Abstract: A semiconductor device substrate assembly may include a first substrate, comprising: a first insulator plate; and a first patterned metal layer, disposed on the first insulator plate, wherein the first insulator plate comprises a first material and a first thickness. The assembly may include a second substrate, comprising: a second insulator plate; and a second patterned metal layer, disposed on the second insulator plate, wherein the second insulator plate comprises the first material and the first thickness. The assembly may also include a third substrate, disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate, comprising: a third insulator plate; and a third patterned metal layer, disposed on the third insulator plate, wherein the third insulator plate comprises a second material and a second thickness, wherein at least one of the second material and the second thickness differs from the first material and the first thickness, respectively.

Abstract: In an embodiment, a method includes forming a first fin and a second fin within an insulation material over a substrate, the first fin and the second fin includes different materials, the insulation material being interposed between the first fin and the second fin, the first fin having a first width and the second fin having a second width; forming a first capping layer over the first fin; and forming a second capping layer over the second fin, the first capping layer having a first thickness, the second capping layer having a second thickness different from the first thickness.

Abstract: The present technology relates to a light receiving element and a ranging system to reduce power consumption. A light receiving element includes a pixel which includes an SPAD, a first transistor configured to set a cathode voltage of the SPAD at a first negative voltage, a voltage conversion circuit configured to convert the cathode voltage of the SPAD upon incidence of a photon and output the converted cathode voltage, and an output unit configured to output a detection signal indicating the incidence of the photon on the SPAD on the basis of the converted cathode voltage. The present technology is applicable to a ranging system that detects a range in a depth direction to a subject, for example.

Abstract: A vertical semiconductor device and a method for fabricating the same may include forming an alternating stack of dielectric layers and sacrificial layers over a lower structure, forming an opening by etching the alternating stack, forming a non-conformal blocking layer on the alternating stack in which the opening is formed, adsorbing a deposition inhibitor on a surface of the blocking layer to convert the non-conformal blocking layer into a conformal blocking layer on which the deposition inhibitor is adsorbed, and forming a charge storage layer on the conformal blocking layer.

Abstract: The present disclosure includes apparatuses and methods related to array and peripheral area masking. An example method comprises concurrently forming an array active area mask in an array active area and a peripheral component active area. The method further comprises forming a peripheral component active area mask in the peripheral component active area. The method further comprises concurrently forming etch stop spacers using the array active area mask in the array active area and the peripheral component active area. The method further comprises etching a portion of the peripheral component active area to open peripheral component conductive contact vias using the peripheral component active area mask together with the formed etch stop spacers in order to reduce over-etch of an opening to a device well while increasing surface area opening to a peripheral component conductive contact.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of manufacturing a graphene transistor 101, the method comprising: (a) providing a substrate having a substantially flat surface, wherein the surface comprises an insulating region 110 and an adjacent semiconducting region 105; (b) forming a graphene layer structure 115 on the surface, wherein the graphene layer structure is disposed on and across a portion of both the insulating region and the adjacent semiconducting region; (c) forming a layer of dielectric material 120 on a portion of the graphene layer structure which is itself disposed on the semiconducting region 105; and (d) providing: a source contact 125 on a portion of the graphene layer structure which is itself disposed on the insulating region 110; a gate contact 130 on the layer of dielectric material 120 and above a portion of the graphene layer structure which is itself disposed on the semiconducting region 105; and a drain contact 135 on the semiconducting region 105 of the substrate surface.

Abstract: A structure includes a galvanic isolation including a horizontal portion including a first redistribution layer (RDL) electrode in a first insulator layer, and a second RDL electrode in the first insulator layer laterally spaced from the first RDL electrode. An isolation break includes a trench defined in the first insulator layer between the first RDL electrode and the second RDL electrode, and at least one second insulator layer in the trench. The first insulator layer and the second insulator layer(s) are between the first RDL electrode and the second RDL electrode. The isolation may separate, for example, voltage domains having different voltage levels. A related method is also disclosed. The isolation may also include a vertical portion using the first RDL electrode and another electrode in a metal layer separated from the first RDL electrode by a plurality of interconnect dielectric layers.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes “n” pairs of pn-junction structures, wherein the i-th pair includes two pn-junction structures of the i-th type, wherein the two pn-junction structures of the i-th type are anti-serially connected, wherein the pn-junction structure of the i-th type has an i-th junction grading coefficient mi. A first pair of the n pairs of pn-junction structures has a first junction grading coefficient m1 and a second pair of the n pairs of pn-junction structures has a second junction grading coefficient m2. The junction grading coefficients m1, m2 are adjusted to result in generation of a spurious third harmonic signal of the semiconductor device with a signal power level, which is at least 10 dB lower than a reference signal power level of the spurious third harmonic signal obtained for a reference case in which the first and second junction grading coefficients m1, m2 are 0.25.

Abstract: Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) inertial sensors exhibiting reduced parasitic capacitance are described. The reduction in the parasitic capacitance may be achieved by forming localized regions of thick dielectric material. These localized regions may be formed inside trenches. Formation of trenches enables an increase in the vertical separation between a sense capacitor and the substrate, thereby reducing the parasitic capacitance in this region. The stationary electrode of the sense capacitor may be placed between the proof mass and the trench. The trench may be filled with a dielectric material. Part of the trench may be filled with air, in some circumstances, thereby further reducing the parasitic capacitance. These MEMS inertial sensors may serve, among other types of inertial sensors, as accelerometers and/or gyroscopes. Fabrication of these trenches may involve lateral oxidation, whereby columns of semiconductor material are oxidized.

Abstract: A DRAM device includes an isolation region defining source and drain regions in a substrate, a first bit line structure connected to the source region, a second bit line structure disposed on the isolation region, an inner spacer vertically extending on a first sidewall of the first bit line structure, an air gap is between the inner spacer and an outer spacer, a storage contact between the first and second bit line structures and connected to the drain region, a landing pad structure vertically on the storage contact, and a storage structure vertically on the landing pad structure. The sealing layer seals a top of the first air gap. The sealing layer includes a first sealing layer on a first sidewall of a pad isolation trench, and a second sealing layer on a second sidewall of the pad isolation trench and separated from the first sealing layer.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention are directed to a semiconductor structure and a method for forming a semiconductor structure having a self-aligned dielectric pillar for reducing trench silicide-to-gate parasitic capacitance. In a non-limiting embodiment of the invention, a nanosheet stack is formed over a substrate. A dielectric pillar is positioned adjacent to the nanosheet stack and on a shallow trench isolation region of the substrate. The nanosheet stack is recessed to expose a surface of the shallow trench isolation region and a source or drain (S/D) region is formed on the exposed surface of the shallow trench isolation region. A contact trench is formed that exposes a surface of the S/D region and a surface of the dielectric pillar.

Abstract: Deep trench isolation structures for high voltage semiconductor-on-insulator devices are disclosed herein. An exemplary deep trench isolation structure surrounds an active region of a semiconductor-on-insulator substrate. The deep trench isolation structure includes a first insulator sidewall spacer, a second insulator sidewall spacer, and a multilayer silicon-comprising isolation structure disposed between the first insulator sidewall spacer and the second insulator sidewall spacer. The multilayer silicon-comprising isolation structure includes a top polysilicon portion disposed over a bottom silicon portion. The bottom polysilicon portion is formed by a selective deposition process, while the top polysilicon portion is formed by a non-selective deposition process. In some embodiments, the bottom silicon portion is doped with boron.

Abstract: A semiconductor memory element is provided. The semiconductor memory element includes a substrate including a memory cell region and a peripheral circuit region, an active region located in the memory cell region, a gate pattern buried in the active region, a conductive line disposed on the gate pattern, a first region including a plurality of peripheral elements placed in the peripheral circuit region, a dummy pattern buried in the peripheral circuit region, and a second region which includes the dummy pattern and does not overlap the first region.

Abstract: The present application discloses a semiconductor device with the flowable layer. The semiconductor device includes a substrate, a first isolation layer positioned in the substrate, a first treated flowable layer positioned between the first isolation layer and the substrate, a second isolation layer positioned in the substrate, and a second treated flowable layer positioned between the second isolation layer and the substrate. A width of the first isolation layer is greater than a width of the second isolation layer, and a depth of the first isolation layer is less than a depth of the second isolation layer.

Abstract: There is provided a method of filling one or more recesses by providing the substrate in a reaction chamber and introducing a first reactant to the substrate with a first dose, introducing a second reactant to the substrate with a second dose, wherein the first and the second doses overlap in an overlap area where the first and second reactants react and leave an initially substantially unreacted area where the first and the second areas do not overlap; introducing a third reactant to the substrate with a third dose, the third reactant reacting with the first or second reactant to form deposited material; and etching the deposited material. An apparatus for filling a recess is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method for forming a foreign oxide or foreign nitride layer (6) on a substrate (1) of a semiconductor comprises providing a semiconductor substrate (1) having an oxidized or nitridized surface layer (3), supplying a foreign element (5) on the oxidized or nitridized surface layer; and keeping the oxidized or nitridized surface layer (3) at an elevated temperature so as to oxidize or nitridize at least partially the foreign element by the oxygen or nitrogen, respectively, initially present in the oxidized or nitridized surface layer (3).

Abstract: Provided are a semiconductor structure and a manufacturing method thereof. The semiconductor structure includes a carrier substrate, a trap-rich layer, a dielectric layer, an interconnect structure, a device structure layer and a circuit structure. The trap-rich layer is disposed on the carrier substrate. The dielectric layer is disposed on the trap-rich layer. The interconnect structure is disposed on the dielectric layer. The device structure layer is disposed on the interconnect structure and electrically connected to the interconnect structure. The circuit structure is disposed on the device structure layer and electrically connected to the device structure layer.

Abstract: A method includes providing a structure having two fins extending from a substrate and an isolation structure adjacent to lower portions of the fins; forming a cladding layer over the isolation structure and over top and sidewalls of the fins; recessing the isolation structure using the cladding layer as an etch mask to expose the substrate; after the recessing of the isolation structure, depositing a seal layer over the substrate, the isolation structure, and the cladding layer; forming a sacrificial plug over the seal layer and between the two fins; and depositing a dielectric top cover over the sacrificial plug and laterally between the two fins.

Abstract: A semiconductor device structure includes a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) region. The SOI region includes a semiconductor substrate, a buried oxide layer disposed over the semiconductor substrate, and a silicon layer disposed over the buried oxide layer. The semiconductor device structure also includes a first shallow trench isolation (STI) structure penetrating through the silicon layer and the buried oxide layer and extending into the semiconductor substrate. The first STI structure includes a first liner contacting the semiconductor substrate and the silicon layer, a second liner covering the first liner and contacting the buried oxide layer, and a third liner covering the second liner. The first liner, the second liner and the third liner are made of different materials. The first STI structure also includes a first trench filling layer disposed over the third liner and separated from the second liner by the third liner.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a semiconductor device includes forming an upper structure in which a bottom electrode, a dielectric layer, a top electrode and a plasma protection layer are sequentially stacked on a lower structure, exposing the upper structure to a plasma treatment, and exposing the plasma-treated upper structure and the lower structure to a hydrogen passivation process.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a semiconductor device includes forming a stacked structure including trenches having different depths, forming an insulating layer on the stacked structure to fill the trenches, and forming a plurality of protrusions located corresponding to locations of the trenches by patterning the insulating layer. The method also includes forming insulating patterns filling the trenches, respectively, by planarizing the patterned insulating layer including the plurality of protrusions.

Abstract: A method includes patterning a trench and depositing a first insulating material along sidewalls and a bottom surface of the trench using a conformal deposition process. Depositing the first insulating material includes forming a first seam between a first portion of the first insulating material on a first sidewall of the trench and a second portion of the first insulating material on a second sidewall of the trench. The method further includes etching the first insulating material below a top of the trench and depositing a second insulating material over the first insulating material and in the trench using a conformal deposition process. Depositing the second insulating material comprises forming a second seam between a first portion of the second insulating material on the first sidewall of the trench and a second portion of the second insulating material on a second sidewall of the trench.

Abstract: A method includes patterning a trench and depositing a first insulating material along sidewalls and a bottom surface of the trench using a conformal deposition process. Depositing the first insulating material includes forming a first seam between a first portion of the first insulating material on a first sidewall of the trench and a second portion of the first insulating material on a second sidewall of the trench. The method further includes etching the first insulating material below a top of the trench and depositing a second insulating material over the first insulating material and in the trench using a conformal deposition process. Depositing the second insulating material comprises forming a second seam between a first portion of the second insulating material on the first sidewall of the trench and a second portion of the second insulating material on a second sidewall of the trench.

Abstract: A semiconductor structure and a method of fabricating the same are disclosed. The semiconductor device comprises: a first active region over a substrate; and a first bit line structure intercepting the first active region at a level that is lower than a top-most surface thereof, the first bit line structure including a barrier liner having a U-profile in a width direction thereof in electrical contact with the first active region.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to semiconductor structures and, more particularly, to co-integrated high voltage and medium voltage devices with defect prevention structures and methods of manufacture. The structure includes: a semiconductor on insulator (SOI) region and a bulk region integrated in a single substrate; at least one active device in the bulk region; at least one active device in the SOI region; and a defect prevention structure bordering the SOI region.

Abstract: The invention discloses an active region structure and a manufacturing method thereof, which also comprises a edge portion around the active region, so that the stress generated by the shallow trench insulation layer in the peripheral area on the active region can be blocked, and the component unit in the peripheral edge area of the active region can be prevented from being damaged due to stress. In addition, the edge portion includes branches extending into the active region, and the branches extend in at least two different directions, which can compensate the uneven stress at the end between the active lines and avoid the damage of the component unit.

Abstract: An SRAM structure includes first and second gate strips extending along a first direction. A first active region extends across the first gate strip from a top view, and forms a first pull-up transistor with the first gate strip. A second active region extends across the second gate strip from the top view, and forms a second pull-up transistor with the second gate strip. From the top view the first active region has a first stepped sidewall facing away from the second active region. The first stepped sidewall has a first side surface farthest from the second active region, a second side surface set back from the first side surface along the first direction, and a third side surface set back from the second side surface along the first direction.

Abstract: A plasma processing method executed by a plasma processing apparatus in the present disclosure includes a first step and a second step. In the first step, the plasma processing apparatus forms a first film on the side walls of an opening in the processing target, the first film having different thicknesses along a spacing between pairs of side walls facing each other. In the second step, the plasma processing apparatus forms a second film by performing a film forming cycle once or more times after the first step, the second film having different thicknesses along the spacing between the pairs of side walls facing each other.

Abstract: An array of recessed access gate lines includes active area regions having dielectric trench isolation material there-between. The trench isolation material comprises dielectric projections extending into opposing ends of individual active area regions under an elevationally outermost surface of material of the active area regions. The active area material is elevationally over the dielectric projections. Recessed access gate lines individually extend transversally across the active area regions and extend between the ends of immediately end-to-end adjacent active area regions within the dielectric trench isolation material. Other arrays are disclosed, as are methods.

Abstract: One or more semiconductor processing tools may form a deep trench within a silicon wafer. The one or more semiconductor processing tools may deposit a first insulating material within the deep trench. The one or more semiconductor processing tools may form, after forming the deep trench with the silicon wafer, a shallow trench above the deep trench. The one or more semiconductor processing tools may deposit a second insulating material within the shallow trench.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes an electric circuit configured to include, a transistor, a first pad coupled to a gate or a drain of the transistor, a second pad coupled to the gate or the drain of the transistor, a first wiring that extends from the gate or the drain of the transistor to the first pad, and a second wiring that diverges from the first wiring and extends to the second pad, and a redistribution layer formed over the electric circuit and configured to include a first redistribution coupled to the first pad, and a second redistribution coupled to the second pad to constitute a stub.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to semiconductor structures and, more particularly, to a waveguide structure with attenuator and methods of manufacture. The structure includes: a waveguide structure including semiconductor material; an attenuator underneath the waveguide structure; an airgap structure vertically aligned with and underneath the waveguide structure and the attenuator; and shallow trench isolation structures on sides of the waveguide structure and merging with the airgap structure.

Abstract: A method is provided for producing a component based on a plurality of transistors on a substrate including an active area and an electrical isolation area, each transistor including a gate and spacers on either side of the gate, the electrical isolation area including at least one cavity formed as a hollow between a spacer of a first transistor of the plurality of transistors and a spacer of a second transistor of the plurality of transistors, the first and the second transistors being adjacent, the method including: forming the gates of the transistors; forming the spacers; and forming a mechanically constraining layer for the transistors; and after forming the spacers and before forming the mechanically constraining layer, forming a filling configured to at least partially fill, with a filling material, the at least one cavity within the electrical isolation area, between the spacers of the first and the second transistors.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a semiconductor device includes forming an upper structure in which a bottom electrode, a dielectric layer, a top electrode and a plasma protection layer are sequentially stacked on a lower structure, exposing the upper structure to a plasma treatment, and exposing the plasma-treated upper structure and the lower structure to a hydrogen passivation process.

Abstract: A semiconductor device with isolation structures of different dielectric constants and a method of fabricating the same are disclosed. The semiconductor device includes fin structures with first and second fin portions disposed on first and second device areas on a substrate and first and second pair of gate structures disposed on the first and second fin portions. The second pair of gate structures is electrically isolated from the first pair of gate structures. The semiconductor device further includes a first isolation structure interposed between the first pair of gate structures and a second isolation structure interposed between the second pair of gate structures. The first isolation structure includes a first nitride liner and a first oxide fill layer. The second isolation structure includes a second nitride liner and a second oxide fill layer. The second nitride liner is thicker than the first nitride liner.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a semiconductor structure, including a magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ), a top electrode over a top surface of the MTJ, a first dielectric layer surrounding the top electrode, wherein a bottom surface of the first dielectric contacts with a top surface of the MTJ, and a second dielectric layer surrounding the first dielectric layer and the MTJ.

Abstract: Provided is a semiconductor isolation structure including: a substrate having a first trench in a first region of the substrate and a second trench in a second region of the substrate; a filling layer is located in the first trench and the second trench; a liner layer on the sidewalls and bottom of the first trench and the second trench; a fixed negative charge layer is located between the filling layer and the liner layer in the first trench and the second trench; and a fixed positive charge layer located between the fixed negative charge layer and the liner layer in the first trench. The liner layer, the fixed positive charge layer, the fixed negative charge layer and the filling layer in the first trench form a first isolation structure. The liner layer, the fixed negative charge layer and the filling layer in the second trench form a second isolation structure.

Abstract: A DRAM device includes an isolation region defining source and drain regions in a substrate, a first bit line structure connected to the source region, a second bit line structure disposed on the isolation region, an inner spacer vertically extending on a first sidewall of the first bit line structure, an air gap is between the inner spacer and an outer spacer, a storage contact between the first and second bit line structures and connected to the drain region, a landing pad structure vertically on the storage contact, and a storage structure vertically on the landing pad structure. The sealing layer seals a top of the first air gap. The sealing layer includes a first sealing layer on a first sidewall of a pad isolation trench, and a second sealing layer on a second sidewall of the pad isolation trench and separated from the first sealing layer.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a semiconductor body having a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface. A transistor structure is formed is the semiconductor body. A trench structure extends from the first surface into the semiconductor body. An electrostatic discharge protection structure is accommodated in the trench structure. The electrostatic discharge protection structure includes a first terminal region and a second terminal region. A source contact structure at the first surface is electrically connected to source regions of the transistor structure and to the first terminal region. A gate contact structure at the first surface is electrically connected to a gate electrode of the transistor structure and to the second terminal region.

Abstract: Methods for removing an oxide film from a silicon-on-insulator structure are disclosed. The oxide may be stripped from a SOI structure before deposition of an epitaxial silicon thickening layer. The oxide film may be removed by dispensing an etching solution toward a center region of the SOI structure and dispensing an etching solution to an edge region of the structure.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method of forming a fin-type field effect transistor (FINFET) and a FINFET structure. In the method, isolation regions are formed on opposing sides of a semiconductor fin. Each isolation region is shorter than the fin, has a lower isolation portion adjacent to a lower fin portion, and has an upper isolation portion that is narrower than the lower isolation portion and separated from a bottom section of an upper fin portion by a space. Surface oxidation of the upper fin portion thins the top section, but leaves the bottom section relatively wide. During gate formation, the gate dielectric layer fills the spaces between the bottom section of the upper fin portion and the adjacent isolation regions. Thus, the gate conductor layer is formed above any fin bulge area and degradation of gate control over the channel region due to a non-uniform fin width is minimized or avoided.

Abstract: In some embodiments, the present disclosure relates to a method of forming an integrated chip. The method includes forming a plurality of memory devices within an embedded memory region of a substrate and forming a plurality of transistor devices within a logic region of the substrate. A first isolation structure is formed within a boundary region of the substrate disposed between the logic region and the embedded memory region. The first isolation structure is formed within a recess in the substrate. A logic wall is formed over the first isolation structure. The logic wall surrounds the embedded memory region and has a first height that is greater than heights of the plurality of memory devices.

Abstract: A bonded assembly includes a first die containing first bonding pads having sidewalls that are laterally bonded to sidewalls of second bonding pads of a second die.

Abstract: A display device includes a display panel that includes a flat part and a protruding part adjacent to one side of the flat part, a touch panel disposed on the display panel, a touch connection circuit board disposed at one side of the touch panel and electrically connected to the touch panel, and a protective layer disposed on one surface of the touch connection circuit board and that overlaps the protruding part. The touch connection circuit board includes a base film, a first dummy pattern disposed on the base film and adjacent to one edge of the base film, a second dummy pattern disposed on the base film and adjacent to an other edge of the base film, and a line pattern section disposed between the first and second dummy patterns. The protective layer covers the line pattern section between the first and second dummy patterns.

Abstract: Dual self-aligned gate endcap (SAGE) architectures, and methods of fabricating dual self-aligned gate endcap (SAGE) architectures, are described. In an example, an integrated circuit structure includes a first semiconductor fin having a cut along a length of the first semiconductor fin. A second semiconductor fin is parallel with the first semiconductor fin. A first gate endcap isolation structure is between the first semiconductor fin and the second semiconductor fin. A second gate endcap isolation structure is in a location of the cut along the length of the first semiconductor fin.

Abstract: A method for forming a silicon nitride film to cover a stepped portion formed by exposed surfaces of first and second base films in a substrate, includes: forming a nitride film or a seed layer to cover the stepped portion, wherein the nitride film is formed by supplying, to the substrate, a nitrogen-containing base-film nitriding gas for nitriding the base films, exposing the substrate to plasma and nitriding the surface of the stepped portion, and the seed layer is composed of a silicon-containing film formed by supplying a raw material gas of silicon to the substrate and is configured such that the silicon nitride film uniformly grows on the surfaces of the base films; and forming the silicon nitride film on the seed layer by supplying, to the substrate, a second raw material gas of silicon and a silicon-nitriding gas for nitriding silicon.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention are directed to a semiconductor structure and a method for forming a semiconductor structure having a self-aligned dielectric pillar for reducing trench silicide-to-gate parasitic capacitance. In a non-limiting embodiment of the invention, a nanosheet stack is formed over a substrate. A dielectric pillar is positioned adjacent to the nanosheet stack and on a shallow trench isolation region of the substrate. The nanosheet stack is recessed to expose a surface of the shallow trench isolation region and a source or drain (S/D) region is formed on the exposed surface of the shallow trench isolation region. A contact trench is formed that exposes a surface of the S/D region and a surface of the dielectric pillar.

Abstract: A dynamic random access memory (DRAM) and methods of manufacturing, writing and reading the same. The DRAM includes a substrate, a bit line, a sidewall structure and an interconnection structure. The bit line is disposed on the substrate. The sidewall structure is disposed on a sidewall of the bit line. The sidewall structure includes a first insulation layer, a second insulation layer, and a shield conductor layer. The first insulation layer is disposed on the sidewall of the bit line. The second insulation layer is disposed on the first insulation layer. The shield conductor layer is disposed between the first insulation layer and the second insulation layer. The interconnection structure is electrically connected to the shield conductor layer. The DRAM and the manufacturing, writing and reading methods thereof can effectively reduce the parasitic capacitance of the bit line.

Abstract: A structure includes a semiconductor support, a semiconductor region overlying the semiconductor support, a silicon nitride layer surrounding and straining the semiconductor region, and a metal foot separating the silicon nitride layer from the semiconductor support. The semiconductor region includes germanium. The semiconductor region can be a resonator of a laser or a waveguide.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a pattern formation method is disclosed. The method includes a preparation process, a block copolymer layer formation process, and a contact process. The preparation process includes preparing a pattern formation material including a block copolymer including a first block and a second block. The first block includes a first main chain and a plurality of first side chains. At least one of the first side chains includes a plurality of carbonyl groups. The block copolymer layer formation process includes forming a block copolymer layer on a first member. The block copolymer layer includes the pattern formation material and includes a first region and a second region. The first region includes the first block. The second region includes the second block. The contact process includes causing the block copolymer layer to contact a metal compound including a metallic element.