Abstract: For a combination of a solid polymer electrolyte membrane 107, catalytic layers 111 and 113 disposed on both sides of the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 107, gas diffusion layers 112 and 114 disposed outside the catalytic layers 111 and 113, and separators 103 and 104 disposed outside the gas diffusion layers 112 and 114, the catalytic layer 113 to be cathode-sided includes a carbon carrier 117 composed of carbon having a mean lattice plane spacing d002 of [002] planes calculated from an X-ray diffraction within a range of 0.343 nm to 0.358 nm, a crystallite size Lc within a range of 3 nm to 10 nm, and a specific surface area within a range of 200 m2/g to 300 m2/g, catalyst particles 115 containing platinum supported on the carbon carrier 117, and an electrolyte 116.

Abstract: A membrane electrode subassembly includes an ion conducting membrane and a microporous layer having microtextured surfaces. Complementary features of the microtextured surfaces may be formed as grooves, ridges, pyramids or other shapes. Features of the microtextured surface of the ion conducting membrane engage features of the microporous layer. The engagement of the features of the microtextured surfaces may involve an interlocking fit, a tongue and groove fit, or another type of engagement. A thin catalyst layer is disposed between the microtextured surfaces. The microtextured surfaces increase the surface area at the catalyst layer interfaces.

Abstract: A supported catalyst for a fuel cell, a method of preparing the same, an electrode for a fuel cell including the supported catalyst, and a fuel cell including the electrode. The supported catalyst for the fuel cell includes a graphite based catalyst carrier; a first catalyst metal particle adsorbed on the surface of the graphite based catalyst carrier, wherein the amount of the first catalyst metal particle is at least 30 wt % based on the supported catalyst; and a second catalyst metal particle impregnated on the surface of the first catalyst metal particle. The supported catalyst for a fuel cell uses a graphite based catalyst carrier to increase durability of the fuel cell. Accordingly, the supported catalyst for the fuel cell provides superior energy density and fuel efficiency, by minimizing the loss of a metal catalyst impregnated in the graphite based catalyst carrier and regulating the amount of the impregnated metal catalyst.

Abstract: A membrane humidifier assembly includes a first flow field plate adapted to facilitate flow of a first gas thereto and a second flow field plate adapted to facilitate flow of a second gas thereto. A polymeric membrane is disposed between the first and second flow fields. The polymeric membrane is adapted to permit transfer of water between the first flow field plate and the second flow field plate. The polymeric membrane includes a polymeric substrate and a polymer layer disposed on the polymeric substrate. The polymer layer characteristically includes a first polymer having fluorinated cyclobutyl groups disposed on the polymeric substrate.

Abstract: The invention provides processes for producing fuel cell catalysts that are not corroded in acidic electrolytes or at high potential and have excellent durability and high oxygen reducing ability. The process for producing fuel cell catalysts includes a step (I) of heating a carbonitride of a transition metal in an inert gas containing oxygen, and a step (II) of heating the product from the step (I) in an inert gas that does not substantially contain oxygen.

Abstract: A catalyst member can comprise nano-scale nickel particles. The catalyst member can be used for a plurality of different uses, for example, electrodes of a fuel cell or an electrolysis device. The nano-scale nickel particles can be sintered or combined in other manners to form the desired shape.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, fuel cell includes an anode, into which an aqueous methanol solution is introduced as fuel, includes a current collector and a catalyst layer formed on the current collector, a cathode, into which an oxidizing agent is introduced, includes a current collector and a catalyst layer formed on the current collector, and an electrolyte membrane interposed between the catalyst layer of the anode and the catalyst layer of the cathode. The catalyst layer of at least one of the anode and the cathode contains carbon particles having pores on the surface thereof, catalyst microparticles which are supported by these carbon particles and are finer than the carbon particles, a perfluoroalkylsulfonic acid polymer and a high-molecular compound having a repeating unit of a high-molecular chain fixed to the surface of the carbon particles.

Abstract: A cathodic gas diffusion electrode for the electrochemical production of aqueous hydrogen peroxide solutions. The cathodic gas diffusion electrode comprises an electrically conductive gas diffusion substrate and a cathodic electrocatalyst layer supported on the gas diffusion substrate. A novel cathodic electrocatalyst layer comprises a cathodic electrocatalyst, a substantially water-insoluble quaternary ammonium compound, a fluorocarbon polymer hydrophobic agent and binder, and a perfluoronated sulphonic acid polymer. An electrochemical cell using the novel cathodic electrocatalyst layer has been shown to produce an aqueous solution having between 8 and 14 weight percent hydrogen peroxide. Furthermore, such electrochemical cells have shown stable production of hydrogen peroxide solutions over 1000 hours of operation including numerous system shutdowns.

Abstract: An electrode catalyst including two or more metal components used in an anode and/or a cathode of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) or a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), a method of preparing the same, and a fuel cell including the electrode catalyst. The electrode catalyst includes an active Pt-based metal and an inactive La-based metal. By including the inactive metal component in the electrode catalyst, in addition to the active Pt-based metal component, higher catalyst activity can be obtained, and the amount of the expensive Pt-based metal can be decreased so that the fuel cell can be produced at relatively low costs. In addition, the active Pt-based metal and the inactive La-based metal are uniformly distributed so that agglomeration of the active Pt-based metal can be blocked (or prevented) and thus the catalyst activity can be maintained constant for a relatively long period of time.

Abstract: A biofuel cell device for generating electrical current. The device includes a fuel manifold having a face, and at least one cavity in the face defining a fuel reservoir, an inlet in fluid communication with the reservoir for flow of fuel fluid into the manifold to fill the reservoir and an outlet in fluid communication with the reservoir for flow of fuel fluid out of the manifold. The device has an anode assembly including at least one bioanode positioned for contact with fuel fluid in the fuel reservoir, and a cathode assembly including at least one cathode positioned for flow of fuel fluid through the bioanode to the cathode. The device includes a controller operatively connected to the anode assembly and the cathode assembly for controlling the output of electrical current from the biofuel cell device.

Abstract: A catalyst ink composition for a fuel cell electrode is provided. The catalyst ink composition includes a plurality of electrically conductive support particles; a catalyst formed from a finely divided precious metal, the catalyst supported by the conductive support particles; an ionomer; at least one solvent; and a reinforcing material configured to bridge and distribute stresses across the electrically conductive support particles of the ink composition upon a drying thereof. An electrode for a fuel cell and a method of fabricating the electrode with the catalyst ink composition are also provided.

Abstract: Fuel cell systems comprising ammonia borane or derivatives thereof as fuel and an anode and/or cathode which comprises a non-noble metal (e.g., copper) or a non-metallic substance (e.g., an iron electron-transfer mediating complex) as a catalyst are disclosed. Fuel cell systems comprising ammonia borane or derivatives thereof as fuel and a peroxide as an oxidant are also disclosed. Uses of the fuel devices are further disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a paste for screen printing which is used in the fabrication of an anode functional layer, an electrolyte layer, or a cathode layer of an anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell. The paste contains a raw material powder, ethyl cellulose alpha terpineol, and an alcoholic solvent in which a thermosetting binder is soluble. Also provided is a method of fabricating an anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell using the paste. Thus, a reliable high-performance, large area solid oxide fuel cell that can be economically and efficiently fabricated is provided.

Abstract: An electrocatalyst including an active catalyst component and an additive including a transitional metal, transitional metal oxide or complex precursor thereof, products including such an electrocatalyst and methods of making and using the same.

Abstract: Methods for improving the sulfur-tolerance of nickel-based catalyst systems, as well as the improved catalyst systems, are disclosed. The methods can include adding praseodymium alone, or in combination with ruthenium and/or cerium, to a nickel-based catalyst system, thereby inhibiting sulfur poisoning of the catalyst system. Improved catalyst systems can have an added amount of praseodymium alone, or in combination with ruthenium and/or cerium, sufficient to inhibit poisoning of the system by sulfur.

Abstract: Ruthenium sulfide catalyst and gas diffusion electrodes incorporating the same for reduction of oxygen in industrial electrolyzers which catalyst is highly resistant to corrosion making it useful for oxygen-depolarized aqueous hydrochloric acid electrolysis.

Abstract: A fuel cell includes a membrane electrode assembly (101); a first gas diffusion layer (104) having a first raised portion (104a); an anode side separator (102); a second gas diffusion layer (105) having a second raised portion (105a); and a cathode side separator (103). A fuel gas passage (102b) formed by a first groove (102a) and the first raised portion (104a) has a first cross section (A1), while an oxidation gas passage (103b) formed by a second groove (103a) and the second raised portion (105a) has a second cross section (A2). The first raised portion (104a) and the second raised portion (105a) are different from each other in scale, forming the first cross section (A1) and the second cross section (A2) different from each other.

Abstract: The storage characteristics of an alkaline battery are improved by suppressing the production of hydrogen gas during storage. The alkaline battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a conductive member in contact with the negative electrode. The negative electrode includes a zinc-containing negative electrode active material and an alkaline electrolyte, and the alkaline electrolyte includes a potassium hydroxide aqueous solution. The negative electrode active material, the alkaline electrolyte, and a contact surface of the conductive member with the negative electrode include the same metal element M, and the metal element M is a metal element other than zinc.

Abstract: A supported catalyst includes a carbonaceous catalyst support and first metal-second metal alloy catalyst particles adsorbed on the surface of the carbonaceous catalyst support, wherein the difference between a D10 value and a D90 value is in the range of 0.1 to 10 nm, wherein the D10 value is a mean diameter of a randomly selected 10 wt % of the first metal-second metal alloy catalyst particles and the D90 value is a mean diameter of a randomly selected 90 wt % of the alloy catalyst particles. The supported catalyst has excellent membrane efficiency in electrodes for fuel cells due to uniform alloy composition of a catalyst particle and supported catalysts that do not agglomerate.

Abstract: Fuel cells, fuel cell membranes, micro-fuel cells, and methods of fabricating each, are disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention refers to a method of manufacturing a nanostructured material loaded with noble metal particles and a nanostructured material loaded with noble metal particles obtained by this method. The present invention further refers to an electrode for a fuel cell or a metal-hydride battery comprising a nanostructured material loaded with metal particles of the present invention and a method for manufacturing an electrode that can be used for the manufacture of a fuel cell or a metal-hydride battery.

Abstract: Bioanodes, biocathodes, and biofuel cells comprising an electron conductor, at least one anode enzyme or cathode enzyme, and an enzyme immobilization material. The anode enzyme is capable of reacting with a fuel fluid to produce an oxidized form of the fuel fluid, and capable of releasing electrons to the electron conductor. The cathode enzyme is capable of reacting with an oxidant to produce water, and capable of gaining electrons from the electron conductor. The enzyme immobilization material for both the anode enzyme and the cathode enzyme is capable of immobilizing and stabilizing the enzyme, and is permeable to the fuel fluid and/or the oxidant.

Abstract: A fuel cell, which can supply stable output even at elevated temperatures and can maintain its power generation performance over a long period of time, can be realized by an electrode for a fuel cell comprising a catalyst layer formed of a catalyst composite and a binder, the catalyst composite comprising a proton-conductive inorganic oxide and an oxidation-reduction catalyst phase supported on the proton-conductive inorganic oxide, the proton-conductive inorganic oxide comprising a catalyst carrier selected from tin(Sn)-doped In2O3, fluorine(F)-doped SnO2, and antimony(Sb)-doped SnO2 and an oxide particle phase chemically bonded to the surface of the catalyst carrier.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for manufacturing a highly dispersed carbon supported metal catalyst, including charging a carbon support and a dispersing agent in water. The carbon support is evenly dispersed in water with an average diameter of 10 nm to 2000 nm and a specific surface area of 50 m2/g to 1500 m2/g. A metal salt of Pd, Pt, or combinations thereof is formed on the carbon support surface and then reduced to a valance state less than (IV).

Abstract: A method of preparing a supported catalyst includes dissolving a cation exchange polymer in alcohol to prepare a solution containing cation exchange polymer; mixing the cation exchange polymer containing solution with a catalytic metal precursor or a solution containing catalytic metal precursor; heating the mixture after adjusting its pH to a predetermined range; adding a reducing agent to the resultant and stirring the solution to reduce the catalytic metal precursor; mixing the resultant with a catalyst support; adding a precipitating agent to the resultant to form precipitates; and filtering and drying the precipitates. The method of preparing a supported catalyst can provide a highly dispersed supported catalyst containing catalytic metal particles with a reduced average size regardless of the type of catalyst support, which provides better catalytic activity than conventional catalysts at the same loading amount of catalytic metal.

Abstract: Electrochemical cells (10), such as fuel cells (12) and fuel reformers (14), with rotating elements or electrodes (34, 24) that generate Taylor Vortex Flows (28, 50) and Circular Couette Flows (58) in fluids such as electrolytes and fuels are disclosed.

Abstract: A solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell comprises: a plurality of electrode structures comprising an anode and a cathode, and polymer electrolyte membrane held between the anode and the cathode, and a plurality of separators for holding the respective electrode structures, with a fuel gas passage for supplying and discharging fuel gas containing hydrogen on a surface opposing the anode; and an oxidant gas passage for supplying and discharging oxidant gas on a surface opposing the cathode. The catalyst layer of the anode comprises a mixture of an ion conductive material, a platinum powder and/or platinum alloy powder and a carbon, the platinum powder and/or platinum alloy powder and carbon substantially exist independently from each other, and the catalyst layer of the cathode comprises a metal support mixture in which the ion conductive material and the electro-conductive material having the supported catalyst material are mixed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a fuel cell simulator for predicting the power generation performance of a fuel cell including a membrane-electrode assembly having an electrolyte membrane, a catalyst layer, and a diffusion layer. The fuel cell simulator includes a model creation unit for modeling a catalyst layer from the geometry and property data of the catalyst layer, and a calculation unit for calculating the power generation state distribution of the catalyst layer or macro physical property values by using the catalyst layer model and establishing simultaneous equations of gas transportation, water production-transportation phase change, electrical conduction, heat conduction, and catalytic reaction.

Abstract: The present invention is related to fuel cells and fuel cell cathodes, especially for fuel cells using hydrogen peroxide, oxygen or air as oxidant. A supported electrocatalyst (204) or unsupported metal black catalyst (206) of cathodes according to an embodiment of the present invention is bonded to a current collector (200) by an intrinsically electron conducting adhesive (202). The surface of the electrocatalyst layer is coated by an ion-conducting ionomer layer (210). According to an embodiment of the invention these fuel cells use cathodes that employ ruthenium alloys RuMeIMeII such as ruthenium-palladium-iridium alloys or quaternary ruthenium-rhenium alloys RuMeIMeIIRe such as ruthenium-palladium-iridium-rhenium alloys as electrocatalyst (206) for hydrogen peroxide fuel cells. Other embodiments are described and shown.

Abstract: A method of making an electrode catalyst material using aqueous solutions. The electrode catalyst material includes a support comprising at least one transition metal and at least one chalcogen disposed on a surface of the transition metal. The method includes reducing a metal powder, mixing the metal powder with an aqueous solution containing at least one inorganic compound of the chalcogen to form a mixture, and providing a reducing agent to the mixture to form nanoparticles of the electrode catalyst. The electrode catalyst may be used in a membrane electrode assembly for a fuel cell.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a fuel cell that operates in a temperature range of not lower than 100° C., and a method for manufacturing such a fuel cell. The fuel cell of the present invention has a proton conductive gel, an anode electrode, and a cathode electrode, the proton conductor being sandwiched between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode, in which the proton conductive gel is composed of SnO2, NH3, H2O, and H3PO4, and provided that the molar ratio represented by NH3/SnO2 is X, and the molar ratio represented by P/Sn is Y, X is not less than 0.2 and not greater than 5, and Y is not less than 1.6 and not greater than 3.

Abstract: A method of forming a fuel cell pile including a porous anode and a porous cathode separated by a dense electrolyte is disclosed. A solid oxide fuel cell incorporating the fuel cell pile is formed on a substrate by a series of lithography, etch and deposition steps that create a solid oxide fuel cell. Individual cells may be interconnected by micro-channels and metal interconnects to form fuel cell stacks. The structure of the cell and a method of manufacturing are disclosed.

Abstract: An electrode for solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell comprising a catalyst layer comprising at least electrocatalyst particles (3), a supporting substance therefor (4) and proton-conductive polymers (1) and (2), wherein the proton-conductive polymer (1) is present in a primary presence state in which the proton-conductive polymer (1) covers the electrocatalyst particles (3) or the supporting substance therefor (4), or both at least partly; the proton-conductive polymer (2) is present in a secondary presence state in which the proton-conductive polymer (2) binds the electrocatalyst particles (3) to one another or binds particles of the supporting substance (4) to one another or to the solid polymer electrolyte membrane; and the melt viscosity of the proton-conductive polymer (1) is lower than the melt viscosity of the proton-conductive polymer (2).

Abstract: A methanol oxidation catalyst is provided, which includes nanoparticles having a composition represented by the following formula 1: PtxRuyTzQu ??formula 1 In the formula 1, the T-element is at least one selected from a group consisting of Mo, W and V and the Q-element is at least one selected from a group consisting of Nb, Cr, Zr and Ti, x is 40 to 90 at. %, y is 0 to 9.9 at. %, z is 3 to 70 at. % and u is 0.5 to 40 at. %. The area of the peak derived from oxygen bond of T-element is 80% or less of the area of the peak derived from metal bond of T-element in a spectrum measured by an X-ray photoelectron spectral method.

Abstract: A method is generally described which includes altering temperature of an electrical energy storage device or an electrochemical electrochemical energy generation device, includes providing at least one thermal control structure formed of a high thermal conductive material, the high thermal conductive material having a high k-value. The high k-value is greater than approximately 410 W/(m*K). The thermal control structures are disposed adjacent at least a portion of the electrical energy storage device or the electrochemical electrochemical energy generation device. The thermal control structures are configured to provide heat transfer away from the portion of the electrical energy storage device or the electrochemical electrochemical energy generation device.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a tube-type fuel cell by which a tube-type fuel cell with good adhesion can be produced without blocking a gas flow channel in its inner current collector. The method for manufacturing a tube-type fuel cell may include a filling step of providing a columnar-shaped inner current collector having a gas flow channel on its outer peripheral face and filling the gas flow channel with a removable substance to form a removable portion. Also a functional layer forming step of forming a functional layer on at least the removable portion and a removing step of removing the removable portion after the functional layer forming step may be used.

Abstract: To provide a membrane/electrode assembly for polymer electrolyte fuel cells, a polymer electrolyte fuel cell and processes for their production, which make it possible to stably exhibit a high power generation performance in various environments. A membrane/electrode assembly for polymer electrolyte fuel cells, which comprises a first electrode having a first catalyst layer and a first gas diffusion layer, a second electrode having a second catalyst layer and a second gas diffusion layer, and a polymer electrolyte membrane disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the 90° peel strength at least one of the interface between the first electrode and the polymer electrolyte membrane and the interface between the second electrode and the polymer electrolyte membrane is at least 0.03 N/cm.

Abstract: A method of making a reconstructed electrode having a plurality of nanostructured thin catalytic layers is provided. The method includes combining a donor decal comprising at least one nanostructured thin catalytic layer on a substrate with an acceptor decal comprising a porous substrate and at least one nanostructured thin catalytic layer. The donor decal and acceptor decal are bonded together using a temporary adhesive, and the donor substrate is removed. The temporary adhesive is then removed with appropriate solvents. Catalyst coated proton exchange membranes and catalyst coated diffusion media made from the reconstructed electrode decals having a plurality of nanostructured thin catalytic layers are also described.

Abstract: A method of making an electrode ink containing nanostructured catalyst elements is described. The method comprises providing an electrocatalyst decal comprising a carrying substrate having a nanostructured thin catalytic layer thereon, the nanostructure thin catalytic layer comprising nanostructured catalyst elements; providing a transfer substrate with an adhesive thereon; transferring the nanostructured thin catalytic layer from the carrying substrate to the transfer substrate; removing the nanostructured catalyst elements from the transfer substrate; providing an electrode ink solvent; and dispersing the nanostructured catalyst elements in the electrode ink solvent. Electrode inks, coated substrates, and membrane electrode assemblies made from the method are also described.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing metal nanoparticles by mixing a metal precursor with a solvent to prepare a mixed solution, and radiating the mixed solution with an ion beam to reduce the metal precursor and produce the metal nanoparticles. In addition, when metal nanoparticles are prepared by using an ion beam, uniform-sized metal nanoparticles can be mass produced.

Abstract: A proton exchange membrane fuel cell and method for forming a fuel cell is disclosed and which includes, in its broadest aspect, a proton exchange membrane having opposite anode and cathode sides; and individual electrodes juxtaposed relative to each of the anode and cathode sides, and wherein at least one of the electrodes is fabricated, at least in part, of a porous, electrically conductive ceramic material. The present methodology, as disclosed, includes the steps of providing a pair of electrically conductive ceramic substrates, applying a catalyst coating to the inside facing surface thereof; and providing a polymeric proton exchange membrane, and positioning the polymeric proton membrane therebetween, and in ohmic electrical contact relative thereto to form a resulting PEM fuel cell.

Abstract: A fuel cell including a membrane electrode assembly composed of a ionically conductive member sandwiched between a pair of electrodes. At least one of the electrodes including a catalyst loading characterized by catalytic activity that varies in proportion to the catalyst loading. Moreover, the fuel cell includes a flow path for supplying gaseous reactants to the electrodes and the catalyst loading is varied according to the flow path geometry.

Abstract: The invention relates to fuel cells and methods of making bipolar fuel cell electrodes. The invention provides a method of producing bipolar fuel cell electrodes, including providing a collector having a first side and a second side opposite the first side, coating the first side with a first active material, coating the second side with a second active material, and compressing the coated collector to form a bipolar cell electrode. The invention also provides a method of producing bipolar fuel cell electrodes wherein the first side of the collector is first coated with the first active material and compressed at a first pressure, and subsequently the second side of the collector is coated with the second active material and compressed at a second pressure. The invention further provides an improved bipolar electrode for fuel cells.

Abstract: Separator-electrode assemblies (SEAs) comprising a porous electrode useful as a positive or negative electrode in a lithium battery and a separator layer applied to this electrode, the separator layer being an inorganic separator layer comprising at least two fractions of metal oxide particles different from each other in their average particle size and/or in the metal, and the electrode having active mass particles that are bonded together and to a current collector by an inorganic adhesive; and a process for their production.

Abstract: A membrane-electrode assembly for a mixed reactant fuel cell system is provided. The membrane-electrode assembly does not require a separator that physically separates the membrane-electrode assemblies from each other in a stack. The membrane-electrode assembly of the present invention instead includes an electrode substrate that is disposed on a surface of an anode or a cathode of the membrane-electrode assembly. The electrode substrate has a flow path, through which a fuel and an oxidant are supplied. The fuel and oxidant are absorbed into the electrode substrate and further into the anode and the cathode. The fuel and the oxidant are selectively oxidized and reduced in the anode and the cathode, respectively, to produce electricity.

Abstract: A fuel cell catalyst is provided comprising nanostructured elements comprising microstructured support whiskers bearing a thin film of nanoscopic catalyst particles, where the thin film of nanoscopic catalyst particles is made by alternating application of first layers comprising catalyst material, such as platinum or a platinum alloy, and second layers comprising a vacuum sublimable organic molecular solid, such as an aromatic organic pigments such as perylene red or a pthalocyanine

Abstract: A fuel cell including an electrolyte matrix having a cathode side with a cathode disposed thereon and an anode side with an anode receiving portion and a sealing portion positioned peripherally to the anode receiving portion. The anode receiving portion has an anode disposed thereon. A fuel conduit has one or more one sealing platforms and having an opening extending through the fuel conduit. The anode is positioned in the opening. The fuel cell includes one or more devices for preventing the occurrence an electrical short circuit between the cathode and the sealing platform. The device for preventing the electrical short circuit is aligned with the sealing portion and sealing platform and is positioned on the electrolyte matrix, the cathode and/or the sealing platform.

Abstract: A membrane electrode assembly including an ionically conductive member, an electrode, and an electrically conductive member including an active layer, wherein the electrode is a smooth, continuous layer that completely covers and supports the ionically conductive member. The electrode and active layer further include a first and second catalyst content, respectively; and 50% of the total catalyst content is present in the electrode and 50% of the total catalyst content is present in the active layer.

Abstract: A fuel cell system includes a bipolar plate having a flow field formed therein. The flow field is partially defined by at least two adjacent channel portions separated by a wall portion. The wall portion includes a surface at least partially defining a passageway between the channel portions. The passageway may be sized so as to create a pressure difference between the channel portions. The pressure difference may draw at least a portion of a liquid droplet obstructing one of the channel portions toward and into the passageway.

Abstract: A method for forming a reinforced rigid anode monolith and fuel and product of such method.