Abstract: Methods and apparatus, including computer program products, are provided for ultra-reliable communications. In one aspect there is provided a method, which may include receiving, by a first user equipment, a reliability estimate for a communication link before the communication link is at least one of used or established between the first user equipment at a first location and a second user equipment at a second location; and at least one of using or establishing the communication link, when the received reliability estimate exceeds a threshold reliability. Related systems, articles of manufacture, and the like are also disclosed.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described in which circuitry of a first controller of a first node receives a first signal indicating an optical loss of signal within the first path. Circuitry of a second controller of the first node on the first path within a transport network generates a second signal indicating a failure within the first path. The first controller accessing a network topology database determines that restoration of the first path would be ineffective due to there being no alternate path, and signals a second node downstream in the first path with the second signal indicating the failure within the first path, and a third signal indicating that restoration of the first path would be ineffective due to there being no alternate path.

Abstract: Provided are a method for operating a terminal in accordance with semi-persistent scheduling (SPS) in a wireless communication system, and a terminal using the method. The method comprises: transmitting traffic information; receiving an SPS configuration determined on the basis of the traffic information; and transmitting a signal in at least one resource among resources conforming to the SPS configuration, wherein the traffic information notifies of a pattern of traffic generated by a terminal.

Abstract: Devices and techniques are generally described for network device failure testing. In some examples, first data may be received describing a network topology. The network topology may describe a plurality of network components arranged in communication with one another. A first set of equivalent network components and a second set of equivalent network components may be determined from the network topology. A first network performance may be determined for the network topology by simulating network communication while a first network component of the first set of equivalent network components is in an inoperable state. A first test coverage percentage may be determined for the network topology. The first test coverage percentage may be a ratio of a first number of network components of the first set of equivalent network components to a total number of the plurality of network components.

Abstract: Wireless channels and timeslots are allocated in a distributed and reactive manner by network devices. A source device sends to neighbor devices a track discovery request indicating a destination and data bandwidth/channel and timeslot requirements. The neighbors conditionally forward the message until it reaches the destination device. The forwarded message includes information about the devices traversed by the message. Messages will not be forwarded if the recipient lacks sufficient resources to accommodate the data bandwidth requirements. The destination selects a path to be a communications track based upon characteristics of the one or more paths by which the request was received, and sends a reply back to the source device along the selected path. Once established, tracks may be kept alive, updated, and/or repaired via messaging among the devices along the track.

Abstract: Provided are a method and an apparatus for a NarrowBand-Internet of Things (NB-IoT) terminal to perform a mobility process. The method may include: transmitting an RRC connection re-establishment request message to a base station when a pre-set event occurs; receiving an RRC connection re-establishment message from the base station; and resuming a signaling radio bearer on the basis of the RRC connection re-establishment message.

Abstract: Various techniques for deferred server recovery are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, a method includes receiving a notification of a fault from a host in the computing system. The host is performing one or more computing tasks for one or more users. The method can then include determining whether recovery of the fault in the received notification is deferrable on the host. In response to determining that the fault in the received notification is deferrable, the method includes setting a time delay to perform a pending recovery operation on the host at a later time and disallowing additional assignment of computing tasks to the host.

Abstract: Some embodiments provide a method for detecting a failure of a layer 2 (L2) bump-in-the-wire service at a device. In some embodiments, the device sends heartbeat signals to a second device connected to L2 service nodes in order to detect failure of the L2 service (e.g., a failure of all the service nodes). In some embodiments, the heartbeat signals are unidirectional heartbeat signals (e.g., a unidirectional bidirectional-forwarding-detection (BFD) session) sent from each device to the other. The heartbeat signals, in some embodiments, use a broadcast MAC address in order to reach the current active L2 service node in the case of a failover (i.e., an active service node failing and a standby service node becoming the new active service node). The unidirectional heartbeat signals are also used, in some embodiments, to decrease the time between a failover and data messages being forwarded to the new active service node.

Abstract: Some embodiments provide a method for a computing device that implements a centralized logical routing component of a logical network that handles data traffic between the logical network and an external physical network. The method receives a first routing protocol message from a machine that implements a route server for a distributed logical routing component of the logical network. The first routing protocol message includes (i) a parameter identifying the machine as a route server and (ii) a set of logical network addresses. The method receives a second routing protocol message from the route server that specifies a next hop address for the set of logical network addresses. The method adds a route specifying the next hop address for the set of logical network addresses to a routing table of the centralized logical routing component. The added route has a higher priority than routes received from the external physical network.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method for processing a system call in a voice call. The method includes: participating, by a first terminal, a voice call with one or more second terminals, the voice call being performed in a non-system voice call application on the first terminal; monitoring, by the first terminal, a system call start event during the voice call; actively stopping, in response to the system call start event, use of an audio device of the first terminal; suspending participation of the first terminal in the voice call; sending, by the first terminal, a voice suspension request to a server to remind the one or more second terminals that the first terminal suspends the voice call; and recovering the voice call when the system call ends.

Abstract: Systems and methods described herein enable differentiated policy enforcement for dual connectivity split bearer scenarios. A wireless station receives, from a core network associated with the wireless station, downlink packets directed to an end device that is using a dual-connectivity split bearer. The wireless station directs delivery of the downlink packets over different radio access networks (RANs) of the dual-connectivity split bearer. The wireless station logs a radio access technology (RAT)-type used to deliver each of the downlink packets and sends, based on the logging, a downlink RAT-type feedback report to a network device in the core network. The wireless station receives uplink packets from the end device using the dual-connectivity split bearer, marks each of the uplink packets with a RAT-type indicator, and forwards the marked packets to the network device in the core network.

Abstract: Techniques for 60 GHz long term evolution (LTE)—wireless local area network (WLAN) aggregation (LWA) for keeping a 60 GHz channel alive for fifth generation (5G) and beyond are discussed herein. An apparatus of a 5G/long term evolution (LTE) evolved NodeB (eNB) is connected to a 60 GHz access point (AP) via an Xw interface, and has a baseband circuit with one or more baseband processors. The baseband circuit encodes one or more measurement events, wherein upon receipt by a user equipment (UE) sets a trigger to measure a 60 GHz access point.

Abstract: A wireless device receives message(s) comprising configuration parameter(s) indicating reference signal(s) of a cell. The configuration parameter(s) may indicate one or more preambles for a beam failure recovery procedure. The configuration parameter(s) may indicate a time alignment timer of a timing advance group comprising the cell. The time alignment timer may start in response to receiving a timing advance command for the timing advance group. The beam failure recovery procedure may be initiated in response to detecting a beam failure of the cell. The beam failure of the cell may be detected based on the reference signal(s) of the cell. A preamble of the one or more preambles may be transmitted for the beam failure recovery procedure. The beam failure recovery procedure may be aborted in response to an expiry of the time alignment timer during the beam failure recovery procedure.

Abstract: A system for steering network traffic to service functions in a service function chain, the system including: a processor; a data storage module; an input interface; an output interface; a classifier configured to determine a path for a data packet in the service function chain; and a forwarder configured to determine the next location to which the data packet will be sent based on the path. A method for steering network traffic to service functions in a service function chain, the method including: classifying a data packet to determine a path for a data packet in the service function chain; and forwarding the data packet to a next location to which the data packet will be sent based on the path.

Abstract: A DDoS attack mitigation system includes a plurality of stateless network devices connected to a network. The system also includes one or more DPI devices connected to the plurality of stateless devices. The system further includes a controller connected to the plurality of stateless devices and connected to the DPI devices. The controller includes logic integrated with and/or executable by a processor. The controller is configured to receive a signal from a first DPI device and analyze the received signal. The controller is further configured to update a network traffic policy to redirect at least some of network traffic destined for the first DPI device to one or more DPI devices different from the first DPI device based on the analyzed signal and to send a signal indicative of the updated network policy to at least some of the plurality of stateless devices.

Abstract: A method of communication between a first communicating entity and an application server, includes establishing a first sequence of exchanges of candidates; generating a first transmission channel establishing a first application session; detecting by a first communicating entity a new access network including a second gateway, resulting in the establishment of a second sequence of exchanges of new candidates; automatic configuring the configurable gateway so as to modify the correspondence between the source address of the second NAT gateway with the peer reflexive address of the NAT gateway which is configurable from the history of the candidates sent by the communicating entity; generating a second transmission channel maintaining the first application session.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for efficiently controlling an MTC device attempting a delay tolerant access in a 3GPP system. The present invention provides a method for effectively providing a backoff time to prevent load on a wireless network, which can occur when many MTC devices in a single cell simultaneously attempt access.

Abstract: A troubleshooting method and apparatus for an edge routing bridge (RB) in a Transparent Interconnection of Lots of Links (TRILL) campus, which belong to the field of communications technologies, where the method includes detecting, by a first edge RB in a multi-homing access group, whether an access link of the first edge RB is faulty, and sending, by the first edge RB, a fault notification message to one or more other edge RBs except the first edge RB in the multi-homing access group using the TRILL campus, when the access link of the first edge RB is faulty, where the fault notification message is used to notify the one or more other edge RBs that the access link of the first edge RB is faulty, and hence effectively increase a network convergence speed and network reliability.

Abstract: Live partition mobility in a computing environment that includes a source system and a target system may be carried out by: pausing a logical partition on the source system, wherein the logical partition is mapped to an I/O adapter of the source system; copying, to the target system, configuration information describing the mapping of the logical partition to the I/O adapter; copying, to the target system, the logical partition of the source system; placing an I/O adapter of the target system into an error state; mapping, in dependence upon the configuration information, the logical partition of the target system to the I/O adapter of the target system; placing the I/O adapter of the target system into an error recovery state; and resuming the logical partition on the target system.

Abstract: Apparatuses, systems, and devices are described to proactively adapt media streaming by a number of media player clients over a network. Each media player requests segments of an adaptive media stream for playback. In implementations, some or all of the media players in the system are able to measure packet loss or other indicia of issues with the data transmission. This indicia can be used to adapt subsequent requests for additional segments of the media stream. Moreover, some implementations could provide the measured packet loss or other indicia to the server as feedback. The server, in turn, can use the feedback from the players (along with any other additional information) to formulate business rules subsequently delivered to some or all of the players in the system. The media players can therefore adapt their segment request based upon locally measured data and/or based upon business rules that reflect system-wide conditions.

Abstract: A distributed control system for a vehicle includes one or more processors and one or more memory devices storing computer-readable instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform operations. The operations comprise obtaining an instance of shared data for a control system of the vehicle from each of at least three separate nodes of the distributed control system. The shared data may include configuration or health data for the control system or the vehicle itself. The operations include comparing the at least three instances of shared data; detecting a shared data inconsistency amongst the at least three instances; and generating a control action associated with resolving the shared data inconsistency.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a switch, a controller, a system, and a link quality detection method, and pertain to the field of network technologies. In the present invention, the controller determines a detection path, and controls each switch on the detection path to obtain a detection packet, so that after determining that the obtained detection packet matches a prestored flow table entry, each switch adds OAM information to the successfully matched detection packet; and the controller obtains a termination detection packet, and determines link quality according to the termination detection packet. Each switch on a detection path does not need to use a corresponding link quality detection protocol to detect link quality, and only needs to add OAM information to an obtained detection packet. In this way, not only a structure of each switch can be simplified, but also operations of each switch are simplified.

Abstract: A telematics controller is programmed to identify a location responsive to detecting a failed data call from a vehicle, and if the location is within a geographic boundary of a failure zone within a cellular tower region and a cause of the failure matches a recorded cause for the failure zone, initiate data throttling until the vehicle moved outside of the geographic boundary.

Abstract: A wireless device receives a radio resource control message from a first base station. The radio resource control message comprises bandwidth part (BWP) configuration parameters of a plurality of BWPs of a first cell. The BWP configuration parameters comprise: an index of a BWP of the plurality of BWPs; and a field indicating a bandwidth of the BWP. The wireless device receives transport blocks via one or more of the plurality of BWPs based on the BWP configuration parameters. The wireless device detects, during a time that the BWP is active, a connection failure with the first base station. The wireless device transmits a radio link failure report indicating the connection failure. The radio link failure report comprises: a cell identifier of the first cell; and the index of the BWP.

Abstract: A network that supports retransmissions with fixed and minimum delays includes at least first, second and third transceivers. The first transceiver transmits to the second transceiver packets comprising data of first and second data types. The second transceiver: stores the received data in a second buffer; transmits to the third transceiver, without waiting a fixed delay, successfully-received packets comprising data of the first data type, which is encoded with a first error resistance level; and transmits to the third transceiver, after waiting the fixed delay, successfully-received packets comprising data of the second data type, which is also encoded with the first error resistance level. When the second transceiver receives a retransmission request from the third transceiver, it retransmits a packet comprising data of either the first or second data types, encoded with a second error resistance level that is higher than the first error resistance level.

Abstract: This disclosure describes techniques for monitoring network node traffic and dynamically re-directing network node traffic from an active repository that has a non-operational data cluster, to a standby repository with an operational alternate data cluster. Particularly, a “Data Redundancy Allocation” (DRA) system is described that can monitor the operational integrity of an active repository and dynamically co-ordinate and re-direct network node traffic to a standby, redundant data repository in response to detecting that the active repository is no longer operational. In doing so, the data redundancy allocation system may ensure a continuous communication stream of data traffic from network nodes to data repositories (i.e., active repository or a designated standby repository) in spite of a data repository inadvertently becoming non-operational, or intentionally brought offline for a planned upgrade.

Abstract: Wireless communications using multiple active resources (e.g., bandwidth parts (BWPs)) are described. A wireless device may perform failure event detection, such as radio link monitoring (RLM) and/or beam failure detection (BFD), jointly or separately for multiple active resources (e.g., BWPs) based on one or more criteria.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the field of mobile communications technologies, and in particular, to a gateway system, so as resolve a technical problem of a complex network structure caused due to that different network architectures need different gateways. The gateway system provided in the present invention separates a control plane from a forwarding plane. A gateway controller is configured to complete a control function, and may control respective generation of control information for data packets of multiple different protocol types. A gateway forwarding device is responsible for forwarding, and may be controlled by the gateway controller to receive and send data packets of various protocol types. In a multi-standard access architecture, only one or few such gateway systems may need to be accessed instead of accessing multiple different gateways, thereby simplifying a network topology structure, and facilitating network maintenance.

Abstract: Decreasing the time to resolution of trouble tickets and preemptively resolving potential network issues using a predictive customer care support framework communicatively coupled to a telecommunications service provider via a network is described. Techniques described herein include preprocessing ticket data associated with a trouble ticket corresponding to a subscriber using a decision engine that can implement a decision tree scheme to automatically identify appropriate data sources from which relevant data can be routed to the decision engine in a bundled format. The techniques further include detecting potential network issues not yet reported by subscribers using an analytical engine to identify a root cause for the potential network issues and implementing recommended solutions to reduce an influx of trouble tickets at a customer support terminal.

Abstract: A data processing system and a method of runtime configuration of the data processing system are disclosed. The data processing system comprises a plurality of home nodes, and for a data store associated with a slave node in the data processing system, for each home node of the plurality of home nodes a modified size of the data store is determined. The modified size is based on a storage capacity of the data store and at least one additional property of the data processing system. A chosen home node of the plurality of home nodes is selected which satisfies a minimization criterion for the modified size, and the chosen home node is paired with the slave node.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described. Generally, the described techniques provide for receiving a first packet comprising a first sequence number (SEQN) and a second packet comprising a second SEQN, and obtaining a first hash for the first packet and a second hash for the second packet. The receiving device may classify the second packet as one of a new packet or a retransmission of the first packet based on a comparison between the first SEQN and the second SEQN and a comparison between the first hash and the second hash. The receiving device may selectively process the payload of the second packet based on the classifying.

Abstract: A system and method improve the performance of non-volatile memory storage by facilitating direct memory access (DMA) transfers between a remote host and a non-volatile memory based storage system, such as a flash memory based data storage device (e.g., a solid state drive (SSD)). In conjunction with reading from and writing to non-volatile memory storage, a memory buffer on the non-volatile memory system is allocated, and a read or write command is translated to point to the allocated buffer. Thereafter, read and write operations may be performed through a controller, such as a non volatile memory express (NVMe) controller, using remote direct memory access (RDMA) transfers, thus bypassing time consuming processor steps of buffering data to main memory and allowing bi-directional throughput to reach network and SSD speeds.

Abstract: A technique for managing power in an embedded processing system includes generating a workload model for the embedded processing system in response to a control signal, an event status signal, and a reference clock signal. The control signal is received from a peripheral device. The event status signal is received from an event processor configured to control execution of tasks by a processor core of the embedded processing system. The technique includes providing power configuration information to the processor core. The power configuration information corresponds to an operating point selected based on the control signal, the event status signal, the reference clock signal, the workload model, and a predetermined energy model.

Abstract: The present disclosure is to provide a method of configuring timing of uplink (UL) transmission, comprising, receiving, by a user equipment (UE), configuration information on carrier aggregation (CA) of at least one frequency division duplex (FDD) cell and at least one time division duplex (TDD) cell; and adjusting, by the UE, starting timing of a UL subframe in a cell participating in the CA.

Abstract: An analog distributed antenna system having a set of small cells as a signal source is provided. A proposed cellular communication system includes an upper small cell unit including upper protocol processors configured to process an upper first part of a protocol stack of a small cell, a lower small cell unit including lower protocol processors configured to process a remaining second part of the protocol stack of the small cell, and a first matching switch configured to respectively match the lower protocol processors to a plurality of remote units. According to one aspect, the cellular communication system includes a common controller configured to control activation of the plurality of upper protocol processors of the upper small cell unit and the plurality of lower protocol processors of the lower small cell unit according to a required service capacity and appropriately control an operation of the first matching switch.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a device receives data regarding usage of access points in a network by a plurality of clients in the network. The device maintains an access point graph that represents the access points in the network as vertices of the access point graph. The device generates, for each of the plurality of clients, client trajectories as trajectory subgraphs of the access point graph. A particular client trajectory for a particular client comprises a set of edges between a subset of the vertices of the access point graph and represents transitions between access points in the network performed by the particular client. The device identifies a transition pattern from the client trajectories by deconstructing the trajectory subgraphs. The device uses the identified transition pattern to effect a configuration change in the network.

Abstract: Techniques for migrating a plurality of communications services in a data communication network are disclosed.

Abstract: An example method for facilitating hierarchical clustering in a geographically dispersed network environment is provided and includes receiving a packet at one of a plurality of adaptive security appliance (ASA) units in one of a plurality of ASA clusters in a cluster domain of a network environment, identifying the packet as matching an inter-data center live traffic profile, identifying a target ASA cluster in the plurality of ASA clusters in the cluster domain, querying a domain director in the target ASA cluster for a flow owner, and if the flow owner is identified by the domain director, forwarding the packet to the flow owner in the target cluster, and if the flow owner is not identified by the domain director, and the domain director includes a flow state for a flow to which the packet belongs, designating the ASA unit as the flow owner.

Abstract: A network function virtualization management and orchestration apparatus includes a VIM(s) and an upper entity(ies) of the VIM(s). The VIM(s) performs resource management and control of an NFVI(s) that provides an execution infrastructure(s) for a VNF(s) implemented and virtualized by software that operates on a virtual machine(s). The upper entity(ies) collects resource information about the NFVI(s) from the VIM(s) and determines a virtual machine allocation destination(s) based on the collected resource information about the NFVI(s). The VIM(s) generates a virtual machine(s) at the determined virtual machine allocation destination(s).

Abstract: Described herein is a method for processing an invalidation of a downlink data tunnel between networks. The method includes the following steps: (1) a core network user plane anchor receives an error indication of data tunnel sent from an access network device, (2) after deciding that the user plane corresponding to the error indication uses a One Tunnel technology, the core network user plane anchor notifies a relevant core network control plane to request recovering the downlink data tunnel, (3) the core network control plane recovers the downlink data tunnel and notifies the core network user plane anchor to update information of the user plane. In addition, a communication system and a communication device are also provided. The method, system, and device can improve the speed of recovering data transmission after the downlink data tunnel becomes invalid.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and network topology for network address translation (NAT) are disclosed. In some embodiments, a cluster of NAT devices shares at least one backup NAT device configured to back up all or some of the NAT devices in the cluster. Each NAT device, including the backup NAT device, advertises its status at a regular interval to a router. If the router determines that an active NAT device is no longer advertising its status, the router can send data to the backup NAT. In some embodiments, the router routes traffic to active and backup devices based on networking protocols such as Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) and/or Open Shortest Path First (OSPF). The router can also route data to NAT devices using a round-robin algorithm.

Abstract: A method for taking a storage device offline, performed by a storage system, is provided. The method includes reserving the storage device and stopping direction to increment a heartbeat counter of the storage device. The method includes verifying the heartbeat counter of the storage device is static, and performing, responsive to the verifying, an operation on the storage device, with the storage device offline relative to the storage system I/O of user data.

Abstract: Methods and devices are provided to recover a robust management channel (RMC) in a first communication direction using a robust management channel recovery message (RMCR) sent via the RMC in a second communication direction.

Abstract: Examples relate to identifying heartbeat messages. In one example, a computing device may: obtain a plurality of messages that includes incoming messages and outgoing messages, each incoming message being sent from a server device to a client device, and each outgoing message being sent from the client device to the server device; identify candidate message pairs, each candidate message pair including one incoming message and one outgoing message; and identify a heartbeat message pair from the candidate message pairs based on at least one of: plurality of timestamps that includes i) incoming message timestamps that each correspond to one of the incoming messages, and ii) outgoing message timestamps that each correspond to one of the outgoing messages; a number of occurrences of each candidate message pair included a message log; or characteristics of data included in the incoming message and outgoing message of each candidate message pair.

Abstract: An STP link selection system includes a designated switch device that receives a first communication that indicates that a first link provided to a non-designated switch device from a first port is available and, in response, automatically assigns the first port with a primary port priority. The designated switch device then subsequently receives a second communication that indicates that a second link provided to the non-designated switch device via a second port is available and, in response, the second port is automatically assigned with a secondary port priority. The designated switch device identifies a first port identifier that is based on the primary port priority to the non-designated switch device and, based on the first port identifier relative to a second port identifier that is based on the secondary port priority, the non-root switch device transmits communications via the first link and blocks communications via the second link.

Abstract: An example of a system may include a processing resource and a computing device comprising instructions executable by the processing resource to determine an interval based on an amount of time to upgrade a network; determine a series of time windows based on the interval; analyze data traffic in the network over the series of time windows; identify a subset of the series of time windows that are sequential and non-overlapping; and select a particular time window from the subset of the series of time windows to perform an upgrade of the network based on the analyzed data traffic.

Abstract: Techniques for transforming data based on a virtual topology are disclosed. A computer network is associated with a physical topology and a virtual topology. A physical topology is a particular arrangement of digital devices. A virtual topology is a description of a particular arrangement of virtual topology entities (VTEs). VTEs of the virtual topology are instantiated on digital devices of the physical topology. A processing component associated with a particular VTE processes data to perform one or more functions of the particular VTE. An emulation component associated with the particular VTE modifies the data to emulate performance of the functions by the particular VTE.

Abstract: The embodiments disclose a method for an access node in a wireless network, and the method comprises a step of determining a HARQ feedback for each of one or more HARQ processes, for each of the plurality of communication devices, a step of generating a HARQ feedback table for the plurality of communication devices and a step of transmitting the HARQ feedback table to the plurality of communication devices. The embodiments also disclose a method for a communication device. The method comprises a step of receiving a HARQ feedback table from an access node, a step of obtaining HARQ feedbacks for the one or more HARQ processes of the communication device and a step of performing a retransmission according to the determination of the HARQ feedbacks of the communication device. The access node and communication device thereof are also disclosed according to the embodiments.

Abstract: There is provided a method of operating a terminal device in a first network, the method comprising maintaining one or more indices and a mapping between the one or more indices and respective network identifiers, each network identifier identifying a network and/or a network node, wherein two or more networks and/or network nodes share the same index; and in the event that the terminal device is to take an action in respect of a network and/or network node having an index shared with another network and/or network node, the method further comprises the step of determining which one of the two or more networks and/or network nodes having the shared index the terminal device is to take the action in respect of. Methods of operating a node and network nodes are also provided.

Abstract: A disclosure of the present specification provides a packet data network (PDN) connection management method performed by packet data network gateway (P-GW). The method may comprise the steps of: establishing a first type PDN connection with a user equipment (UE); recognizing that an error has occurred in the first type PDN connection, after establishing the first type-PDN connection; and transmitting a delete bearer request message to a mobility management entity (MME) in order to perform a bearer de-activation procedure according to the recognition of the error occurrence. The delete bearer request message may include information indirectly indicating that an error has occurred in the first type PDN connection.