed between a channel layer and an electron donor layer, a first opening is formed in an electron donor layer, at a position where a gate electrode will be formed later, while using an intermediate layer as an etching stopper, a second opening is formed in the intermediate layer so as to be positionally aligned with the first opening, by wet etching using a hot phosphoric acid solution, and a gate electrode is formed so that the lower portion thereof fill the first and second openings while placing a gate insulating film in between, and so that the head portion thereof projects above the cap structure.

Abstract: A method for fabricating semiconductor device is disclosed. The method includes the steps of: providing a substrate having a first region and a second region defined thereon; forming a gate structure on the first region, in which the gate structure comprises a first hard mask and a second hard mask thereon; forming a first mask layer on the first region and the second region; removing part of the first mask layer; removing the second hard mask; forming a second mask layer on the first region and the second region; removing part of the second mask layer; and removing the first hard mask.

Abstract: According to an embodiment, a nitride semiconductor Schottky diode includes a first layer including a first nitride semiconductor and a second layer provided on the first layer and including a second nitride semiconductor having a wider band gap than the first nitride semiconductor. The diode also includes an ohmic electrode provided on the second layer and a Schottky electrode provided on the second layer. The second layer includes a region containing an acceptor in the vicinity of the Schottky electrode between the Schottky electrode and the ohmic electrode.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes: a p-type semiconductor layer; an n-type semiconductor layer connected with the p-type semiconductor layer; a first electrode layer formed on the n-type semiconductor layer; and a second electrode layer formed on the p-type semiconductor layer. The first electrode layer and the second electrode layer are electrically connected such as to each operate at an identical potential. The first electrode layer is connected with a connection line which is a part of a peripheral line of a joint interface between the p-type semiconductor layer and the n-type semiconductor layer on an interface side between the second electrode layer and the p-type semiconductor layer, with a surface of the p-type semiconductor layer and with at least a part of a surface of the second electrode layer which is opposite to a surface of the second electrode layer that is in contact with the p-type semiconductor layer.

Abstract: A semiconductor device structure is provided. The semiconductor device structure includes a semiconductor substrate. The semiconductor device structure includes an isolation structure positioned in the semiconductor substrate and adjacent to a first active region of the semiconductor substrate. The semiconductor device structure includes a gate stack disposed over the first active region. The semiconductor device structure includes a first contact structure disposed over the first active region and positioned between the isolation structure and the gate stack. The semiconductor device structure includes a dummy gate stack disposed over the isolation structure and adjacent to the gate stack. The dummy gate stack is not positioned over a portion of the isolation structure next to the first contact structure.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a semiconductor device includes ion-implanting germanium into a monocrystalline silicon-containing substrate; forming a gate oxide layer over a surface of the monocrystalline silicon-containing substrate and forming, under the gate oxide layer, a germanium-rich region in which the germanium is concentrated, by performing a plasma oxidation process; and crystallizing the germanium-rich region by performing an annealing process.