Abstract: A device for swept-source optical coherence domain reflectometry (SS OCDR) on moveable samples, particularly human eyes, for obtaining A-scans, having a measuring range according to the sample length and having a laser light source which can be adjusted by a main wave number k0 and at least one receiver for the light dissipated from the sample, wherein the sample is illuminated on the sample surface by a measurement beam having a diameter D by way of a coupling device. The light source has a spectral line width of ?k<168 m?1 and the adjustment of the light source is carried out in ?<44 s/(D*k0).

Abstract: Example embodiments of a large dynamic range sequential wavefront sensor for vision correction or assessment procedures are disclosed. An example embodiment includes first and second optically coupled 4F relays and a variable focus lens disposed substantially at the image plane of the first 4F relay and the object plane of the second 4F relay.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments enable an enhanced direct-viewing optical device to include customized adjustments that accommodate various optical aberrations of a current user. Customized optical elements associated with an authorized current user are incorporated with the direct-viewing optical device to produce a specified change in optical wavefront at an exit pupil. Possible replacement optical elements may have refractive and/or reflective and/or diffractive and/or transmissive characteristics based on current performance viewing factors for a given field of view of the direct-viewing optical device. Some embodiments enable dynamic repositioning and/or transformation of replaceable corrective optical elements responsive to a detected shift of a tracked gaze direction of a current user. Replaceable interchangeable corrective optical elements may be fabricated for current usage or retained in inventory for possible future usage in designated direct-viewing optical devices.

Abstract: There is provided an apparatus for recording a depth profile of a biological tissue, in particular a frontal eye section of a human eye, according to the principle of optical coherence tomography, comprising a light source adapted to generate a bundle of light rays, an interferometer arrangement having a beam splitter device adapted to spatially separate the bundle of light rays into a reference beam and a measurement beam directed toward the tissue, a reference beam deflection device adapted to deflect the reference beam, a beam superpositioning device adapted to spatially superimpose the deflected reference beam onto the measurement beam deflected by the tissue into a superpositioned beam, and a detector arrangement for detecting information in the superpositioned beam associated with the difference of the optical path length of the reference beam and the measurement beam.

Abstract: A fundus photographing apparatus for photographing a fundus of an examinee's eye includes: a photographing part including a photographing optical system for photographing the fundus; a mechanism for moving the photographing part; a presenting part for presenting a fixation target to the eye; an alignment detecting optical system including a light receiving element to detect an alignment state of the photographing part; and a setting part for setting an alignment completion position in a back and forth direction of the photographing part relative to the eye based on the detected alignment state. The alignment completion position includes a first alignment completion position information to be set when an optical axis of the photographing part is in a predetermined range relative to a corneal vertex of the eye and a second alignment completion position information to be set when the optical axis is apart from the predetermined range.

Abstract: Methods and systems for obtaining an ocular aberration measurement of an eye of a patient are provided. Exemplary techniques involve obtaining a first induced metric for the eye that corresponds to a first accommodation state of the eye, obtaining a second induced metric for the eye that corresponds to a second accommodation state of the eye, and determining a natural metric of the eye based on the first and second induced metrics. An induced metric may include a pupil size or a spherical aberration. Techniques can also include determining a target metric for the eye base on the natural metric, determining whether an actual metric of the eye meets the target metric, obtaining an ocular aberration measurement of the eye if the actual metric meets the target metric, and determining a treatment for the eye based on the ocular aberration measurement.

Abstract: A process and an apparatus are proposed for determining optical aberrations of an eye with its optical system including the cornea and the lens. The process includes the reconstructing of wavefront aberrations of the eye as a deviation of the wavefront, determined by the optical system of the eye with a process of aberrometry, with respect to an ideal planar wavefront generated by an aberration-free eye model. A measured ocular length is employed for the aberration-free eye model.

Abstract: A ophthalmologic method and apparatus for processing a captured image of a tear film lipid layer on a cornea of a patient's eye to be examined and for classifying types of dry eye of the patient's eye. The captured image of the tear film lipid layer is processed to measure a movement speed of the tear film lipid layer at the time of opening of the patient's eyelid. The captured image of the tear film lipid layer is further processed to measure a time until the tear film lipid layer is broken up after the patient's eyelid has been opened and a break up region is detected. The type of dry eye of the patient's eye is classified based on the two measurement results.

Abstract: A fundus camera includes three fluidic lenses, each fluidic lens having a chamber configured so as to capable of having a fluid inserted therein or removed therefrom, such that the shape of each of the three fluidic lenses is capable of being changed based on an amount of fluid therein, a refractive or diffractic telescopic system, a Shack-Hartmann sensor configured to automatically control of the amount of the fluid in the chamber of each of the three fluidic lenses, so as to be capable of correcting refractive errors in an eye, and a multifunction camera configured for precision of fundus photography.

Abstract: An adaptive optics apparatus includes an aberration measuring unit that measures an aberration caused by a test object, the aberration being measured on the basis of returning light that returns from the test object; an aberration correcting unit that performs aberration correction in accordance with the aberration measured by the aberration measuring unit; an irradiation unit that irradiates the test object with light corrected by the aberration correcting unit; and an acquiring unit that acquires information based on a transmittance of the test object on the basis of the aberration measured by the aberration measuring unit.

Abstract: Device and method for determining an objective eye refraction parameter of a subject depending on a plurality of gaze directions, the device includes elements for ophthalmologically measuring an objective eye refraction parameter of a subject, and elements of visual stimulation of variable proximity and intended to stimulate the visual accommodation of the subject for first and second proximity values. The device includes opto-mechanical alignment elements for carrying out a first optical alignment of the optical axis of measurement on an eye axis in a first measuring position corresponding to a first angle of lowered viewing associated with a first proximity value to take a first measurement of an objective eye refraction parameter of the subject, and a second alignment of the optical axis of measurement on the eye axis in another measuring position corresponding to another angle of lowered viewing associated with another proximity value to take a second measurement.

Abstract: An ophthalmic method for determining relationships for calculating intraocular lens (IOL) power correction values is disclosed. The method may involve obtaining estimates of the postoperative optical power of a plurality of eyes undergoing IOL implant surgery. Measurements of the postoperative optical power and of one or more characteristics (e.g., axial length) of the eyes can also be obtained. The eyes can be separated into groups based upon their axial lengths. For each of the groups, a mathematical relationship can be determined for calculating IOL power correction values based on the measured characteristics. The mathematical relationship can reduce prediction error for the respective eyes in each group when applied to the corresponding estimates of the postoperative optical power. Methods and systems are also disclosed for using the IOL power correction values.

Abstract: A method of determining a corneal thickness and an apparatus for determining said is provided. The method comprises the following the steps: —illuminating a cornea by a plurality of stimulator point light sources, capturing an image of the cornea comprising reflected images of the stimulator point light sources, obtaining a model representing an anterior surface of the cornea, —constructing a second model representing a posterior surface of the cornea from the image by ray-tracing the reflected images of the stimulator point light sources towards the model representing the anterior surface of the cornea, determining the corneal thickness from the model representing the anterior surface and the second model representing the posterior surface.

Abstract: In order to measure a cornea with the aid of a projection (S11) of a two-dimensional reference pattern onto the cornea and of a detection (S12) of the reflection pattern reflected by the cornea by virtue of the reference pattern, a plurality of different reflection images of one or more reflection patterns reflected by the cornea are stored (S13). For points on the cornea a phase value of the reflection pattern is respectively calculated on the basis of intensities respectively measured in the stored reflection images at a pixel corresponding to the relevant point. At least one measured geometrical value of the cornea is calculated (S2) on the basis of the calculated phase value. The measurement of the cornea on the basis of a plurality of different reflection images of one or more reflection patterns reflected by the cornea enables a continuous measurement of the cornea in which corresponding pixels are acquired and evaluated for each point on the cornea.

Abstract: Exemplary embodiments enable an enhanced direct-viewing optical device to make customized adjustments that accommodate optical aberrations of a current user. In some instances a real-time adjustment of the transformable optical elements is based on known corrective optical parameters associated with a current user. In some implementations a control module may process currently updated wavefront measurements as a basis for determining appropriate real-time adjustment of the transformable optical elements to produce a specified change in optical wavefront at an exit pupil of the direct-viewing device. Possible transformable optical elements include refractive and/or reflective and/or diffractive and/or transmissive characteristics that are adjusted based on current performance viewing factors for a given field of view of the direct-viewing device.

Abstract: A fundus camera includes a focus target projection unit including a focus target located at a position conjugate with a fundus of a subject's eye, a split optical element configured to split a light flux passing through the focus target, and a focus target illumination light source configured to illuminate the focus target, a fundus photographing optical system including a focusing lens, a focus link mechanism configured to interlockingly move the focus target projection unit and the focusing lens in a direction of an optical axis, at least two lenses located behind a plane optically conjugate with the imaging plane of the fundus photographing optical system and outside an optical axis of the fundus photographing optical system, image sensors respectively located behind the two lenses, and a phase difference detection unit configured to detect a phase difference between the focus target images based on signals output from the image sensors.

Abstract: An ophthalmic method for determining a relationship between aphakic ocular power and estimated effective lens position (ELP) of an intraocular lens (IOL) to be implanted in a patient's eye. The method can be used to determine an estimate of the ELP of an IOL given the aphakic ocular power of the patient's eye, for example, without measurement of the corneal curvature or axial length of the patient's eye. The estimate of ELP can then be used to determine a suitable value of optical power for the IOL to be implanted in the patient's eye.

Abstract: A monitor is used to display a visual acuity test operated by software from an associated computer. A patient is spaced a predetermined distance from the monitor during the testing procedure, and individual, multiple LED housings are equally spaced about a center point of the monitor to direct light toward the patient during at least a portion of the test procedure. The light emanating from the individual housings is a diffuse, unfocused light to simulate glare, and the intensity of the light may be selectively altered. Conducting acuity testing under glare conditions determines if there is any reduction or fall off in the patient's acuity vision under such circumstances and provides an indication of whether the patient may require cataract surgery or has another ocular problem.

Abstract: Utilization of a contact device placed on the eye in order to detect physical and chemical parameters of the body as well as the non-invasive delivery of compounds according to these physical and chemical parameters, with signals being transmitted continuously as electromagnetic waves, radio waves, infrared and the like. One of the parameters to be detected includes non-invasive blood analysis utilizing chemical changes and chemical products that are found in the conjunctiva and in the tear film. A transensor mounted in the contact device laying on the cornea or the surface of the eye is capable of evaluating and measuring physical and chemical parameters in the eye including non-invasive blood analysis. The system utilizes eye lid motion and/or closure of the eye lid to activate a microminiature radio frequency sensitive transensor mounted in the contact device. The signal can be communicated by wires or radio telemetered to an externally placed receiver.

Abstract: Systems and methods are presented which allow the detection of the presence, type, and misalignment of optical components in the optical train of an optical coherence tomographic instrument to be determined from the use of OCT depth information.

Abstract: An image capturing apparatus including a plurality of image sensing modules and at least a light source is provided for capturing an image of an eye. Each of the image sensing modules includes an image sensor and a lens. The light source emits an illumination light, and the illumination light irradiates the eye. The eye reflects the illumination light into an image light. The image light includes a plurality of sub-image beams, and the sub-image beams are transmitted to the image sensors of the image sensing modules through the lenses of the image sensing modules, respectively. A capturing method is also provided.

Abstract: A method determines an optical property (S, C) of a patient eye with an intraocular lens. The patient eye and the intraocular lens define a system. In the method, a measured value of the optical property of the system is determined at a measurement time (tM) after injecting the intraocular lens into the patient eye. The measured value and the associated measurement time (tM) are compared to a known time profile of the values of the optical property for the lens. The known time profile since unfolding the intraocular lens was determined experimentally before the lens is injected and is made available in the form of measurement series or data derived therefrom. A value for the optical property of the system is determined at a different time than the measurement time (tM), according to the known time profile of the values of the optical property for the lens.

Abstract: The present invention contemplates a refraction system to integrate the objective and subjective measurement into a single instrument. The present invention also contemplates a refraction system with open-field and binocular viewing to overcome instrument myopia and to mimic viewing experience of a phoropter. The present invention further contemplates a refraction system employing a pair of optical trombones to eliminate the need of flipping plurality sets of trial lenses for defocus power correction.

Abstract: An ophthalmic imaging apparatus which obtains a tomographic image of an eye to be examined based on light obtained by combining return light from the eye irradiated with measurement light with reference light corresponding to the measurement light, the apparatus comprising: a scanning unit configured to scan the measurement light on the eye; and a control unit configured to control the number of times of scanning by the scanning unit in accordance with a scanning position of the scanning unit on the eye.

Abstract: An ophthalmic apparatus including an operation stick to adjust an optical unit, comprising: a rotary dial that is provided on a side surface of the operation stick and rotates with respect to the operation stick; a trigger arranged on a top of the operation stick while being decentered with respect to the operation stick; and a control unit adapted to control to perform one of movement and focusing of the optical unit with respect to an object in accordance with rotation of the rotary dial and perform control to cause the optical unit to start a predetermined operation in accordance with press of the trigger.

Abstract: In a photographing optical system, an autofluorescence barrier filter having a characteristic of transmitting a light having an autofluorescence wavelength and a near-infrared wavelength, and a near-infrared light cut-off filter having a characteristic of transmitting the visible light and blocking the near-infrared light are disposed to be replaceable. In the case of observing a fundus, the fluorescence barrier filter is inserted into an optical path in an observation photographing optical system, so that observation can be performed by using a near-infrared illuminating light. In the case of autofluorescence photographing, the photographing can be performed without filter switching. In the case of color photographing, at the time of observation, the observation is performed using the fluorescence barrier filter, and at the time of photographing, the photographing can be performed using the replaced infrared light cut-off filter.

Abstract: This invention describes a corneal topographer with a light source to project a pattern light on the cornea, imaging optics for collecting the reflection from the cornea and projecting it on to a photo-sensor, an optical mask to modulate the light beam such that focusing error of the corneal image results in displacement of its spatial spectrum relative to a reference spectrum. Defocus maps, depth-maps and a corneal topogram can be constructed by measuring and processing the spectral displacement corresponding different sub-regions of the cornea. The cornea topographer is compact and inexpensive. The corneal topograph can be used in refractive eye surgery and in contact lens fitting.

Abstract: For deflecting a laser beam (200) with a deflection mirror (21) arranged displaceably about a rotation axis (c), a beam-shaping optical element (22) is disposed upstream of the deflection mirror (21), said optical element being designed to project the laser beam (200) onto the deflection mirror (21) with a beam width that is reduced in the direction of the rotation axis (c). The deflection mirror (21) has a mirror width which is oriented in the direction of the rotation axis (c) and which is narrower than an unreduced input beam width of the laser beam (200) upstream of the beam-shaping optical element (22). Moreover, a beam-shaping optical element (23) is disposed downstream of the deflection mirror (21), said optical element forwarding the laser beam (202) from the deflection mirror (21) with a beam width corresponding to the unreduced input beam width.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide methods and systems for determining an ablation treatment for an eye of a patient. The systems and method may involve determining an ellipsoid shape corresponding to an anterior corneal surface of the patient's eye. The ellipsoid shape may include an anterior portion, a major axis, and an apex, where the major axis intersects the anterior portion at the apex. The systems and method may also involve determining a tilted orientation of the eye, such as when the patient fixates on a target during a laser ablation procedure. The systems and method may further involve determining the ablation treatment based on the ellipsoid shape and/or the tilted orientation.

Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for obtaining sight screenings, optical prescriptions and fittings for eyeglasses and contact lenses. A system can be self-operated through a voice-activated response system that enables an individual to determine one's own refraction, or can be operated with the assistance of a technician. A plurality of customer diagnostic locations can include digital equipment and optical instruments to conduct the sight screening. The data generated at these locations can be transferred to a remotely located eye doctor who interacts with a customer via a live audio-video connection to assist with interpreting the data, diagnosing the customer and operating the instruments at the locations. The eye doctor diagnoses, consults and authorizes the prescriptions for the customer. The customer's data can be sent to a lens laboratory to enable the fabrication, purchasing, and delivery of eyeglasses or contact lenses.

Abstract: Methods and systems for determining a physiological parameter of a subject through interrogation of an eye of the subject with an optical signal are described. Interrogation is performed unobtrusively. The physiological parameter is determined from a signal sensed from the eye of a subject when the eye of the subject is properly aligned with regard to an interrogation signal source and/or response signal sensor.

Abstract: A method of selecting a toric lens by taking into consideration the magnitude and orientation of the posterior cornea and/or the location of the incision axis is described. The magnitude and orientation of the posterior cornea can be calculated as a function of the measured pre-operative orientation of the steep meridian of the anterior cornea.

Abstract: A refraction device determines a refraction end point to provide corrective optics for a test subject. The device includes an adjustable optical system providing corrective optics to the test subject and an adjustable viewing target disposed along an optical path such as to be viewable through the adjustable optical system by a test subject. The adjustable viewing target includes a directional indicator linked synchronously to at least two choices of corrective optics presented to the test subject.

Abstract: An ophthalmic apparatus which is configured to inspect a plurality of eye characteristics of an eye to be examined which is fixed by a face support unit, the apparatus comprises: an optometric unit configured to include a first optometric portion including a first optical system for inspecting a first eye characteristic of the eye, and a second optometric portion including a second optical system for inspecting a second eye characteristic different from the first eye characteristic; and a changing unit configured to change a direction of the optometric unit relative to the eye to switch to inspection by one of the first optometric portion and the second optometric portion.

Abstract: An ophthalmological measuring system, for obtaining biometric data of an eye, provided with the necessary calibration and check devices for monitoring the functionality and the calibration status. The ophthalmological measuring system includes an illumination source for illuminating an eye with light and with a sensor for recording and analyzing back-scattered or reflected light components and a controller. At least one calibration and check system integrated in the ophthalmological measuring system for monitoring the functional and calibration status is provided. A device is also provided which houses the calibration and test structures and which reads off the individual physical data therefrom by an interface. The ophthalmological measuring system is in particular provided for determining biometrical data but can also be used for ophthalmological, dermatological or other devices which require calibration and/or functional checking at regular intervals.

Abstract: An ophthalmic measurement device to simulate a retinal image of an examinee's eye includes an ocular aberrometer for measuring an aberration of the eye and a calculation control unit for analyzing aberration data obtained by the ocular aberrometer on the naked eye. The calculation control unit calculates subjective correction data intended for a prescription based on a subjective value by obtaining the difference in each meridian direction between a refraction value in the aberration data and a new subjective value of the eye as obtained by a subjective optometry device, obtains a second polynomial equation wherein the coefficient that represents the refraction value among the coefficients of a first polynomial equation used for approximating the aberration data is replaced with a coefficient corresponding to the subjective correction data, back-calculates the aberration data by using the second polynomial equation, and generates a simulation image based on the back-calculated aberration data.

Abstract: Systems and methods for expanding the field-of-view of ophthalmic scanning devices are presented. An ophthalmic scanning device is designed such that the pivot point of the scanning optics is maintained at a fixed location in the pupil while the scanning optics are rotated about the eye to obtain imaging data over an increased field-of-view than can be achieved by the scanning optics alone. The rotation can be achieved using a singular rotational motion of the scanning optics about a rotational axes coincident with the scanning pivot point or can be achieved using a combination of rotational motion with a second motion either rotational or translational to maintain the scanning pivot point at the fixed location. Embodiments related to optical coherence tomography and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy are described.

Abstract: Example embodiments of a large dynamic range sequential wavefront sensor for vision correction or assessment procedures are disclosed. An example embodiment includes first and second optically coupled 4F relays and a variable focus lens disposed substantially at the image plane of the first 4F relay and the object plane of the second 4F relay.

Abstract: A fundus imaging apparatus includes: an aberration measurement unit adapted to measure an aberration of reflected light obtained by irradiating an object to be examined with measurement light; an aberration correction unit adapted to correct an aberration of light in accordance with the measured aberration; a control unit adapted to repeatedly control processing of the aberration measurement unit and the aberration correction unit; and a changing unit adapted to change a first function of a predetermined order representing the aberration to a second function including an order higher than the predetermined order in accordance with at least one of a measurement result obtained by the aberration measurement unit and a control result obtained by the control unit. The aberration correction unit corrects an aberration expressed by the second function.

Abstract: A fundus photographing apparatus comprises: an anterior-segment observation optical system arranged to image an anterior-segment illuminated with infrared light to obtain an anterior-segment image; a fundus photographing optical system arranged to image a fundus illuminated with visible light emitted from a light source to obtain a fundus image; a display controller arranged to selectively display the fundus image and the anterior-segment image on a monitor; a photographing switch for inputting a photographing start signal to start photographing using the fundus photographing optical system; and a time informing part arranged to inform an elapsed time after the photographing start signal is input with the photographing switch or an elapsed time after the visible light is emitted from the light source, wherein the display controller displays the elapsed time informed by the time informing part together with the anterior-segment image on the monitor.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for evaluating human eye tracking. One method includes receiving data representing the location of and/or information tracked by an individual's eye or eyes before, during, or after the individual performs a task; identifying a temporal phase or a biomechanical phase of the task performed by the individual; identifying a visual cue in the identified temporal phase or biomechanical phase; and scoring the tracking of the individual's eye or eyes by comparing the data to the visual cue.

Abstract: A viewing target for a visual acuity and refraction measurement includes at least one line comprising a width dimension that is below a resolution limit width (hereinafter “RLW”) of a test subject visual acuity, and an adjustable length dimension that is initially set at greater than the RLW of the test subject visual acuity. A base, at least approximately intersecting the line, has a thickness along the direction of the length of the line that is greater than the RLW of the test subject visual acuity. The length dimension of the line is adjustable in increments small enough to effectively approximate the visual acuity of the test subject by determining a shortest resolvable line and a next smaller line that is not resolvable by the test subject.

Abstract: The invention provides an ophthalmic lens comprising one or more oblique prismatic component, wherein the lens slows myopia progression and/or treats or prevents myopia or a disease or condition associated with myopia. The one or more oblique prismatic components may be base-down or base-down and base-in or base up and base-in. The one or more oblique prismatic components may be central and/or in a distance and/or near zone of the ophthalmic lens. The invention also provides an ophthalmic lens comprising a central base-down prism in a distance zone wherein the lens slows myopia progression and/or treats or prevents myopia or a disease or condition associated with myopia. Also provided is an optical device comprising one or more ophthalmic lenses and a method of slowing myopia progression and/or treating or preventing myopia or a disease or condition associated with myopia including using one or more ophthalmic lenses.

Abstract: An ophthalmologic apparatus includes an integration unit configured to integrate a light emission amount of a light source for illuminating a subject's eye, a comparison unit configured to compare an integration value by the integration unit with a first reference value, and an initialization unit configured to initialize the integration value if the integration value exceeds the first reference value as the comparison result by the comparison unit.

Abstract: Systems and methods for efficiently displaying large volumes of medical imaging data using pre-defined dynamic displays to illustrate key anatomic features are described. In a preferred embodiment, one or more pulse files comprising en face images of sub sections of the volume are displayed sequentially to the user in a playback loop. These displays can aid in navigation of data for review and future data acquisition. Additional images generated from the data can be displayed next to or overlaid on the pulse files.

Abstract: An ophthalmologic apparatus, when an output result of an imaging unit provided in an optical path of an imaging optical system satisfies a predetermined condition, stops controlling a driving unit in at least one direction based on a positional relationship of an image of the light flux, which has been reflected by a cornea of the subject's eye and regulated by a light flux regulation unit provided in the optical path of the imaging optical system, and maintains the control of the driving unit in the other directions.

Abstract: An ophthalmologic apparatus includes an integration unit which integrates a light emission amount of a light source illuminating an target eye, an integral capacitance changing unit which changes a value of an integral capacitance of the integration unit according to the light emission amount necessary for imaging the target eye, a comparison unit which compares a reference value with an integration value integrated by the integration unit using the value of the integral capacitance changed by the integral capacitance changing unit, and a light emission control unit which stops the light emission of the light source when the integration value exceeds the reference value as a result of the comparison by the comparison unit.

Abstract: During scan capture with an OCT imaging system, the focal plane position can be simultaneously shifted over at least a portion of an image range. As a result, a plurality of image frames respectively corresponding to various focal plane positions is acquired. The image frames can be combined to generate a composite image having suitable resolution throughout the image range, including regions associated with weak-intensity or low-reflectance features. Further, windowed averaging can be performed prior to generation of the composite image so that the composite image incorporates weights given to image data in focus.

Abstract: A pair of eyewear has transparent waveguides in each eyewear lens. An illumination subsystem directs a beam of light through the waveguides onto a wearer's eyes. A First Purkinje point imaging subsystem for each lens uses light reflected from the eyes through the waveguides. A controller calculates from the positions of the First Purkinje points the wearer's gaze parallax angle and/or the distance to an object of interest on which the gaze of the wearer's eyes converges. The output of the controller may drive variable-focus eyeglass lenses to enable a presbyopic wearer to focus on the object. Modified Alvarez variable-focus lenses are described.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention generally provide apparatuses and methods utilized in optics, and more specifically to apparatuses and methods for adaptive optics correction and imaging. Real-time wavefront sensorless adaptive optics correction and imaging is used with the living human eye to produce optical quality rivaling that of wavefront sensor based control in the similar systems. Using an optimization algorithm that is based on an image quality metric, the apparatus and method optimize the optical quality in ocular image frames acquired with an adaptive optics system.