Abstract: A substrate including a handle substrate, a lower insulator layer, a buried semiconductor layer, an upper insulator layer, and a top semiconductor layer is provided. Semiconductor fins can be formed by patterning a portion of the buried semiconductor layer after removal of the upper insulator layer and the top semiconductor layer in a fin region, while a planar device region is protected by an etch mask. A disposable fill material portion is formed in the fin region, and a shallow trench isolation structure can be formed in the planar device region. The disposable fill material portion is removed, and gate stacks for a planar field effect transistor and a fin field effect transistor can be simultaneously formed. Alternately, disposable gate structures and a planarization dielectric layer can be formed, and replacement gate stacks can be subsequently formed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a semiconductor component with trench isolation and to an associated fabrication method, a trench isolation (STI, TTI) having a deep isolation trench with a covering insulation layer (10, 11), a side wall insulation layer (6) and an electrically conductive filling layer (7), which is electrically connected to a predetermined doping region (1) of the semiconductor substrate in a bottom region of the trench. The use of a trench contact (DTC), which has a deep contact trench with a side wall insulation layer (6) and an electrically conductive filling layer (7), which is likewise electrically connected to the predetermined doping region (1) of the semiconductor substrate in a bottom region of the contact trench, makes it possible to improve the electrical shielding properties with a reduced area requirement.

Abstract: A method for forming a dielectric layer free of voids is disclosed. First, a substrate, a first stressed layer including a recess, a second stressed layer disposed on the first stressed layer and covering the recess and a patterned photoresist embedded in the recess are provided. Second, a first etching step is performed to totally remove the photoresist so that the remaining second stressed layer forms at least one protrusion adjacent to the recess. Then, a trimming photoresist is formed without exposure to fill the recess and to cover the protrusion. Later, a trimming etching step is performed to eliminate the protrusion and to collaterally remove the trimming photoresist.

Abstract: Device structures and design structures for a silicon controlled rectifier, as well as methods for fabricating a silicon controlled rectifier. The device structure includes first and second layers of different materials disposed on a top surface of a device region containing first and second p-n junctions of the silicon controlled rectifier. The first layer is laterally positioned on the top surface in vertical alignment with the first p-n junction. The second layer is laterally positioned on the top surface of the device region in vertical alignment with the second p-n junction. The material comprising the second layer has a higher electrical resistivity than the material comprising the first layer.

Abstract: A manufacturing method for a shallow trench isolation. First, a substrate is provided, a hard mask layer and a patterned photoresist layer are sequentially formed on the substrate, at least one trench is then formed in the substrate through an etching process, the hard mask layer is removed. Afterwards, a filler is formed at least in the trench and a planarization process is then performed on the filler. Since the planarization process is performed only on the filler, so the dishing phenomenon can effectively be avoided.

Abstract: Embodiments of the disclosure include a shallow trench isolation structure having a dielectric material with energetic species implanted to a predetermined depth of the dielectric material. Embodiments further include methods of fabricating the trench structures with the implant of energetic species to the predetermined depth. In various embodiments the implant of energetic species is used to densify the dielectric material to provide a uniform wet etch rate across the surface of the dielectric material. Embodiments also include memory devices, integrated circuits, and electronic systems that include shallow trench isolation structures having the dielectric material with the high flux of energetic species implanted to the predetermined depth of the dielectric material.

Abstract: A trench isolation structure and a method of forming the same are provided. The trench isolation structure includes: a semiconductor substrate, and trenches formed in the semiconductor substrate and filled with a dielectric layer, where the material of the dielectric layer is a crystalline material. By using the present invention, the size of the divot can be reduced, and device performances can be improved.

Abstract: Embodiments disclosed herein may relate to forming a contact region for an interconnect between a selector transistor and a word-line electrode in a memory device.

Abstract: One illustrative method disclosed herein includes forming a sacrificial gate structure above a fin, wherein the sacrificial gate structure is comprised of a sacrificial gate insulation layer, a layer of insulating material, a sacrificial gate electrode layer and a gate cap layer, forming a sidewall spacer adjacent opposite sides of the sacrificial gate structure, removing the sacrificial gate structure to thereby define a gate cavity that exposes a portion of the fin, and forming a replacement gate structure in the gate cavity. One illustrative device disclosed herein includes a plurality of fin structures that are separated by a trench formed in a substrate, a local isolation material positioned within the trench, a gate structure positioned around portions of the fin structures and above the local isolation material and an etch stop layer positioned between the gate structure and the local isolation material within the trench.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a semiconductor device includes providing a substrate having a first surface, forming an isolation structure disposed partly in the substrate and having an second surface higher than the first surface by a step height, removing a portion of the isolation structure to form a recess therein having a bottom surface disposed below the first surface, and forming a contact engaging the gate structure over the recess. A different aspect involves an apparatus that includes a substrate having a first surface, an isolation structure disposed partly in the substrate and having a second surface higher than the first surface by a step height, a recess extending downwardly from the second surface, the recess having a bottom surface disposed below the first surface, a gate structure, and a contact engaging the gate structure over the recess.

Abstract: A method of forming a semiconductor device is provided where in one embodiment an STI fill is recessed below the pad nitride and pad oxide layers, to a level substantially coplanar with the top surface of the substrate. A thin (having a thickness in the range of about 10 ?-100 ?) wet etch resistant layer is formed in contact with and completely covering at least the top surface of the recessed STI fill material. The thin wet etch resistant layer is more resistant to a wet etch process than at least the pad oxide layer. The thin wet etch resistant layer may be a refractory dielectric material, or a dielectric such as HfOx, AlyOx, ZrOx, HfZrOx, and HfSiOx. The inventive wet etch resistant layer improves the wet etch budget of subsequent wet etch processing steps.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of forming an isolation structure. A substrate is provided, and a trench is formed in the substrate. Next, a semiconductor layer is formed on a surface of the trench. A nitridation is carried out to form a nitridation layer in the semiconductor layer. Lastly, an insulation layer is filled into the trench.

Abstract: A semiconductor substrate having an isolation region and method of forming the same. The method includes the steps of providing a substrate having a substrate layer, a buried oxide (BOX), a silicon on insulator (SOI) layer, a pad oxide layer, and a pad nitride layer, forming a shallow trench region, etching the pad oxide layer to form ears and etching the BOX layer to form undercuts, depositing a liner on the shallow trench region, depositing a soft mask over the surface of the shallow trench region, filling the shallow trench region, etching the soft mask so that it is recessed to the top of the BOX layer, etching the liner off certain regions, removing the soft mask, and filling and polishing the shallow trench region. The liner prevents shorting of the semiconductor device when the contacts are misaligned.

Abstract: A semiconductor structure which includes a shielded gate FET is formed as follows. A plurality of trenches is formed in a semiconductor region using a mask. The mask includes (i) a first insulating layer over a surface of the semiconductor region, (ii) a first oxidation barrier layer over the first insulating layer, and (iii) a second insulating layer over the first oxidation barrier layer. A shield dielectric is formed extending along at least lower sidewalls of each trench. A thick bottom dielectric (TBD) is formed along the bottom of each trench. The first oxidation barrier layer prevents formation of a dielectric layer along the surface of the semiconductor region during formation of the TBD. A shield electrode is formed in a bottom portion of each trench. A gate electrode is formed over the shield electrode in each trench.

Abstract: A method for forming a vertical electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection device includes depositing a multi-layer n-type epitaxial layer on a substrate having p-type surface including first epitaxial depositing to form a first n-type epitaxial layer on the p-type surface, and second epitaxial depositing to form a second n-type epitaxial layer formed on the first n-type epitaxial layer. The first type epitaxial layer has a peak doping level which is at least double that of the second n-type epitaxial layer. A p+ layer is formed on the second n-type epitaxial layer. An etch step etches through the p+ layer and multi-layer n-type epitaxial layer to reach the substrate to form a trench. The trench is filled with a filler material to form a trench isolation region. A metal contact is formed on the p+ layer for providing contact to the p+ layer.

Abstract: An integrated circuit device and a process for making the integrated circuit device. The integrated circuit device including a substrate having a trench formed therein, a first layer of isolation material occupying the trench, a second layer of isolation material formed over the first layer of isolation material, an epitaxially-grown silicon layer on the substrate and horizontally adjacent the second layer of isolation material, and a gate structure formed on the epitaxially-grown silicon, the gate structure defining a channel.

Abstract: An electronic device may include a substrate, a buried oxide (BOX) layer overlying the substrate, at least one semiconductor device overlying the BOX layer, and at least one STI region in the substrate and adjacent the at least one semiconductor device. The at least one STI region defines a sidewall surface with the substrate and may include a nitride layer lining a bottom portion of the sidewall surface, an oxide layer lining a top portion of the sidewall surface above the bottom portion, and an insulating material within the nitride and oxide layers.

Abstract: A process is provided for selective removal of one or more unwanted fins during FINFET device fabrication. In one aspect, the process includes: providing a conformal protective layer over multiple fin structures on a substrate; patterning one or more openings over the unwanted fin structure(s); and removing at least a top portion of the unwanted fin structure(s) exposed through the opening(s), the removing including removing at least a portion of the conformal protective layer over the unwanted fin structure(s) exposed through the opening(s). In enhanced aspects, the removing includes removing a hard mask from the at least one unwanted fin structure(s) exposed through the opening(s), and selectively removing semiconductor material of at least one unwanted fin structure(s). The conformal protective layer protects one or more remaining fin structures during the selective removal of the semiconductor material of the unwanted fin structure(s).

Abstract: A method of fabricating a memory device includes forming a plurality of first insulative blocks and a plurality of second insulative blocks arranged in an alternating manner in a substrate, forming a plurality of wide trenches in the substrate to form a plurality of protruding blocks, forming a word line on each sidewall of the protruding blocks, isolating the word line on each sidewall of the protruding block, and forming an trench filler in the protruding block to form two mesa structures, wherein the first insulative block and the second insulative block have different depths, and the wide trenches are transverse to the first insulative blocks.

Abstract: A method includes forming a patterned mask comprised of a polish stop layer positioned above a protection layer above a substrate, performing at least one etching process through the patterned mask layer on the substrate to define a trench in the substrate, and forming a layer of silicon dioxide above the patterned mask layer such that the layer of silicon dioxide overfills the trench. The method also includes removing portions of the layer of silicon dioxide positioned outside of the trench to define an isolation structure, performing a dry, selective chemical oxide etching process that removes silicon dioxide selectively relative to the material of the polish stop layer to reduce an overall height of the isolation structure, and performing a selective wet etching process to remove the polish stop layer selectively relative to the isolation region.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a semiconductor device includes forming a device isolation region on a semiconductor substrate to define an active region, forming a gate electrode on the active region and the device isolation region across the active region, and forming at least one gate electrode opening portion in the gate electrode so as to overlap an edge portion of the active region, wherein the gate electrode opening portion is simultaneously formed with the gate electrode.

Abstract: A memory device includes a mesa structure and a word line. The mesa structure, having two opposite side surfaces, includes at least one pair of source/drain regions and at least one channel base region corresponding to the pair of source/drain regions formed therein. The word line includes two linear sections and at least one interconnecting portion. Each linear section extends on the respective side surface of the mesa structure, adjacent to the channel base region. The at least one interconnecting portion penetrates through the mesa structure, connecting the two linear sections.

Abstract: A method for depositing a polysilazane on a semiconductor wafer is provided. The method includes steps of disposing a silazane onto the semiconductor wafer, and heating the silazane to form the polysilazane on the semiconductor wafer. An apparatus for preparing a polysilazane on a semiconductor wafer is also provided.

Abstract: A shallow isolation trench structure and methods of forming the same wherein the method of formation comprises a layered structure of a buffer film layer over a dielectric layer that is atop a semiconductor substrate. The buffer film layer comprises a material that is oxidation resistant and can be etched selectively to oxide films. The layered structure is patterned with a resist material and etched to form a shallow trench. A thin oxide layer is formed in the trench and the buffer film layer is selectively etched to move the buffer film layer back from the corners of the trench. An isolation material is then used to fill the shallow trench and the buffer film layer is stripped to form an isolation structure. When the structure is etched by subsequent processing step(s), a capped shallow trench isolation structure that covers the shallow trench corners is created.

Abstract: A semiconductor device with mini silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon (mini-SONOS) cell is disclosed. The semiconductor device includes: a semiconductor substrate; a shallow trench isolation (STI) embedded in the semiconductor substrate; a logic device partially overlapping the STI; and a SONOS cell formed in the overlapped region of the logic device and the STI.

Abstract: A method of formation of an isolation structure for vertical semiconductor devices, the resulting isolation structure, and a memory device to prevent leakage among adjacent vertical semiconductor devices are described.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a bottom oxide layer in a trench (102) is disclosed. The method comprises forming the trench (102) in a semiconductor substrate (100), depositing an oxide layer to partially fill a field area (104) and the trench (102), wherein said oxide layer has oxide overhang portions (106) and removing the oxide overhang portions (106) of the deposited oxide layer. Thereafter, the method comprises forming a bottom anti-reflective coating (BARC) layer (108) to cover the oxide layer in the field area (104) and the trench (102), removing the BARC layer (110) from the field area (104), while retaining a predetermined thickness of the BARC layer (112) in the trench (102), removing the oxide layer from the field area (104) and removing the BARC layer and oxide layer in the trench (102) to obtain a predetermined thickness of the bottom oxide layer (114).

Abstract: A method for formation of a sealed shallow trench isolation (STI) region for a semiconductor device includes forming a STI region in a substrate, the STI region comprising a STI fill; forming a sealing recess in the STI fill of the STI region; and forming a sealing layer in the sealing recess over the STI fill.

Abstract: Provided is a method of fabricating a semiconductor device. The method includes forming a first dielectric layer over a first surface and a second surface of a silicon substrate. the first and second surfaces being opposite surfaces. A first portion of the first dielectric layer covers the first surface of the substrate, and a second portion of the first dielectric layer covers the second surface of the substrate. The method includes forming openings that extend into the substrate from the first surface. The method includes filling the openings with a second dielectric layer. The method includes removing the first portion of the first dielectric layer without removing the second portion of the first dielectric layer.

Abstract: In a method for forming a device, a (110) silicon substrate is etched to form first trenches in the (110) silicon substrate, wherein remaining portions of the (110) silicon substrate between the first trenches form silicon strips. The sidewalls of the silicon strips have (111) surface orientations. The first trenches are filled with a dielectric material to from Shallow Trench Isolation (STI) regions. The silicon strips are removed to form second trenches between the STI regions. An epitaxy is performed to grow semiconductor strips in the second trenches. Top portions of the STI regions are recessed, and the top portions of the semiconductor strips between removed top portions of the STI regions form semiconductor fins.

Abstract: A method of processing a semiconductor structure may include preparing a vertical channel memory structure for filling of a physical isolation trench formed therein. The physical isolation trench may be formed between active structures adjacent to each other and extending in a first direction. The active structures may have channels adjacent to sides of the active structures that are opposite to sides of the active structures that are adjacent to the physical isolation trench. The method may further include filling the physical isolation trench in connection with application of a multi-dielectric layer (ex. an oxide-nitride-oxide (ONO) layer), a polysilicon liner and/or an oxide film. A corresponding apparatus and method for integrating such a structure with a planar periphery are also provided.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for continuously rounded charge trapping layer formation in a flash memory device. The memory device includes a semiconductor layer, including a source/drain region. An isolation region is disposed adjacent to the source/drain region. A first insulator is disposed above the source/drain region. A charge trapping layer is disposed within the first insulator, wherein the charge trapping layer comprises a bulk portion and a first tip and a second tip on either side of said bulk portion, wherein said charge trapping layer extends beyond the width of the source/drain region. A second insulator is disposed above the charge trapping layer. A polysilicon gate structure is disposed above the second insulator, wherein a width of said control gate is wider than the width of said source/drain region.

Abstract: The width of a heavily-doped sinker is substantially reduced by forming the heavily-doped sinker to lie in between a number of closely-spaced trench isolation structures, which have been formed in a semiconductor material. During drive-in, the closely-spaced trench isolation structures significantly limit the lateral diffusion.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a fabrication method of a semiconductor device to order to increase an operation liability of the semiconductor device. A method for fabricating a semiconductor device comprises forming a recess in a semiconductor substrate, forming a word line in a lower part of the recess, oxidizing a top portion of the word line, and depositing an insulating material in a remained part of the recess.

Abstract: Shallow trench isolation structures are provided for use with UTBB (ultra-thin body and buried oxide) semiconductor substrates, which prevent defect mechanisms from occurring, such as the formation of electrical shorts between exposed portions of silicon layers on the sidewalls of shallow trench of a UTBB substrate, in instances when trench fill material of the shallow trench is subsequently etched away and recessed below an upper surface of the UTBB substrate.

Abstract: A shallow trench is formed to extend into a handle substrate of a semiconductor-on-insulator (SOI) layer. A dielectric liner stack of a dielectric metal oxide layer and a silicon nitride layer is formed in the shallow trench, followed by deposition of a shallow trench isolation fill portion. The dielectric liner stack is removed from above a top surface of a top semiconductor portion, followed by removal of a silicon nitride pad layer and an upper vertical portion of the dielectric metal oxide layer. A divot laterally surrounding a stack of a top semiconductor portion and a buried insulator portion is filled with a silicon nitride portion. Gate structures and source/drain structures are subsequently formed. The silicon nitride portion or the dielectric metal oxide layer functions as a stopping layer during formation of source/drain contact via holes, thereby preventing electrical shorts between source/drain contact via structures and the handle substrate.

Abstract: A system and method for providing support to semiconductor wafer is provided. An embodiment comprises introducing a vacancy enhancing material during the formation of a semiconductor ingot prior to the semiconductor wafer being separated from the semiconductor ingot. The vacancy enhancing material forms vacancies at a high density within the semiconductor ingot, and the vacancies form bulk micro defects within the semiconductor wafer during high temperature processes such as annealing. These bulk micro defects help to provide support and strengthen the semiconductor wafer during subsequent processing and helps to reduce or eliminate a fingerprint overlay that may otherwise occur.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a semiconductor IC is disclosed. The method includes receiving a device. The device includes a semiconductor substrate, a plurality of fins and trenches between fins in the semiconductor substrate. The method also includes filling the trenches with a dielectric material to form shallow trench isolations (STI), applying a low-thermal-budget annealing to the dielectric material, and applying a wet-treatment to the dielectric material.

Abstract: One example of a method disclosed herein for forming a transistor surrounded by an isolation structure includes the steps of, prior to forming the isolation structure, forming a semiconductor material on a region of a semiconducting substrate, after forming the semiconductor material, forming the isolation structure in the substrate around the semiconductor material, and forming a gate structure above the semiconductor material.

Abstract: A method of forming improved spacer isolation in deep trench including recessing a node dielectric, a first conductive layer, and a second conductive layer each deposited within a deep trench formed in a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate, to a level below a buried oxide layer of the SOI substrate, and creating an opening having a bottom surface in the deep trench. Further including depositing a spacer along a sidewall of the deep trench and the bottom surface of the opening, and removing the spacer from the bottom surface of the opening. Performing at least one of an ion implantation and an ion bombardment in one direction at an angle into an upper portion of the spacer. Removing the upper portion of the spacer from the sidewall of the deep trench. Depositing a third conductive layer within the opening.

Abstract: Diodes and bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) are formed in IC devices that include fin field-effect transistors (FinFETs) by utilizing various process steps in the FinFET formation process. The diode or BJT includes an isolated fin area and fin array area having n-wells having different depths and a p-well in a portion of the fin array area that surrounds the n-well in the isolated fin area. The n-wells and p-well for the diodes and BJTs are implanted together with the FinFET n-wells and p-wells.

Abstract: Methods of forming vertical memory devices include forming first trenches, at least partially filling the first trenches with a polysilicon material, and forming second trenches generally perpendicular to the first trenches. The second trenches may be formed by removing one of silicon and oxide with a first material removal act and by removing the other of silicon and oxide in a different second material removal act. Methods of forming an apparatus include forming isolation trenches, at least partially filling the isolation trenches with a polysilicon material, and forming word line trenches generally perpendicular to the isolation trenches, the word line trenches having a depth in a word line end region about equal to or greater than a depth thereof in an array region. Word lines may be formed in the word line trenches. Semiconductor devices, vertical memory devices, and apparatuses are formed by such methods.

Abstract: Methods are provided for fabricating FinFET integrated circuits on bulk semiconductor substrates. In accordance with one embodiment a patterned hard mask that defines locations of a regular array of a plurality of fins is formed overlying a semiconductor substrate. Portions of the patterned hard mask are removed using a cut mask to form a modified hard mask. The substrate is etched using the modified hard mask as an etch mask to form a plurality of fins extending upwardly from the substrate and separated by trenches. Selected ones of the plurality of fins are at least partially removed to form isolation regions and an insulating material is deposited to fill the trenches and to cover the at least partially removed selected ones of the plurality of fins.

Abstract: A non-volatile memory device includes an active region in which a channel of a transistor is formed in a substrate, element isolation films defining the active region and formed on the substrate at both sides of the channel at a height lower than an upper surface of the active region, a first dielectric layer, a second dielectric layer, and a control gate electrode formed on the active region in this order, and a floating gate electrode formed between the first dielectric layer and the second dielectric layer so as to intersect the length direction of the channel and extend to the upper surfaces of the element isolation films at both sides of the channel, thereby surrounding the channel.

Abstract: A semiconductor body of a semiconductor device includes a doped layer of a first conductivity type and one or more doped zones of a second conductivity type. The one or more doped zones are formed between the doped layer and the first surface of a semiconductor body. Trench structures extend from one of the first and the second opposing surface into the semiconductor body. The trench structures are arranged between portions of the semiconductor body which are electrically connected to each other. The trench structures may be arranged for mitigating mechanical stress, locally controlling charge carrier mobility, locally controlling a charge carrier recombination rate and/or shaping buried diffusion zones.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a semiconductor device includes sequentially stacking a pad oxide layer and a hard mask layer over a substrate, forming a device isolation layer over the substrate, forming a capping layer pattern configured to open a first region of the substrate and cover a second region of the substrate, removing the hard mask layer, removing the capping layer pattern, and removing the pad oxide layer.

Abstract: In accordance with an embodiment, a semiconductor device includes a functional film, first and second trenches, and first and second insulating films. The functional film comprises first and second areas. The first trench is provided in the first area of the functional film and has a first width. The second trench is provided in the second area of the functional film and has a second width larger than the first width. The first insulating film is formed from a polymeric material as a precursor to fill the first trench. The second insulating film has a diameter larger than the first width and is formed from particulates and the polymeric material as precursors. The particulates fill the second trench. The polymeric material fills spaces between the particulates in the second trench and also fills gaps between the particulates and the second trench.

Abstract: An aluminum-containing material is employed to form replacement gate electrodes. A contact-level dielectric material layer is formed above a planarization dielectric layer in which the replacement gate electrodes are embedded. At least one contact via cavity is formed through the contact-level dielectric layer. Any portion of the replacement gate electrodes that is physically exposed at a bottom of the at least one contact via cavity is vertically recessed. Physically exposed portions of the aluminum-containing material within the replacement gate electrodes are oxidized to form dielectric aluminum compound portions. Subsequently, each of the at least one active via cavity is further extended to an underlying active region, which can be a source region or a drain region. A contact via structure formed within each of the at least one active via cavity can be electrically isolated from the replacement gate electrodes by the dielectric aluminum compound portions.

Abstract: Methods are provided for fabricating FinFET integrated circuits on bulk semiconductor substrates. In accordance with one embodiment a patterned hard mask that defines locations of a regular array of a plurality of fins is formed overlying a semiconductor substrate. Portions of the patterned hard mask are removed using a cut mask to form a modified hard mask. The substrate is etched using the modified hard mask as an etch mask to form a plurality of fins extending upwardly from the substrate and separated by trenches. Selected ones of the plurality of fins are at least partially removed to form isolation regions and an insulating material is deposited to fill the trenches and to cover the at least partially removed selected ones of the plurality of fins.

Abstract: A method of fabricating an isolation structure including forming a trench in a top surface of a substrate and partially filling the trench with a first oxide, wherein the first oxide is a pure oxide. Partially filling the trench includes forming a liner layer in the trench and forming the first oxide over the liner layer using silane and oxygen precursors at a pressure less than 10 milliTorr (mTorr) and a temperature ranging from about 500° C. to about 1000° C. The method further includes producing a solid reaction product in a top portion of the first oxide. The method further includes sublimating the solid reaction product by heating the substrate in a chamber at a temperature from 100° C. to 200° C. and removing the sublimated solid reaction product by flowing a carrier gas over the substrate. The method further includes filling the trench with a second oxide.